GEEC 111: Gender and Society Chapter 4 Lesson 1 PDF

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MTRCB_Strong_Parental_Guidance.svg  Chapter IV Lesson 1: Sexual and...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MTRCB_Strong_Parental_Guidance.svg  Chapter IV Lesson 1: Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology GEEC 111: Gender and Society ttps://media.gettyimages.com/id/163553961/nl/foto/a-plastinated-human-body-is-on-display-during-a-press-conference-for-koerperwelten-und- er.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=vq8AJNnV8ge6JPWJqn9sFpiW4ykEsRPJFCKf8VRQOhU= oUnderstanding the dynamics of sex and sexuality can be futile without a walkthrough of sexual and reproductive anatomy and physiology. oAt some point in our lives, we are curious of sex, pleasure, sexual response, or even sexual satisfaction. o Our curiosity, according to Prof. Don Lucas and Prof. Jennifer Fox of Northwest Vista College in San Antonio, Texas, can pose dangers particularly on one’s health. oBeing knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of sexual and reproductive organs do not only clarify those things but also reduce the dangers for miscommunication, unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual dysfunctions. The Masters and Johnson Project oCuriosity about sex is common among people. In fact, Lucas and Fox reports that of the over 3.5 billion searches on Google everyday, tens of millions of which are about sex. o Most common topic about it is on sexual anatomies (e.g. “How big should my penis be?” or “Is it healthy for my vagina to smell like vinegar?”) followed by sexual physiology questions such as “Why is sex painful?” and “What exactly is an orgasm?” o Despite the abundance of answers Google and internet authorities provide, Fuxman, et al (2015) and Simon & Daneback (2013) warn that the answer they provide are often unreliable (in Lucas and Fox). https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/10/03/ap720618034-47ba8a98decfff4552dee3718b82a26a723a7606.jpg https://media.npr.org/assets/bakertaylor/covers/manually-added/masters-of-sex_custom-0b4bda52b089c78e44553abd2ce239509ff3ca07-s700-c85.webp Masters of Sex The Life and Times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the Couple Who Taught America How to Love by Thomas Maier Paperback, 415 pages The Masters and Johnson Project oThe research team formed in 1957 by William Masters and Virginia Johnson, lovers who later divorced, was monumental in the expansion of studies of sexuality. https://www.npr.org/2013/10/04/228906644/pioneering-masters-of-sex-brought-science-to-the-bedroom oMasters and Johnson dedicated their lives measuring people’s sexual anatomy and physiology with the interest of understanding sex from a scientific perspective. o William Masters and Virginia Johnson became famous in the 1960s for their groundbreaking and controversial research into the physiology of human sexuality. Instead of just asking people about their sex lives, Masters and Johnson actually observed volunteers engaging in self- stimulation and sexual intercourse. Changes throughout their bodies during arousal were measured with medical equipment. oThey used the method called plethysmography (measuring of changes in blood or airflow to organs) in order to determine sexual responses in a wide range of body parts- breasts, skin, various muscle structures, bladder, rectum, external sex organs, and lungs- as well as people’s pulse and blood pressure. oLucas and Fox noted that they measured more than 10,000 orgasms in 700 individuals (18-89 years of age) during sex with partners or alone. oTheir findings, published in Human Sexual Response (1966) and Human Sexual Inadequacy (1970), form the bases of contemporary understanding of sexual anatomy and physiology. On Masters discovering the fake orgasm "What happened with Masters was that he was using a number of different prostitutes — and one of the prostitutes was actually a graduate student, I believe — and he would debrief them after observing this, and kind of talk about it. He asked about orgasm, and she said that she often faked orgasm. And he said, 'What do you mean "faking orgasm?" ' And she said... something to the effect of, 'Buddy, you've got to be kidding.' And she explained that virtually most women at some point in their life, if not every night, will fake orgasm, that it was a common thing. And he seemed like he was struck by lightning, that the light bulb went off on his head. And it was the student... that said that he should get a female partner, and it was something that he really took to heart, and he realized that he was not going to go anywhere unless he had a female partner." oAnatomy: the study of body structure in relation to body parts o  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system https://med.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/44009/ohfemmtbstwed7pvglet.png?revision=1  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system https://med.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/44009/ohfemmtbstwed7pvglet.png?revision=1 https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bc0a03f7716286c492412cb556798a259b961614/0_2221_3543_2206/master/3543.jpg?width=880&quality=45&dpr=2&s=none The female reproductive system includes the: oVagina: a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the external genitals oCervix: the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina oUterus: a hollow, muscular structure where the fertilized egg implants and fetus grows during pregnancy oOvaries: two glands that produce eggs, as well as the female hormones estrogen and progesterone oFallopian tubes: two tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus The female reproductive system includes the: oVulva: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXrQ_FhZmos oDuring a woman’s menstrual cycle, which usually lasts about 28 days, her body prepares for the possibility of a pregnancy. o In the first half of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise to thicken the lining of the uterus. At the same time, an egg begins to mature in one of the ovaries. o Around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle (for example, day 14 of a 28-day cycle), a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, causes the mature egg to leave the ovary, a process called ovulation. o In the second half of the menstrual cycle, fingerlike projections located at the opening of the Fallopian tubes sweep the released egg into the tube toward the uterus. oAt the same time, rising levels of progesterone help prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. If sperm cells are present at this time, the egg may become fertilized. oIf no sperm cells are present, the egg either dissolves or is absorbed into the body, no pregnancy occurs, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. o If fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and divides until it becomes a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells. oThe blastocyst moves to the uterus, where it attaches itself to the lining, in a process called implantation. oThe blastocyst is nourished, and continues to grow and divide until it becomes an embryo, which eventually becomes a fetus. https://www.ivfserum.