Gendso-Midterm PDF

**Lesson 3: Sex and Human Sexuality** \"Sexuality is one of the fundamental drives behind everyone\'s feelings, thoughts, and actions. It defines the means of biological reproduction, describes psychological and sociological representations of self, and orients a person\'s attraction to others. Fu...

**Lesson 3: Sex and Human Sexuality** \"Sexuality is one of the fundamental drives behind everyone\'s feelings, thoughts, and actions. It defines the means of biological reproduction, describes psychological and sociological representations of self, and orients a person\'s attraction to others. Further, it shapes the brain and body to be pleasure-seeking. Yet, as important as sexuality is to being human, it is often viewed as a taboo topic for personal or scientific inquiry. Human Sexuality ➤ a multidimensional multifaceted expression of one\'s unique sensuality, intimacy, sexual identity, and sexualization. 3 DIMENSIONS of Human Sexuality 1\. Biological - Human Anatomy & Physiology, Genetic Influence, Physical Maturation 2\. Psychological - Sexual Identity, Parenting, Developmental task. 3\. Socio-cultural - Cultural Belief System & Values, Religious/Socioeconomic Influence, Education of Mass Media. Sex makes the world go around: It makes babies bond, children giggle, adolescents flirt, and adults have babies. It is addressed in the Holy Books of the world\'s greatest religions, and it infiltrates every part of the society. It influences the way one dress, joke, and talk. In many ways, sex defines who we are. It is so important, that eminent neuropsychologist Karl Pribram (1958) described sex as one of the four basis human drive states. Drive states motivates us to accomplish goals. They are linked to our survival. According to Pribram, feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sex are four drives behind every thought, feeling, or action. Since these drives are so closely associated with our psychological health, you would assume people would study, understand, and discuss them openly. Your assumption would be generally correct for three of the four drives. The concept of sexuality, however, is the least understood, and least openly discussed. **Lesson 3. Part I Sex as the Biological Component of Sex** Sex - refers to biological characteristics differentiating male, female, or intersex; describe means of biological reproduction; includes sexual organs, such as ovaries Types of Sex 1\. Male 2\. Female 3\. Intersex - people with chromosomes, anatomy, or other sex characteristics that can\'t be categorized as male or female (\*Klinefelter, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, classical congenital hyperplasia, Ovotestes, etc.) Sex at Birth: often assigned based on external genetalia; anatomical sex and phenotype (composite observable characteristics of an organism) Sex Identification of Typical Cases - an infant is either born male or female; sex at birth is often easily identified by examining the external genetalia Sex Identification of Atypical Cases - an infant is either born with ambiguous sexual characteristics, making categorization to male or female difficult or impossible at the time of birth; further tests and observations may be required Intersex - a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn\'t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male. Biological Differences between male and female: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | Structure | Function | Structure | Functions | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | External | Penis | - - | Vagina | - - | | Genitalia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Reproductiv | Testes | - | Ovary | - - | | e | | | | | | Organs | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Sex-linked | XY | - | XX | - | | Chromosomes | Chromosomes | | Chromosomes | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Hormone | Typically, | Testosteron | Typically, | Estrogen: | | Levels | more | e: | more | regulate | | | testosteron | Regulate | estrogen | menstrual | | | e | bone mass, | and | cycle; | | | | sex drive, | progesteron | responsible | | | | fat | e | for female | | | | distributio | | secondary | | | | n, | | sex | | | | muscle mass | | characteris | | | | and | | tics | | | | strength, | | | | | | RBC and | | Progesteron | | | | sperm | | e: | | | | production | | prepares | | | | | | the body | | | | | | for | | | | | | potential | | | | | | pregnancy | | | | | | after | | | | | | ovulation | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Brain | Bigger | Males tend | Bigger | Females | | Structure | Amygdala | to | hippocampus | tend to | | | (emotion) | experience | (learning | have better | | | | emotions | and | memories | | | | more | memorizatio | | | | | intensely | n) | Females are | | | | | | more likely | | | | Expression | Bigger | to rapidly | | | | may be | corpus | shift | | | | modified by | callosum | attention | | | | social | (brain | from one | | | | correlates. | coordinatio | task to the | | | | | n) | next | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Secondary | Voice | Often | Voice | Often | | Sex | | deeper | | higher | | characteris | Body Hairs | sounding | Breast | compared to | | tics | | compared to | | males | | | Body Type | females | Waste | | | | | | | Often | | | Waste | Often | | fuller | | | | denser | | compared to | | | Throat | compared to | | males | | | | females; | | | | | | presence of | | Often | | | | beard | | narrower | | | | | | than males | | | | Often | | | | | | broader | | | | | | than | | | | | | females | | | | | | | | | | | | Noticeable | | | | | | adam's | | | | | | apple | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **2 DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS** Puberty - is the process of physical changes through which a child\'s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. Primary Sex Characteristics - anatomical traits essential to reproduction. (Ex. Sex Organs) Secondary Sex Characteristics - physical traits that are not essential to reproduction but are influenced by male and female hormones **Physical changes that occur during puberty in boys** 1\. Broadening of chest and shoulders Onset of puberty brings many physical changes in boys. Their chest and shoulders broaden and their muscles start to develop. 2\. Deepening of voice and appearance of facial hair The voice gets deeper. Hair begins to grow on the face that later develop into moustache and beard. 3\. Appearance of body hair and pubic hair Hair begins to grow on the chest, in the armpits, hands, legs and in the groin area. Hair in the groin region is called pubic hair. 4\. Increase in size of genitals The penis and the testicles grow bigger in size. 5\. Growth spurt During puberty boys experience a rapid growth in height over a span of 2 to 3 years. This rapid growth in height is called growth spurt. 6\. Ability to ejaculate Boys become capable of ejaculating which is ejection of semen through the penis. The first ejaculation marks the attainment of sexual maturity in a boy\'s life **Physical changes that occur during puberty in girls** 1\. Development of breasts Between the ages of 8-13 years, girls start developing breasts. Morphologically (that is in terms of form and shape), breasts look like a cone with the base at the chest wall and the apex at the nipple. It is possible that one of the breasts grows faster than the other but by the time the breasts are fully developed the differences in their shape and size are reduced. For a majority of girls there is a small difference in shape and size of the two breasts which is permanent and is totally normal. The size of the breasts and the time when it starts to grow also varies on an individual basis. 2\. Appearance of hair in the armpit During puberty, hair begins to grow in your armpits. 3\. Widening of hips and appearance of pubic hair Through the years of puberty, the hips of a girl widen and hair begins to grow in the genital region. Hair in the genital region is known as pubic hair. 4\. Growth spurt During puberty girls experience a sharp growth in their height. This is known as growth spurt. By the time she is 16 years old, she attains about 98% of the final height that she will eventually grow to. 5\. Onset of menstruation Menstruation is a process in which a sexually mature girl\'s or a woman\'s body releases a small amount of blood and tissue through her vagina. Menstruation is a normal process that every healthy and sexually mature girl and woman undergo generally once every month. First occurrence of menstruation is called menarche and it marks the age when girls become sexually mature. Generally menarche occurs between the ages of 9 and 14 years and varies on an individual basis. Appearance of SSC Thelarche - refers to the changes in breast, scrotum and testes. Adrenarche - where pubic and/or underarm hair appears. Menarche - first menstrual flow. Gonadarche - where the growth of ovaries in girls and testes in boys. Erogenous Zones - areas in the body that results in sexual pleasure when manipulated \* While some argue that sexual attraction is primarily driven by reproduction, empirical studies point to pleasure as the primary force behind our sex drive. Sexual Orientation is as diverse as gender identity. FEMALE EROGENOUS ZONES 1\. Clitoris 2\. Vagina 3\. Cervix 4\. Mouth and Lips 5\. Neck 6\. Breasts and Nipples 7\. Ears MALE EROGENOUS ZONES 1\. Penis 2\. Mouth and Lips 3\. Scrotum 4\. Neck 5\. Nipples 6\. Perineum 7\. Ears SEXUAL HEALTH & HYGIENE OTHER KEY RELATED CONCEPTS HEALTH a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. HYGIENE - refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness, and lead to good health. Antonitte SEXUAL HEALTH - refers to a state of physical, emotional, and social well-being in relation to sexuality. