General Chemistry 1 PDF - Grade 12 - Descartes (STEM)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1: GRADE 12 – DESCARTES (STEM) ENGR. MARTYN MIGUEL Q. MATTER TADENA  LET’S TRY! Guess the words with jumbled letters which correspond to different words related to today’s topic. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  LE...

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1: GRADE 12 – DESCARTES (STEM) ENGR. MARTYN MIGUEL Q. MATTER TADENA  LET’S TRY! Guess the words with jumbled letters which correspond to different words related to today’s topic. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  LET’S TRY! ANSWERS: 1. M E O U V L 1. VOLUME 2. R O C O L 2. COLOR 3. D O R O 3. ODOR 4. A S M S 4. MASS 5. T N G L H E 5. LENGTH 6. L B E L I A L T Y A M I 6. MALLEABILITY 7. T A E M U T R R E E P 7. TEMPERATURE 8. M A I F B M L T L I Y A 8. FLAMMABILITY GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER  PROPERTIES OF MATTER Matter has been repeatedly defined as anything that has mass and occupies space, and these are composed of particles such as atoms, molecules and ions. These can also be divided into different states of matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PROPERTIES OF MATTER Each substance has its own set of characteristics or properties that distinguishes it from all other substances. Pepper is pungent while sugar is sweet. Sand is grainy. Glass is breakable. Wood burns. Clothes can be folded. Apple and potato slices, when exposed to air, turn brown. In these examples, no matter what size or shape these substances have, their particular property does not change. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL PROPERTY INTENSIVE PROPERTY EXTENSIVE PROPERTY GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PROPERTIES OF MATTER 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Characteristics that scientists can measure without changing the composition of the sample under study. Example: Some physical properties that are measurable and observable in a plain glass of water are its mass, volume and color. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PROPERTIES OF MATTER TWO TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: A. EXTENSIVE PROPERTY - property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. Examples: MASS - this is a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. A small sample of a certain type of matter will have a small mass, while a larger sample will have a greater mass. VOLUME - the volume of an object is a measure of the space that is occupied by that object. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PROPERTIES OF MATTER TWO TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: B. INTENSIVE PROPERTY - property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount. Examples: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY – this property depends only on the type of substance. Silver, gold, and copper are excellent conductors of electricity, while glass and plastic are poor conductors. A larger or smaller piece of glass will not change this property. COLOR, ODOR AND MALLEABILITY GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PRACTICE: Determine whether the following is an ANSWERS: extensive or intensive property. 1. Ductility 1. INTENSIVE 2. Length 2. EXTENSIVE 3. Density 3. INTENSIVE 4. Melting point 4. INTENSIVE 5. Weight 5. EXTENSIVE GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PROPERTIES OF MATTER 2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Chemical properties are properties that can be measured or observed only when matter undergoes a change to become an entirely different kind of matter. Examples: Reactivity, flammability, and the ability to rust. Reactivity is the ability of matter to react chemically with other substances. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  REVIEW 1. Kindly give some properties of matter. 2. What are the two different types of properties of matter? Differentiate them and give some examples. 3. What are the two types of physical properties? Differentiate them and give some examples. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER  CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER Matter can be classified depending on their components in molecular level. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PURE SUBSTANCES ELEMENT - an element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances. COMPOUND - a substance formed from two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  MIXTURES Mixtures are not pure substances, and it is made up of 2 or more substances that are not chemically bonded. Mixtures are divided into two: heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  MIXTURES HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  LET’S TRY! Identify whether the following mixtures are homogeneous or heterogeneous. Perfume Taho Tea HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  LET’S TRY! Identify whether the following mixtures are homogeneous or heterogeneous. Jellybeans Banana Shake Tacos HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXTURES If we mix the following substances together: 1. Water and salt 2. Water and sand 3. Water and powdered milk What will be their differences? GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXTURES SOLUTIONS Solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another. It is composed of solute and solvent. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXTURES SUSPENSIONS Suspensions are mixtures in which particles, or a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but are large enough that they settle out. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXTURES COLLOIDS Colloids appear cloudy because particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PRACTICE Let’s discover some chemical formulas! Connect the following chemical formula with their common chemical substance names using the given clues. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 1. Formula: NaCl. A compound in the form of crystals used especially for seasoning or preserving food. 2. Formula: NaHCO₃. This gives foods like bread, cakes, muffins, and cookies a light, A. Baking Soda fluffy texture. B. Bleach 3. Formula: H2O2. An antiseptic liquid that in the past was typically used to treat cuts or C. Table Salt other skin wounds and kill germs. D. Chalk 4. Formula: CaCO3. A soft, white, powdery E. Hydrogen limestone consisting chiefly of fossil shells of foraminifers used for marking. Peroxide 5. Formula: NaClO. Large class of compounds used to whiten or color-lighten materials. COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES  COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Almost all of us seem to think that chemistry is a foreign concept, with little relevance to our everyday life. In fact, it would be hard to think of an aspect of your daily routine that isn’t directly impacted by chemistry. The following are examples of substances that we encounter on our everyday life. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Common Name: Water Chemical Formula: H2O Uses: Most common solvent, we use it in everyday life as we take a bath, cook our food and sustain life. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Common Name: Table Sugar Chemical Formula: C12H22O11 Uses: Acts as a sweetener, preservative, texture modifier, fermentation substrate, flavoring and coloring agent, bulking agent. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Common Name: Hydrochloric Acid / Muriatic Acid Chemical Formula: HCl Uses: Used in toilet bowl cleaners to remove dirt and grime. It is used for cleaning mortar spills off new bricks, removing rust from metals and other surfaces, and etching floors before sealing them. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Common Name: Acetic Acid / Vinegar Chemical Formula: C2H4O2 Uses: Used as a condiment to add flavor or as a preservative, as in pickling. Vinegar contributes acidic notes to foods, both in aroma and taste. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Common Name: Potassium Sulfate Chemical Formula: K2SO4 Uses: It is dominantly used as a fertilizer for crops which include tobacco, some vegetables, and fruits. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Other common chemical substances and their chemical formula: GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PRACTICE: Match the name of the separation technique to the correct experimental setup. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  Filtration Distillation Chromatography Evaporation METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION In our previous lesson, we have learnt that most of the natural substances are not chemically pure. Different methods of separation are used to get individual components from a mixture. Separation makes it possible to study and use the individual components of a mixture. Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances. They can be separated by physical processes. The method of separating a mixture into its components depends primarily on the properties of each of the components. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 1. Mechanical Separation (often by hand) - takes advantage of physical property such as color and shape. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 2. Magnetic Separation - takes advantage of magnetism property. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 3. Filtration - takes advantage of the physical property of the state of matter. - a filter can also be used to separate solid particles of different sizes. Example: Filtering coffee, window screen GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 4. Decantation - pouring off a liquid, leaving another liquid or solid behind. - takes advantage of differences in density. Example: Decanting a liquid from a precipitate or water from rice. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 5. Distillation - separation of a mixture of liquids based on the physical property of boiling point. Example: distillation of alcohol or oil. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 6. Evaporation - vaporizing a liquid and leaving the dissolved solid(s) behind. - used to separate salt solutions. Example: obtaining sea salt from sea water evaporation ponds. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 7. Density Separation - more dense components sink to the bottom and less dense components float. - the components cannot be soluble within each other. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 8. Centrifugation - circular motion helps denser components sink to the bottom faster. Example: the separation of blood or DNA from blood. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 9. Paper Chromatography - uses the property of molecular attraction to separate a mixture. - different molecules have varying molecular attractions for the paper (the stationary phase) vs. the solvent (the mobile phase). Example: the separation of plant pigments and dyes GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION 10. Fractional Crystallization - dissolved substances crystallize out of a solution once their solubility limit is reached as the solution cools. Example: growing rock candy or the crystallization of a magma chamber GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  PRACTICE: Identify which separation technique can be best used with the following situations. ANSWERS: 1. Different pigments from an extract of 1. Chromatography flower petals 2. Evaporation 2. Water from wet clothes 3. Decantation 3. Mud from water 4. Filtration 4. Tea leaves from tea 5. Magnetic Separation 5. Iron fillings from sand GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1  GET READY! Get ready for 25-item Quiz #1 tomorrow. Good luck! Topics: Properties of Matter Classifications of Matter Common Chemical Substances Methods of Mixture Separation GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 THANK YOU!