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/04.png  out of the vagina. http://carlykjohnson.weebly.com/uploads/6/0/4/8/60480393/2188816_orig.jpg oPregnancy lasts for an average of 280 days, or about 9 months, until the baby is ready for birth and moves from the uterus through the cervix and https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1390821084/photo/a-woman-is-given-nitrous-oxide-by-a-midwife-through-a-pain-relief-breathing- apparatus-as-she.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=hjYj-7uHJ0CP3DmLljIBR5cT2eMNa0dwcUCjO7P7GdI= https://media.lomalindafertility.com/Male-reproductive-system-illustration.jpg https://cdn.britannica.com/99/26999-050-B384ACC6/Structures-production-transport-semen.jpg https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/36a6af558ff2ca059f7be10f06a7ca3290bf2758/2695_1795_2705_1805/master/2705.jpg?width=620&quality=45&dpr=2&s=none The male reproductive system includes the: oTesticles (or testes): two oval-shaped organs that produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells, as well as male hormones, including testosterone oEpididymis: two coiled tubes that connect each testicle to the vas deferens oScrotum: a pouch of skin that hangs outside the pelvis to hold and regulate the temperature of the testicles oVas deferens: a muscular tube that transports sperm from the testicles to the ejaculatory ducts The male reproductive system includes the: oSeminal gland and prostate gland: glands that produce seminal fluid oUrethra: the tube that passes urine and semen out of the body oPenis: the organ in which muscular contractions force sperm-containing semen out of the urethra oWhen a male is stimulated, sperm cells move out of the testicles, through the epididymis, and into the vas deferens. oThey are mixed with the whitish seminal fluid produced by the seminal and prostate glands to form semen. oThe penis then fills with blood and becomes erect, and muscles contract, forcing semen through the urethra and out of the male’s body, a process called ejaculation. oEach ejaculation can contain up to 500 million sperm. o The average sperm count is between 40 million and 300 million sperm per milliliter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen#/media/File:Human_semen_in_a_petri_dish.jpg oWhen ejaculation occurs during intercourse, semen is deposited into the female’s vagina. oSperm cells “swim” from the vagina through the cervix and uterus, toward the Fallopian tubes. oIf a mature egg is present in one of the Fallopian tubes, a sperm may penetrate and fertilize it. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224001711/figure/fig1/AS:669567122669587@1536648650681/Boar-semen-sample-images-acquired-using-a-phase-contrast-microscope.jpg https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX000184_PRESENTATION.jpeg Midsagittal image of the anatomy of sexual intercourse envisaged by R L Dickinson and drawn by R S Kendall Image source: Dickinson RL. Human sex anatomy, a topographical hand atlas. 2nd ed. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1949:84109 (Editing: HiE) https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/sex-in-an-mri-scanner-the-story-behind-an-extraordinary-imaging-project.html Physiology and the Sexual Response Cycle oSexual response cycle (SRC) is the universal fashion of the brain and other sex organs when responding to sexual stimuli. It is composed of four phases: 1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution 1. EXCITEMENT: it is the activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system where heart rate and breathing accelerates, along with increased blood flow to the penis, vaginal walls, clitoris, and nipples. It also involves involuntary muscular movements (myotonia) such as facial grimaces. 2. PLATEAU: In this phase, blood flow, heart rate, and breathing intensify. Females experience an orgasmic platform- the outer third of the vaginal walls tightening- and males experience a release of pre- seminal fluid containing healthy sperm cells. 3. ORGASM: the shortest but most pleasurable phase. After reaching its climax, neuromuscular tension is released and the hormone oxytocin floods the bloodstream- facilitating emotional bonding. 4. RESOLUTION: The body returns to a pre-aroused state. Males enter a refractory period of being unresponsive to sexual stimuli. The length of this period depends on age, frequency of recent sexual relations, level of intimacy with a partner, and novelty. Females do not have a refractory period but they have a greater physiological potential of having multiple orgasms. oAccording to Masters and Johnson (1966), SRC occurs regardless of the type of sexual behavior—whether the behavior is masturbation; romantic kissing; or oral, vaginal, or anal sex (in Lucas and Fox, 2021). 1. EXCITEMENT o vasocongestion: engorgement of blood vessels oMales: erection oFemales: swelling of the clitoris and labia, vaginal lubrication, and enlargement of the uterus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_penis#/media/File:Erection_Development_V2.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina#/media/File:Cervix_uteri,_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg 2. PLATEAU o arousal continues to build oMales: head of the penis swells, the testicles enlarge and move closer to the body, and pre-ejaculatory fluid is excreted oFemales: the lower third of the vagina tightens and the upper third expands 3. ORGASM o arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area o Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration increase and is accompanied by an intensely pleasurable feeling of release o Males and in some Females: ejaculation occurs https://www.masmorrastudio.com/oproject?lightbox=dataItem-j8vln3n9 4. RESOLUTION o arousal subsides and physiological responses return to normal o Males: experiences refractory period (unresponsive to further stimulation)