GE IT Midterms Exam Reviewer PDF

GE ENVI MIDTERMS REVIEWER new ways of thinking, new behaviors and due to overuse by a growing population Chapter I – Understanding Environment new laws and regulations. and increased industrialization around and Environmental Science...

GE ENVI MIDTERMS REVIEWER new ways of thinking, new behaviors and due to overuse by a growing population Chapter I – Understanding Environment new laws and regulations. and increased industrialization around and Environmental Science -is concerned with the effects of human the world. Lesson I – The Environment, activity on the environment, as well as 11. Deforestation and threat to Environmental System, and Elements the immediate and long-term biodiversity – is causing an alarming loss The Environment – The surrounding implications for the welfare of living of species and a reduction in biological environmental conditions influencing the organisms, including humans. variety and abundance, potentially development or growth of people, Lesson III – Issues in the Environment limiting our future options. animals, or plants; living or working 1. Rapid population growth – it places 12. Improper disposal of solid and conditions etc. significant strain on its natural resources hazardous waste. - a set of social or cultural circumstances and reduces the benefits of Chapter IV – Forest Resources of the that have an impact on both the development. (2024 – 119,106,224 total Philippines individual and the community. population – demography statistica Forest – is a partnership of trees, shrubs, - refers to everything that surrounds us. It phils.) vines, herbs, and animal life. encompasses solar energy as well as all 2. Poverty – People rely entirely on - is an area of land where plant and animal living and non-living entities with which natural resources to meet their basic life live together in close association, we interact. needs. Many people remain poor. The bound by specific and recognizable Environmental Systems poor, who rely on the resources of their patterns of interdependence. Atmosphere – the protective layer of immediate surroundings, have been Forest Value and their uses gases that surrounds the world. Because negatively impacted by environmental 1. Intangible Values – those which of the sun’s electromagnetic radiation, it degradation. cannot be quantifies in material terms keeps life on earth alive and protects it 3. Food shortage and famines – These are but are essential for maintaining life from the harsh environment of outer all too common in many places, and their support systems and for sustaining space. (Exosphere, Thermosphere, frequency and severity may increase if environmental stability. (ex. Ecological Mesosphere, Stratosphere, population growth, soil erosion, and Values, Cultural/Aesthetic Values, Troposphere) nutrient depletion continue at their Moral/Ethical Values) 1. Hydrosphere – Oceans, seas, lakes, current rates. 2. Tangibles Values – can be realized rivers, streams, reservoirs, polar 4. Agricultural growth – high – yielding either through extractive use of non- icecaps, glaciers, and groundwater. varieties have resulted in soil salinity and extractive use. Harvesting forest 2. Lithosphere – the solid earth’s damage to the soil’s physical structure. products can be profitable for the local outer mantle. Some agricultural practices, such as the communities. (Material Values) 3. Biosphere – the world of living use of toxic and hazardous chemicals for - help regulate nature’s water cycle by beings and their interactions with fertilization and pest and weed control, increasing the amount of rainfall in its their surroundings. This is the place have an impact on air and water quality. area, storing the rainwater afterwards, where life can be found and thrive. 5. Need to ground water – it is critical to controlling the flow of this water to Elements of the Environment rationalize groundwater use. Pollutants surrounding lowlands, and water 1. Physical Elements – are landforms, such as municipal waste, industrial sources. water bodies, climate soils, rocks and effluents, chemical fertilizers, and Ecological damage prevented by forest minerals. They determine the variable pesticides have polluted our surface - Soil Erosion character of the human habitat, its water and harmed the quality of our - Floods and tidal wave barrier opportunities as well as limitations. groundwater. - droughts 2. Biological Elements – plants, animals, 6. Degradation of land – excessive and Lesson I microorganisms and men constitute the conventional farming, mining and - As of December 2015 – around ¼ of the biosphere. quarrying, pollution, infrastructure Philippine’s total land territory (30M has) 3. Cultural Elements – economic, social development, urban sprawl, and other is forested (7,014,154 hectares) and political elements are essentially factors have all contributed to a global - In December 1990 – forest land man-made features, which make cultural record of land degradation. accounted for around 15.9 million milieu. 