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseas or infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes at all stages of life. OILY HAIR Each strand of hair has its own sebaceous (oil) gland which keeps the hair shiny and waterproof. But during puberty, when the sebaceous glands produce extra oil, it can make your hair look too shiny, oily, and greasy. Preventing oily hair - - - Sweat and Body Odor Sweat, or perspiration, is a natural bodily function that helps to cool us down. However, sweat can also cause body odor, which is caused by bacteria breaking down the sweat. Body odor is a normal part of puberty. Here are some additional tips for managing body odor: - - - - BODY HAIR It is all up to you to decide to shave your body hairs. You can use traditional razor with shaving cream or gel or you can use electric razor. Shaving cream and gel are often better than soup because it is easier to pull razor against your skin. Tips for shaving - - DENTAL HYGIENE Dental hygiene refers to the practice of maintaining oral health to prevent various dental issues such as gum diseases, cavities, bad breath, and more. It involves regular brushing and flossing, as well as visiting a dental professional for routine check-ups and cleanings. Tips on proper brushing - - - - - - HEALTHCARE CHECK FOR THE FEMALE - - - - - - - - - HEALTHCARE CHECK FOR THE MALE - - - - **Lesson 4: Gender as the Social Component of Sexuality** Gender -- socially constructed characteristics of men and women, which varies from society to society and can be changed (WHO). -- refers to the individual's and society's expression of sexuality and the malleable concepts of feminity and masculinity -- describes the psychological (gender identity) and sociological (gender role) representations of the biological sex. Identity -- conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction; constantly changing due to experiences and information we acquire in our daily interaction with others (Erik Erikson). Gender Role -- a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's biological or perceived traits. Gaydar -- the attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations. Gender Identity -- the personal sense of one's own gender Gender Stereotype -- preconceived ideas whereby females and males are arbitrarily assigned characteristics and roles determined and limited by their genders. Gender Identity -- one's internal, personal sense of being a man or woman (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation). *Gender identity is defined as the individual's private experience of the self as female or male - a powerful aspect of the self-concept that is formed early in childhood, and in most adults, extremely resistant to change. Only a tiny percentage of people form a gender identity that is incongruent with their biological sex when no physiological abnormalities are present.* Gender Expression -- external manifestations of gender, expressed through one's name, pronouns, clothing, haircut, behavior, voice, or body characteristics (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation). Society identifies these cues as masculine or feminine, although what is considered masculine or feminine changes over time and varies by culture. Types of Gender Classification based on Identity 1\. Binary -- classification of genders based on two distinct opposite forms such as masculine and feminine, male and female, whether because of social system or cultural belief; usually views gender as a category 2\. Non-Binary -- classification of gender based on a variety of ranges, often are not exclusively masculine or feminine; usually views gender as a spectrum Binary Classification of Gender: 1\. Masculine 2\. Feminine Non-Binary Classifications of Gender: 1\. More than one gender -- bisexual and tri-sexual 2\. No Gender -- agender, non-gendered, genderless, genderfree, or neutrois 3\. Gender Fluid -- moving between genders or having a fluctuating gender identity Gender as a spectrum -- there are individuals whose genders do not fit within the stereotypes of either male or female. Types of Genders Based on Congruence to Ascribed Sex 1\. Cisgender -- a person whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their sex at birth. 2\. Transgender -- a person whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their sex at birth. BEHAVIORS AFFECTED BY GENDER EXPRESSION 1\. Gender role 2\. Career Path 3\. Dating and relationships 4\. Sexual Behavior According to Carl Rogers, there are two domains in our personality: our real self, and our ideal self. Sometimes the two meet. Sometimes they don't.  