GEE11A-REVIEWER-PRELIM.pdf

GEE11A PRELIM REVIEWER WORLD CRISIS RENEWABLE RESOURCES are naturally replenished and can be used indefinitely if PALEOZOIC ERA - Early life forms began to not overe...

GEE11A PRELIM REVIEWER WORLD CRISIS RENEWABLE RESOURCES are naturally replenished and can be used indefinitely if PALEOZOIC ERA - Early life forms began to not overexploited, such as WIND, SOLAR, use the sun’s energy GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS, AND HYDROPOWER. HUMAN SPECIES is the most significant agent of environmental change on our planet POPULATION, RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT The RAPID POPULATION GROWTH in -Earth’s HUMAN POPULATION IS GROWING developing countries depletes soils, forests, rapidly and other natural resources. -Long term effects carries the potential risks of famine, disease, and large-scale death. POPULATION SIZE, RESOURCE AND -Poverty - A condition in which people are CONSUMPTION unable to meet their basic needs forfood, clothing, shelter, education, or health. CONSUMPTION directly creates environmental pressures through the use of Highly developed countries - Countries with products and services. complex industrialized bases, low rates of population ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT is a measurement growth, and high of the resources required to generate the per person incomes. items consumed by a person or population HIGHLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES have IPAT EQUATION is an attempt to describe the advanced industries, low population growth, impact of population, affluence and and high incomes. technology on the environment. MODERATELY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES have moderate industrialization and lower incomes than highly developed nations. LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES have low industrialization, rapid population growth, high infant mortality, and low incomes. POPULATION, RESOURCES, AND THE SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY -The ability to meet humanity’s current RESOURCE is a physical material valued and needs without compromising the ability of consumed by humans, like land, air, and future generation to meet their future need water. Resources are classified as renewable or nonrenewable. - accomplished when the environment can function continuously without degrading due NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES are natural to human stress on resources in limited supply that are depleted natural systems with use, such as COAL, OIL, NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND NATURAL GAS.  GEE11A PRELIM REVIEWER ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY entails SUSTAINABLE ETHIC: maintaining natural resources and global The earth has a limited supply of ecosystems for future human health and resources. prosperity Humans must conserve resources. Humans share the earth’s resources with GREEN TECHNOLOGY employs science and other living things. technology to protect the world's natural Growth is not sustainable. resources and reduce the environmental Humans are a part of nature. impact of human activity. Humans are affected by natural laws. Humans succeed best when they maintain the integrity of natural processes ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND and cooperate with nature. ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE is the -The most basic ethical dilemma centers on the interdisciplinary study of humanity’s rights of the poor and disenfranchised versus the relationship with other organisms and the rights of the rich and powerful. nonliving physical environment -The right of every citizen to adequate protection from environmental hazards ENGINEERING applies science and math to solve real-world problems and develop new ECOSYSTEM products and processes in a variety of 4 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH’S LIFE- industries and applications. SUPPORT SYSTEM 1. Atmosphere (air) SCIENTIFIC METHOD 2. Hydrosphere (water) uses experiments to investigate phenomena 3. Geosphere (rock, soil, and sediment) and answer questions 4. Biosphere (living things) HYPOTHESIS is a statement of that expectation. ATMOSPHERE- is a thin spherical envelope of -Each of the many factors that influence a gases surrounding the earth’s surface. process is called a VARIABLE. - EXPERIMENTAL GROUP modifies the variable, whereas the CONTROL GROUP does not. HOW WE HANDLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT RISK ANALYSIS PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS -These standards help to distinguish between behavior that is considered right and that which is considered wrong. SUSTAINABLE ETHIC is an environmental ethic by which people treat the earth as if its resources are limited.  GEE11A PRELIM REVIEWER ECOSYSTEM: Community interacting with STRATOSPHERE – location of ozone layer. nonliving environment. ✔ The ozone layer helps protect us from BIOSPHERE: Earth's regions where life exists. ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. BIOTIC HYDROSPHERE- is made up of all of the water Living and once living on or near the earth’s surface. The oceans, which cover about 71% of the ABIOTIC - factor is a non-living part of an globe, contain about 97% of the earth’s ecosystem that shapes its environment. water Water Soil GEOSPHERE- consists of the earth’s intensely Sunlight hot core, a thick mantle Temperature composed mostly of rock, and a thin outer Oxygen crust. BIOME BIOSPHERE- consists of the parts of the ❑ A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region atmosphere, hydrosphere, with similar climate, soil, plants, and and geosphere where life is found. animals,regardless of where it occurs in the world. ECOLOGY: is the science that focuses on how organisms interact with one another BIOGEOGRAPHY (the study of why different and with their nonliving environment of organisms are found in certain locations, in matter and energy. certain numbers) and how species ranges are affected by climate ECOLOGISTS study interactions within and among five of these levels—organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS include oceans, lakes, rivers, streams,estuaries, and wetlands. the biosphere. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS CONTAIN THREE ATOM: Smallest unit of an element with its MAIN ECOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF chemical properties. ORGANISMS: MOLECULE: Two or more atoms chemically PLANKTON combined. ❑ are usually small or microscopic organisms. ORGANELLE: Structure inside a cell with a NEKTON specific function. ❑ are larger, more strongly swimming organisms CELL: Basic unit of life. such as fishes, turtles, and whales TISSUE: Group of similar cells functioning BENTHOS together. ❑ are bottom-dwelling organisms that fix themselves to one spot, burrow into the sand or ORGAN: Collection of tissues performing a simply walk about on the bottom specific function. ORGAN SYSTEM: Group of organs working STANDING-WATER ECOSYSTEM together for a function. ❖ A body of fresh water surrounded by land and ORGANISM: An individual living being. whose water does not flow; a lake or a pond POPULATION: Group of the same species in one area. COMMUNITY: Different species living and interacting in one place.  GEE11A PRELIM REVIEWER ZONATION refers to the patterns that are DECOMPOSERS observed in a community over a distance, Consumers that release nutrients based on the distinct fauna and flora found Bacteria along the area. Fungi EUTROPHICATION is predominantly caused DETRITIVORES by human actions due to their dependence Feed on dead bodies of other organisms on using nitrate and phosphate fertilizers. Earthworms Vultures FLOWING-WATER ECOSYSTEM A freshwater ecosystem such as a river or MICROORGANISMS - An organism that can stream in which water flows in a current. be seen only through a microscope. Bacteria FRESHWATER WETLANDS Protozoa Areas where standing water covers the soil Fungi or an area where the ground is very wet SIGNIFICANT EFFECT: PRODUCERS Their ability to recycle the primary AUTOTROPHS elements that make up all living An autotroph is an organism that can systems, especially carbon, oxygen, produce its own food using light, water, and nitrogen (N). carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. Energy Flows Through Ecosystems in Food PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Chains and Food Webs CO2 + H2O + sunlight → glucose + oxygen FOOD WEB - Network of interconnected food CHEMOSYNTHESIS- occurs in bacteria and chains other organisms and involves the use of FOOD CHAIN -Movement of energy and energy released by inorganic chemical nutrients from one trophic level to the next reactions to produce food. PHOTOSYNTHESIS → FEEDING → DECOMPOSITION WATER CYCLE shows the continuous movement of CHEMOAUTOTROPHS are able to synthesize water within the Earth and atmosphere. their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide. MAJOR PROCESSES: EVAPORATION CONSUMERS CONDENSATION HETEROTROPHS PRECIPITATION it is an organism that eats other plants or TRANSPIRATION animals for energy and nutrients The movement of carbon from reservoir to HERBIVORES- is an organism that mostly reservoir is known as the CARBON CYCLE. feeds on plants CARNIVORES - is an organism thatmostly NITROGEN CYCLE is a repeating cycle of feeds on animals processes during which nitrogen moves OMNIVORES - is an organism that eats plants through both living and non-living things. and animals.  GEE11A PRELIM REVIEWER NITROGEN CYCLE is a repeating cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE is a biogeochemical process that involves the movement of phosphorus through thelithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere SULFUR CYCLE describes the movement of sulfur through the geosphere and biosphere. THREE BIG IDEAS 1. Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere, the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity. 2. Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others survive by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producer organisms. 3. Human activities are altering the flow of energy through food chains and webs and the cycling of nutrients within ecosystems and the biosphere.