7. Reduction of genetic diversity – they hectares, or 53% of the country’s total Lesson II – The Environmental Science reduce the likelihood of one group land area Science – latin word ‘scientia’ or ‘to know breeding with another. To counteract the - Each year - we lost 56% of our forest or to discern’, which refers to a body of loss of genetic diversity, corrective cover in 25 years, or around 9 million knowledge derived from observation, measures must be implemented. hectares, or 355,433.84 ha. measurement, study and 8. Consequences of urbanization – Metro - Region 11 (5th) – 400, 613 ha. experimentation – and to the process of Manila, as a highly urbanized area, faces - Region 8 (6th) – 511, 962 ha. accumulating such knowledge. numerous environmental issues - NCR (smallest) – 2, 106 ha. Environmental Science associated with urbanization, such as - Region 2 (largest) – 1,050,963 ha. - multidisciplinary endeavor that seeks to flooding, solid waste management (BTS, CGY, ISB, NVY, and QRN) understand and solve a wide range of issues, air and water pollution, and - In 2018 – the country had 147 watershed environmental problems. climate change. forest reserves declared: - like engineering, it is an applied science. 9. Water shortage – contamination of - Andap WFR of New Bataan - seek knowledge to expand our body of existing water supplies poses a future - Bagangga WFR of Bagangga Davao knowledge, but also to enable us to threat to agricultural production, as well Oriental develop solutions to our problems. as domestic and industrial uses. - Malagos WFR of Davao City - those solutions may involve new 10. Depletion of non-renewable fossil - Mati WFR of Mati Davao Oriental technologies, but they may also involve fuels – fossil fuels are rapidly depleting (among the 4 declared WFRs in R11) - PH ranked 5th in the world by the Food - No land of the public domain that is 11. Areas previously proclaimed by the and Agriculture Organization in 2015 for 18% in slope or over shall be classified as President as forest reserves, national the largest increase in forest area (2010 – alienable and disposable (A&D), nor parks, game refuges, bird sanctuaries, 2015) shall any forest land that is 50% in slope national shrines, national historic sites. Lesson II – Classification and Surveys or over be designated as grazing land. If an area falling under any of the PD 705 – Revising Presidential Decree No. - Lands 18% in slope or over which have preceding categories is titled in favor of 389, otherwise known as the forestry already been declared as alienable and a person, steps must be taken to have reform code of the Philippines (May 19, disposable shall be reverted to the the title cancelled or amended, or the 1975 – Marcos) Classification classification of forest lands by the titled area expropriated, if the public - According to Section 13 of PD 705, the DENR Secretary, to form part of the interest requires. DENR Secretary must assess which of the forest reserves. Mangrove swamps or Manglares are public domain’s unclassified areas are - Unless they are already covered located within the Philippines' public needed for forest purposes and declare existing titles or authorized public land forest lands and are not subject to them permanent forests to be included in applications, or have been used openly, private appropriation. the forest reserves. consistently, adversely, and publicly for Lesson IV – Reservations in Forest Land - He will classify those classified and at least 30 years as of the Code’s and Off-shore Areas judged not to be needed for forest effective date, and the tenant is eligible - The DENR Secretary may designate any purposes as alienable and disposable for a free patent under the Public Land area of a public forest or forest reserve as lands, with the Land Management Act of 1940. a site or experimental forest for the Bureau taking over administrative and Lesson III – Areas Needed for Forest Forest Research Institute's usage. management responsibility. - Mangroves and other swamps that are Purposes - Marine parks will be constructed to not required for shore protection but are The following lands, even if they have a preserve and conserve the educational, suitable for fishpond purposes must be slope of less than 18%, are required for scientific, historical, ecological, and released to the Bureau of Fishers and forest purposes and thus cannot be recreational values of offshore areas, as Aquatic Resources and placed under its classified as alienable and disposable well as the marine species found there. administrative jurisdiction and land: Multiple Use – if greatest advantage management. 1. Areas less than 250 hectares which are - harmonized utilization of the land - Those who are still classified under the far from, or are not contiguous with, any - allowed by a licensed agreement current system will remain in the public certified alienable and disposable land. Lease – privilege granted by the State to forest. 