ELIMINATING THE GAP: Coming out of the Closet / Coming out -- a metaphor for LGBT people's self-disclosure of sexual orientation and gender identity Out -- individuals who are openly LGBT Closeted -- individuals who opted to keep their gender identity and sexual orientation private Outing -- a deliberate or accidental disclosure of an LGBT person's gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. Glass Closet -- the open secret of when public figures being LGBT is considered a widely accepted fact even though they have not openly come out Transitioning -- the process of changing one's gender presentation and/or sex characteristics to accord with one's internal sense of gender identity. Social Transitioning -- the aspects of transition involving social, cosmic, and legal changes, without regard to medical intervention. Passing -- refers to being perceived and accepted by other people in a manner that is consistent with one's gender identity. Going Stealth -- means to live as a gender without other people realizing a person is transgender. Detransitioning -- the process of changing one's gender presentation and/or sex characteristics back to accord with one's assigned sex. Sex Reassignment Surgery -- a surgical procedure (or procedures) by which a transgender's appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble those socially associated with their identified gender. It is part of treatment for gender dysphoria in transgender people. Factors affecting the Decision to Subject oneself to Surgery: \(a) Concern about pain and post-surgery management; (b) Cost and Availability of Services; (c) Culture and Religion; Legality in one's country or community **LESSON 4. Part 2: SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO GENDER** Gender Inequality -- legal, social, and cultural situation in which sex and gender determine different rights and dignity for men and women, which are reflected in their unequal access to or enjoyment of rights, as well as the assumption of stereotyped social and cultural roles. (e.g. usually, men are socially regarded as being of higher value. This asymmetrical situation is present in many areas of social life and can lead to violence -- physical, verbal, or psychological.) \*European Institute for Gender Equality (UIGE) \*\*unequal treatment or perceptions of individual based on their gender. Discrimination -- the act of making distinctions between human beings based on groups, classes, or other categories to which they are perceived to belong; typically occurs when individuals are treated in a way which is worse than the way people are usually treated, on the basis of their actual or perceived membership in certain groups or social categories. Social Stigma -- the disapproval of, or discrimination against a person based on perceivable social characteristics that serve to distinguish them from other members of the society Gender-based violence -- any act that is perpetuated against a person's will and is based on gender norms and unequal power relationships. Bullying -- the use of force, coercion, or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate, or intimidate. Criteria for Bullying: 1. Hostile intent 2. Imbalance of Power 3. Repetition 4. Distress Sexual Harassment -- any form of sexual behavior that is offensive, humiliating, or intimidating THE ISSUE OF CONSENT AND POWER Sexual consent refers to voluntary, conscious, and empathic participation in a sexual act, which can be withdrawn at any time (Cited by Lucas & Fox, retrieved 2020). Sexual consent is the baseline for what psychologists and sociologists consider normal -- acceptable and healthy -- sexual behavior. *When engaging in sexual behaviors with a partner, a clear and explicit understanding of your boundaries, as well as your partner's boundaries, is essential. Discussing personal boundaries prior to sexual involvement reduces the likelihood of miscommunication and unwanted sexual advances.'* Rape -- the use of force, intimidation, or threat to coerce a targeted individual into a non-consensual sexual intercourse or any related non-consensual sexual activity. Criteria for Rape (RA8353): 1\. The sexual activity is coerced by force, threat, or intimidation 2\. The offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious 3\. There is utilization of a deceitful scheme or grave abuse of authority 4\. The offended party is 12 years old or mentally unstable **Date Rape and Marital Rape:** Nonconsensual sex coerced by force, intimidation, or unconsciousness, between individuals involved in a romantic relationship may still be considered as rape. The common misconception is that dating and marriage is a legitimate excuse for nonconsensual sexual activity, or even a form of perpetual consent. This, however, violates the ethical principle of consent and, like other forms of rape, have damaging impact on the victim's overall wellbeing.