GELC 111 PRELIMS (1).pdf

LESSON 1: INTERNET o ARPANET delivered its first computer Cyberspace to computer message o Coined by William Gibson in o LOGIN message from UCLA to Stanford Neuromancer Novel...

LESSON 1: INTERNET o ARPANET delivered its first computer Cyberspace to computer message o Coined by William Gibson in o LOGIN message from UCLA to Stanford Neuromancer Novel 1970s o Futuristic computer network o Robert Kahn and Vintor Cerf Online developed TCP/IP (Transmission o Controlled by or connected to another Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) computer or to a network o Standard on how data should o means using computer connected be transferred across multiple through a network to access networks information and services from another January 1, 1983 computer or information device o ARPANET adopted TCP/IP Network o A communications system connecting 1990 two or more computers o Tim Berners Lee developed the World o Two or more computers linked Wide Web (WWW) together to share resources Internet Internet of Things (IOT) o Worldwide computer network that o A network of physical devices links thousands of smaller networks o Primary goal is to create self-reporting o Global computer network providing a devices that can communicate with variety of information and each other and users in real time communication facilities o Set of devices that can transfer data to World Wide Web one another without human o Interconnected system of servers that intervention support specially formatted o Can be considered as a giant network documents in multimedia form of connected devices o Information system on the internet o These internet-connected devices which allows documents to be collect data and share them with each connected to other documents by other hypertext links o IOT sensors gather data and send data to the connected devices History of Internet 1900s Components of IOT o Nicola Tesla found world wireless 1. Internet Connectivity system 2. Unique Identifiers of each physical 1930s component o Paul Otlet and Vannevar Bush 3. Sensor Technologies mechanized, searchable storage 4. Artificial Intelligence and Machine systems of books and media Learning 1960s o Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider Benefits of IOT popularized the idea of intergalactic 1. Automation computer network 2. Conservation o Packet switching 3. Analytics o Creation of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) Cloud Computing Prototype of Internet o Storing and accessing data and programs over the internet instead of your computer’s hard drive October 29, 1969 Cloud Computing Services  1. Infrastructure o Uses transistors a. Compute o Three legged component b. Block storage o Smaller than the first generations c. Network o More reliable, greater computational 2. Platform speed, no warm-up time and a. Object Storage consumed less electricity b. Identity o High level of languages are also being c. Runtime developed d. Queue e. Database Third Generation of Computers 3. Application o Made of Integrated Circuits (IC) a. Monitoring o Square silicon chips b. Content o Has circuitry that can perform c. Collaboration the functions of hundreds of d. Communication transistors e. Finance o Computers became more accessible to a mass audience because they were Cloud Computing as a Service smaller and cheaper 1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) o Can run multiple programs a. Organization retain complete o Consumes less electricity control of the infrastructure o Disadvantage is that IC is complicated b. System Admins and maintenance problems 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) a. Provides a variety of service to Fourth Generation of Computers assist with the development, o Made up of microprocessors testing, and deployment of o Silicon chip that contains the apps CPUI b. Developers o Thousands of ICs were build 3. Software as a Service onto a single silicon chip a. Users not responsible for o Small computers became more hardware or software updates powerful b. End customers o Could be linked together to form networks LESSON 2: GENERATION OF COMPUTERS o Development of GUIs and handheld Electricity not invented devices o Pebbles o 1981, IBM introduced first computer o Fingers for home user o Abacus o 1984, Apple introduced Macintosh First Generation of Computers Fifth Generation of Computers o Uses vacuum tubes o Based on Artificial Intelligence o A seal glass tube that allows o Voice recognition free passage of electric o Goal is to develop devices that respond current to natural language input and are o Used punched card for input and capable of learning and self printouts for output organization o Enormous and taking up entire room causing heating up o Examples: UNIVAC and ENIAC Second Generation of Computers LESSON 3: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Data III. Examples: telephones, radio, o Raw unorganized facts that need to be broadcast television, and processed computers Information o Processed data Factors in Communication Technology o Useful, with context 1. Cyberspace o Assemblage of data into 2. Online Network and Internet comprehensible form capable of 3. Internet of Things communication and use o Has meaning LESSON 4: INFORMATION SOCIETY Society Information Technology o Community of people living in a o Systems of hardware/software that particular country or region capture, process, exchange, store, and o Examples of Society present information using electrical o Agricultural magnetic / electromagnetic energy. o Industrial o Any technology or a group of o Information technologies that help to produce, o Knowledge manipulate, store, communicate, and or disseminate information Information Society o Society which information has become the chief, economic, social, and cultural monitor o Society where the creation and distribution, use, integration, and manipulation of information is significant History of Information Society Economist Fritz Machlup developed the concept Parts of IT o Started in Japan in 1960s 1. Computer Technology o Aim is to gain competitive I. Computer is programmable, advantage internationally multiuse that accepts data and through using IT in a creative processes or manipulates, it and productive way into information we can use o Referred to as “Post Industrial such as summaries, totals, or Society” reports II. Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and increase productivity 2. Communications Technology I. A.K.A. telecommunications technology II. Consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances Characteristic of Information Society LESSON 5: NEW TRENDS AND FUTURE Use of information as economic DIRECTIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY resource Information empowerment/ Mobile Technology information consciousness o goes where the user goes Development of Information Sector o portable two-way communications and Emergence of Information devices, computing devices, and Industry networking technology Information Cycle Mobile Technology Communication Networks 1. Creators of Information - Cellular Networks 2. Information Product o 1G 3. Distribution of Information ▪ Voice only analogue 4. Disseminators of Information service 5. Users of Information o 2G ▪ Call and text Use of Information as Economic Resource ▪ SMS Used in producing good or providing ▪ Picture messaging service ▪ MMS Information is vital commodity as it is ▪ Originated from used by industries Finland o 3G Digital Divide ▪ More data o Class-based division in which higher- ▪ Video calling income people have greater access to ▪ Mobile Internet technology than low-income people ▪ Began in 1988 o 4G Indicators of Information Society ▪ Began late 2000s 1. Growth of telecommunications ▪ 500x faster than 3G 2. Advancement in computer technology o 5G 3. Increase in skill professional (creation ▪ 2024 of knowledge workers) ▪ Internet of Things 4. Ability to acquire and distribute - WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) information for a wider reach - Bluetooth 5. Active Involvement of citizen in society (creation if social activism in other platforms) Artificial Intelligence - Concerned with building smart Technology in Information Society machines capable of performing tasks Development of - A computer system able to perform o phone and mobile devices tasks that ordinarily require human o broadcasting medium intelligence o computer technology - Set of algorithms and intelligence to o internet try to mimic human intelligence Laws Concerning Information Society AI Categories Freedom of Information Act Narrow AI Copyright and Intellectual Property o Weak AI Rights o Operates within a limited Data Privacy Act context and is a simulation of human intelligence  o Often focused on performing a 11. Diseases mapping and prediction tools single task extremely well 12. Personalized healthcare treatment Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) recommendations o Strong AI o Machine with general Machine Learning intelligence - Focus is learning or acquiring skills or o Can apply that intelligence to knowledge from experience solve any problem - Feeds a computer data and uses statistical techniques to help it “learn” Narrow AI Examples how to get progressively better 1. Image Recognition Software o Computer program that can Applications of Machine Learning identify objects, people, Smartphones detecting faces places, writing, and actions in Social media site recommending images or video friends and ads o Creation of a neural network Online shopping recommending that processes all the pixels products that make up an image Banks fraud detector 2. Google Search o Web search engine developed Deep Learning by Google - Type of machine learning that runs o Most used search engine on inputs through a biologically-inspired the WWW in 2019 neural network architecture 3. Intelligent Virtual Assistant o Software agent that perform Virtual Reality tasks or services for an - Use of computer technology to create individual based on a simulated environment commands or questions - Places the used inside an experience o Google Assistant - Simulating as many senses as possible 4. Self-driving Car - Computer is transformed into a o Autonomous vehicle, gatekeeper to artificial world driverless car, robo-car o Capable of sensing its Augmented Reality environment and moving - Simulates artificial objects in the real safely with little or no human environment 5. IBM’s Watson - Computer uses sensors and algorithms o Computer system capable of to determine the position and answering questions posed in orientation of a camera natural language - Renders the 3D graphics as they would o Developed in IBM’s DeepQA appear from the camera project by a research team of David Ferrucci Affective Computing o Named after founder of IBM - Study and development of systems and first CEO, Thomas J. and devices that can recognize, Watson interpret, process, and simulate Other Examples: human affect 6. Conversational bots - Technologies that sense the emotional 7. Robo-advisers state of a user and respond by 8. Spam filters performing specific, predefined 9. Social Media Monitoring Tools product/service features 10. Song or TV Show recommendations Requirements for Emotional Intelligence in o Only needed data that are Affective Computing relevant to the learning 1. Recognizing others’ emotions process should be obtained 2. Responding to others’ emotions 3. Choice of algorithm 3. Expressing emotions o Select the best algorithm for a 4. Regulating and utilizing emotions in problem at hand to get the decision making best possible results 4. Selection of models and parameters Technologies explored for Affective o Set the initial values of Computing various parameters - Speech