2. Isolated patches of forest of at least 5 a person to occupy and possess, in - Forest lands that are not reservation and hectares with rocky terrain, or which consideration of specifies rental, any are the subject of pasture leases shall be protect a spring for communal use. forest land of the public domain in order classified as grazing lands, and areas 3. Areas which have already been to undertake any authorized activity covered by pasture permits shall remain forest lands until otherwise classified reforested. therein. under the criteria, guidelines, and 4. Areas within forest concessions which License – does not generate irrevocable methods of classification to be prescribed are timbered or have good residual rights, nor does it constitute property by the DENR, according to section 14 of stocking to support an existing, or rights. PD 705. approved to be established, wood Timber License – not a contract, a license Concept of Forests and Forest Lands processing plant. or a privilege granted by the State to a - Private appropriation of public forests 5. Ridge tops and plateaus regardless of person to utilize forest resources within or forest reserves is not possible. size found within, or surrounded wholly any forest land, w/o any right of - A forested area designated as forest or partly by, forest lands where occupation and possession. land in the public domain does not lose headwater emanates. License Agreement – a privilege granted its designation simply because loggers 6. Appropriately located road-rights-or- by the State to a person to utilize forest or settlers removed the forest canopy. way resources within any forest land, w/ the - The public domain includes all lands 7. Twenty-meter strips of land along the right of possession and occupation. that were not obtained from the government, either by purchase or by edge of the normal high waterline of Permit – a short privilege or authority grant. rivers and streams with channels of at granted by the state to a person to utilize - Any land that should have been in the least 5 meters wide. any limited forest resources or undertake possession of an occupant and his 8. Strips of mangrove or swamplands at a limited activity within any forest land predecessors in interests since time least 20 meters wide, along shorelines w/o any right of occupation and immemorial would be an exception to facing oceans, lakes, and other bodies of possession therein. the rule, as such possession would water, and strips of land at least 20 Timber – wood used for or appropriate justify the presumption that the land meters wide facing lakes. for building, carpentry, or joinery. was never part of the public domain or 9. Areas needed for other purposes, such Duration to harvest shall be fixed and that it was private property even as national parks, national historical sites. determined in accordance to: before the Spanish conquest. 10. Game refuges and wildlife sanctuaries, - the allowable cut therein Topography – study of the land surface. In forest station sites, and others of public - the established cutting cycle thereof particular, it lays the underlying interest. - the yield capacity of harvestable foundation of a landscape. Section 15 of PD 705 states: timber  - the capacity of healthy residuals for a Special Uses 2. PD 1586 Establishing an Environmental second growth under a license - The Bureau must identify and safeguard ISS, including other Environmental agreement/license. scenic locations in all forest lands with Management related measures and for Cutting Cycle – no. of years between 2 slope of 50% that are potentially other purposes. major harvests in the same working unit important for recreation and tourism, 3. They’re widely regarded as being and/or region. and plan for the development and fundamentally similar to those required Annual allowable cut – the volume of protection of such areas to attract for sustainable development. materials, whether of wood or other tourists and satisfy increasing demand, as - The Philippine Environmental Policy forest products, that is authorized to be part of the formulation of multiple-use Law, promulgated by Presidential Decree cut yearly from forest. management plans. 1151 in 1977, established the - harvest has a max. term of 25 years Forest Products Environmental Impact Statement. - license must reforest all areas - Timber, pulpwood, firewood, bark, tree - PD 1586 (1978) established the identified by Bureau tops, resin, gum, wood, oil, honey, Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Size of Forest Concessions beeswax, nipa, rattan, and other forest System. - the amount of forest area depends on growth like grass, shrubs, and flowering - The Philippine Constitution provides the what a person can efficiently use and plants, as well as the associated water, legal foundation for drafting the EIS, develop during a 50-year period. fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational, affirming the State's duty to protect a Wood Processing/ Log Production and and geologic resources in forest lands, balanced and healthy environment. Processing are all examples of forest products. - In the 1960s, the Philippines faced - processed locally (since January 1, 1976), Unlawful Occupation or Destruction of challenges such as population growth, unless the President directs otherwise on Forest Lands urbanization, industrialization, resource the reco of the Dept. Head. 