Cells & Cell Organelles PDF

1 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features 2  ⚫ESSENTIAL QUE...

1 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features 2  ⚫ESSENTIAL QUESTION ⚫ Why do you think cell is considered as the basic unit of life? 3 ⚫ What do you know about cell? 4 The Cell Theory Discovery of Cells ⚫ 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. ⚫ He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb ⚫ He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi Anton van Leuwenhoek ⚫ 1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms ⚫ He called them “animalcules” ⚫ He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans ⚫ Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants Development of Cell Theory ⚫ 1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells ⚫ 1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann, who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells. Development of Cell Theory ⚫ 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells. The Cell Theory Complete ⚫ The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete: ⚫ 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) ⚫ 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) ⚫ 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858) How Has The Cell Theory Been Used? ⚫ The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as: ⚫ Disease/Health/Medical Research and Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell Research, etc.) Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell most bacteria Bacterial cell ▪ 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells ▪ 10-100 microns ▪ micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter ▪ diameter of human hair = ~20 microns Why study cells? ⚫ Cells → Tissues → Organs → Bodies ⚫ bodies are made up of cells ⚫ cells do all the work of life! The Work of Life ⚫ What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… ⚫ “breathe” ⚫ gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out ⚫ eat ⚫ take in & digest food ⚫ make energy ⚫ ATP ATP ⚫ build molecules ⚫ proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids ⚫ remove wastes ⚫ control internal conditions ⚫ homeostasis ⚫ respond to external environment ⚫ build more cells ⚫ growth, repair, reproduction & development The Jobs of Cells ⚫ Cells have 3 main jobs ⚫ make energy ⚫ need energy for all activities Our organelles ATP ⚫ need to clean up waste produced do all these jobs! while making energy ⚫ make proteins ⚫ proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them ⚫ make more cells ⚫ for growth ⚫ to replace damaged or diseased cells Organelles ⚫ Organelles do the work of cells ⚫ each structure has a job to do ⚫ keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re like mini-organs! Model Animal Cell Let’s Explore the CELL 19 1. Cells need power! ⚫ Making energy ⚫ to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… ⚫ take in food & digest it ⚫ take in oxygen (O2) ATP ⚫ make ATP ⚫ remove waste ⚫ organelles that do this work… ⚫ cell membrane ⚫ lysosomes ⚫ vacuoles & vesicles ⚫ mitochondria Cell membrane phosphate “head” ⚫ Function ⚫ separates cell from outside ⚫ controls what enters or leaves cell lipid “tail” ⚫ O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste ⚫ recognizes signals from other cells ⚫ allows communication between cells ⚫ Structure ⚫ double layer of fat ⚫ phospholipid bilayer ⚫ receptor molecules ⚫ proteins that receive signals cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane ▪cell boundary ▪controls movement of materials in & out ▪recognizes signals  Vacuoles & vesicles ⚫ Function ⚫ moving material around cell ⚫ storage ⚫ Structure small food particle ⚫ membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients Food & water storage food vacuole plant cells central vacuole animal cells contractile vacuole cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles ▪transport inside cells ▪storage cell membrane ▪cell boundary ▪controls movement of materials in & out ▪recognizes signals  ⚫ Function Lysosomes ⚫ digest food ⚫ used to make energy ⚫ clean up & recycle ⚫ digest broken organelles ⚫ Structure ⚫ membrane sac of lysosomes digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles small food vacuole particle digesting food A Job for Lysosomes 6 weeks 15 weeks cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪garbage disposal & vacuole & vesicles recycling ▪transport inside cells ▪storage cell membrane ▪cell boundary ▪controls movement of materials in & out ▪recognizes signals Mitochondria ⚫ Function ⚫ make ATP energy from cellular respiration ⚫ sugar + O2 → ATP ⚫ fuels the work of life ⚫ Structure ATP ⚫ double membrane in both animal & plant cells cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪garbage disposal & vacuole & vesicles recycling ▪transport inside cells ▪storage mitochondria ▪make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane ▪cell boundary ▪controls movement of materials in & out ▪recognizes signals Plants make energy two ways! ⚫ Mitochondria ⚫ make energy from sugar + O2 ATP ⚫ cellular respiration ⚫ sugar + O2 → ATP ⚫ Chloroplasts ⚫ make energy + sugar from sunlight ⚫ photosynthesis sugar ⚫ sunlight + CO2 → ATP & sugar ⚫ ATP = active energy ⚫ sugar = stored energy ATP ⚫build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole ▪storage: food, water or waste mitochondria cell wall ▪make ATP in ▪support cellular respiration cell membrane chloroplast ▪cell boundary ▪make ATP & sugars in ▪controls movement photosynthesis of materials in & out lysosome ▪recognizes signals ▪digestion & clean up 2. Cells need workers = proteins! ⚫ Making proteins ⚫ to run daily life & growth, the cell must… ⚫ read genes (DNA) ⚫ build proteins ⚫ structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) ⚫ enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) ⚫ signals (hormones) & receptors ⚫ organelles that do this work… ⚫ nucleus ⚫ ribosomes ⚫ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ⚫ Golgi apparatus Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells Nucleus ⚫ Function ⚫ control center of cell ⚫ protects DNA ⚫ instructions for building proteins ⚫ Structure ⚫ nuclear membrane ⚫ nucleolus ⚫ ribosome factory ⚫ chromosomes ⚫ DNA cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome nucleolus organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪produces ▪garbage disposal & ribosomes vacuole & vesicles recycling nucleus ▪transport inside cells ▪protects DNA ▪storage ▪controls cell chromosomes ▪DNA mitochondria ▪make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane ▪cell boundary ▪controls movement of materials in & out ▪recognizes signals Ribosomes ⚫ Function ⚫ protein factories ⚫ read instructions to build proteins from DNA ⚫ Structure ⚫ some free in cytoplasm ⚫ some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome nucleolus organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪produces ▪garbage disposal & ribosomes vacuole & vesicles recycling nucleus ▪transport inside cells ▪protects DNA ▪storage ▪controls cell ribosomes mitochondria ▪build proteins ▪make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane ▪cell boundary ▪controls movement of materials in & out ▪recognizes signals Endoplasmic Reticulum ⚫ Function ⚫ works on proteins ⚫ helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them ⚫ makes membranes ⚫ Structure ⚫ rough ER ⚫ ribosomes attached ⚫ works on proteins ⚫ smooth ER ⚫ makes membranes cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪garbage disposal & vacuole & vesicles recycling nucleus ▪transport inside cells ▪protects DNA ▪storage ▪controls cell ribosomes mitochondria ▪builds proteins ▪make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane ▪cell boundary ER ▪controls movement ▪works on proteins of materials in & out ▪makes membranes ▪recognizes signals Golgi Apparatus ⚫ Function ⚫ finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins ⚫ like LAZADA and SHOPEE headquarters ⚫ shipping & receiving department ⚫ ships proteins in vesicles vesicles ⚫ Like Courier carrying proteins ⚫ Structure ⚫ membrane sacs transport vesicles cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪garbage disposal & vacuole & vesicles recycling nucleus ▪transport inside cells ▪protects DNA ▪storage ▪controls cell ribosomes mitochondria ▪builds proteins ▪make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus cell membrane ▪finishes, packages ▪cell boundary ER & ships proteins ▪controls movement ▪helps finish proteins of materials in & out ▪makes membranes ▪recognizes signals  nucleus endoplasmic reticulum protein DNA on its way! TO: RNA vesicle TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finished protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins  nucleolus ▪make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum nucleus ▪processes proteins ▪control cell ▪makes membranes ▪protects DNA ribosomes cytoplasm ▪make proteins ▪jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole Golgi apparatus ▪storage: food, ▪finish & ship water or waste proteins mitochondria cell wall ▪make ATP in ▪support cellular respiration cell membrane chloroplast ▪cell boundary ▪make ATP & sugars in ▪controls movement photosynthesis of materials in & out lysosome ▪recognizes signals ▪digestion & clean up 3. Cells need to make more cells! ⚫ Making more cells ⚫ to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… ⚫ copy their DNA ⚫ make extra organelles ⚫ divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells ⚫ organelles that do this work… ⚫ nucleus ⚫ centrioles Centrioles ⚫ Function ⚫ help coordinate cell division ⚫ only in animal cells ⚫ Structure ⚫ one pair in each cell cytoplasm ▪jelly-like material holding lysosome organelles in place ▪food digestion ▪garbage disposal & vacuole & vesicles recycling nucleus ▪transport inside cells ▪protects DNA ▪storage ▪controls cell centrioles ▪cell division ribosomes mitochondria ▪builds proteins ▪make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus cell membrane ▪finishes, packages ▪cell boundary ER & ships proteins ▪controls movement ▪helps finish proteins of materials in & out ▪makes membranes ▪recognizes signals Cell Summary ⚫ Cells have 3 main jobs ⚫ make energy ⚫ need food + O2 ⚫ cellular respiration & photosynthesis ⚫ need to remove wastes Our organelles do all those ⚫ make proteins jobs! ⚫ need instructions from DNA ⚫ need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein ⚫ make more cells ⚫ need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells  BIOLOGY Chapter 4: pp. 59-84 10th Edition Cell Structure and Sylvia S. Mader Function Plasma membrane: outer surface that Ribosome: Fimbriae: regulates entrance site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that and exit of molecules allow adhesion to the surfaces Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus: stored nutrients for elongated, hollow later use appendage used for DNA transfer to other Nucleus: Mesosome: bacterial cells Cytoskeleton: plasma membrane maintains cell that folds into the Nucleoid: shape and assists cytoplasm and location of the bacterial movement of increases surface area chromosome cell parts: Endoplasmic Plasma membrane: reticulum: sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules Cell wall: covering that supports, shapes, and protects cell Glycocalyx: gel-like coating outside cell wall; if compact, called a capsule; if diffuse, called a slime layer Flagellum: rotating filament present in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward *not in plant cells PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 50 Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. 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