Recognition 5. Training - Gesture Recognition o Training of the model using the dataset (training data) Future of Affective Computing 6. Performance Evaluation 1. E-learning application o Evaluate performance 2. Psychological Health Services parameters like accuracy, 3. Robotics System precision, and recall 4. Companion Devices 5. Social Monitoring Machine Learning Paradigm 1. Supervised Learning - Provided with a set of examples of Lesson 6: Fundamentals of Machine Learning training modules - Learning via examples Machine Learning - Develops models based on both input - Coined by Arthur Samuel in 1959 and output data - Field of study that provides learning capabilities to computers without 2. Unsupervised Learning being explicitly programmed - Recognizes unknown patterns from - Enables computers to think and learn data in order to derive rules from on their own them - Groups and interpret data based only Capabilities of Machine Learning on input data 1. Tasks performed by humans (cooking, driving, and speech recognition) Categories of Supervised Learning 2. Tasks beyond human capabilities 1. Regression (weather forecasting and web search) o Used if there is a relationship between the input variable Applications of Machine Learning and output variable 1. Email spam filtering 2. Classification 2. Fraud detection o Used when the output 3. Stock trading variable is categorical such as 4. Face and shape recognition Yes-No and True-False 5. Product recommendation 6. Movie suggestions Categories of Unsupervised Learning 1. Clustering Generic Model of Machine Learning o Grouping into clusters, 1. Collection of and preparation of data objects with the most o Data needs to be in a similarities remain into a structured format that can be group given as input to an algorithm 2. Association 2. Feature Selection  o Finding the relationship - Computers connected in intranets to a between variables in a large massive global network database - All wired Third Wave Machine learning algorithm - Ubiquitous computing - Algorithm is some definitive - 2000 – present computing method that seizes several - Information creation, access values called input and generates communication drive usage some results called output - Multiple computers per o Linear Regression person/environment o Decision Tree - WANs, LANs, PANs, ad-hoc o Support vector networking wireless o K-nearest neighbor - Computer disappearing o Naïve Bayes o Neural Network Mark Weiser - father of ubiquitous computing Lesson 7: Ubiquitous Computing - former chief scientist at XEROX PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) Ubiquitous Computing - coined the term “Ubiquitous - Concept of Software Engineering and Computing” in 1988 computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and Manuel Castells everywhere - authored the “The Rise of the - Using any device in any location and Network Society” book format - “Internet as the start of a pervasive - a.k.a. pervasive computing computing system” - means “Existing Everywhere” - Imagined a system of billions of - involves 3 converging areas miniature ubiquitous inter-connected o computing devices o communications o user interface (sensors) Goal of Ubiquitous Computing History - Create an environment where the Zero Wave connectivity of devices is unobtrusive - less computing and always available - 1930-1940 - Theoretical technology Examples of Ubiquitous Computing - Establish fundamental limits on 1. Computer sensors that monitor computability physical health 2. Smart meters to manage and record First Wave electricity performance of electronics - Main Frame Computing 3. Car computers - 1960-1970 4. Automatic Intelligent Lighting system - Massive computers to do simple data or cooling system processing 5. Interactive Whiteboards - Few computers in the world 6. RFID Tags Second Wave Ubiquitous Computing - Desktop Computing - Forces the computer to live out here - 1980-1990 in the world with people - Business Applications Drive Usage - One Computer per disk  - Integrating of human factors, 4. Remove complexity of new computer science, engineering and technology social sciences 5. invisible 6. socialization Virtual Reality 7. decision making - Puts people inside a computer- generated 3D environment Uses 1. information access Augmented Reality 2. multimedia document retrieval - Using device in order to create an overlay on virtual world Helping Technologies 1. Automatic Indexing Cloud Computing 2. Networking - Style of computing that is dynamically 3. Speech Recognition stable 4. Wireless Protocols - Virtualized resource are often 5. User Sensitive device provided in the internet - Users only need to run the interface Key Elements of Ubiquitous Computing and cloud network runs the rest 1. Ubiquitous Sensing - Requires in pay-per use and on o Uses a sensor demand 2. Ubiquitous Access o Represents the ability for a cloud service to be accessible 3. Ubiquitous Middleware ( SoM and SBC) o Software that shields an application from low-level details o SoM Challenges of Ubiquitous Computing ▪ System on a Module 1. Accidentally Smart Environment ▪ Board-level circuit a. Privacy, security, and ▪ Integrates a system environmental implications function in a single b. Social implications module 2. Volatility ▪ Can integrate digital o Set of users, devices, and and analog software components change o SBC 3. Impromptu Interoperability ▪ Single Board o Each product has its own Computer proprietary language that ▪ Complete computer leads to “noninteroperability” built on a single 4. No system administrator circuit board o Occupant users must still have ▪ With some administration microprocessors, 5. Social Implications memory, o ethical input/output 4. Ubiquitous Networking Advantages o Distribution of 1. Information process communications 2. Enhance user experience infrastructure and wireless 3. Manage information efficiently technology