1. Kaingin – forfeited from the land/ gov’t depletion, and advancing technology, - licenses may not export > 25% of their - if a gov. off./ employee, auto remove which continue to be relevant today. total national allowed cut. from the office. - The government responded to Reforestation: Industrial Tree 2. Pasturing Livestock environmental crises by issuing PD 984 Plantations, Tree Farms and Agroforesty - grazes w/o authority (under CA 141), (1976) for pollution control and PD 1586 Farms imprisonment, fines, confiscation of (1978) for establishing the EIS System. DENR may grant any qualified person to livestock and all improvements in favor of - Section 2 of PD 1586 mandates an EIS for develop and exploit natural resources the gov’t. every project affecting the environment, over timber or forest lands in the public CA No. 141 of 1936 – an act to amend, applying to both government and private domain a lease for a period of 25 years, compile the laws relative to land of the entities. renewable for another period of not public domain - The Philippine EIS System (PEISS) more than 25 years, for the establishment -if he/she is a corp., partneship, or assoc., ensures compliance with environmental of an industrial tree plantation (100 ha. officials and dir. are accountable. laws such as the Clean Air Act, Clean min. area) or a tree farm (10 ha. min. 3. National Parks System and Recreation Water Act, Solid Waste Management Act, area). Areas and Vandalism Therein and Toxic Substances Act. - forests must be preserved and not - remove timber - The EIS system sets the framework for alienated, accdg. to sec. 45 of PD 705. 4. Survey of Unauthorized Person Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) - mangroves and other marshes released - subject to prosecution to manage environmental impacts of to the BFAR that are not used or Chapter VI – Environmental Impact and major projects. abandoned for 5 years from the date of Sustainability - The EIS System was created to protect release will revert to forestland. Lesson I – Legal and Policy Framework the environment from the pressures of Authority of Forest Officers Philippine EIS System (PEISS) industrialization and urbanization. - Forest officers, or other government - Modeled after the US National - Section 4 of PD 1586 requires an officials or employees duly authorized by Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) Environmental Compliance Certificate the Secretary or Director, shall have free of 1969 (ECC) for projects in critical areas before access to places covered by a license - To provide an action-forcing mechanism operation. agreement, license, lease, or permit to ensure that the stated goals of - The PEISS Coverage Screening when performing their official duties. Presidential Decree 1151, which include Guidelines provide updated definitions Mineral Reservations the “creation of conditions under which and descriptions of environmentally - The Bureau will place mineral man and nature can thrive in harmony” critical activities (ECAs) and clarify reservations that are not subject to - The fulfillment of present and future coverage under the PEISS. mining operations or that have been generations’ socioeconomic needs, and - Guidelines also include methods for suspended for more than 5 years under the attainment of environmental quality categorizing projects and a guide for ECA forest management. conducive to a dignified life, are met. operationalization. - Mineral reservations that have had their The goals: - Project lists and thresholds under PEISS mining operations halted owing to 1. PD 1586 – it is the policy of the to were revised and reorganized to reflect mineral exhaustion will return to forest achieve and maintain a rational and updated environmental criteria. land, unless otherwise designated for orderly balance between socio-economic Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) - a other purposes. growth and environmental protection. certificate issued by the EMB certifying that, based on the submitted project get an environmental compliance manufacturing processes designed to description, the project is not covered by certificate (ECC). physically and/or chemically transform the EIS System and is not required to - ECPs are expected to have a high risk or petroleum and its derivatives into secure an ECC. negative environmental impact, the EIS marketable products. Co-located projects/undertakings - System requires the production of an EIS. 5. Smelting plant projects - shall refer to projects or series of similar projects or a (Significant resource extraction the organized and coordinated project subdivided to several phases operations, major infrastructure projects, arrangement of manufacturing and/or stages by the same proponent. fishpond development, golf course processes designed to smelt metals or Located in contiguous areas. development, and major industrial alloys and cast the same into some Environmental Compliance Certificate development projects) special form. (ECC) - document issued by the Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) 6. Resource Extractive Industries - DENR/EMB after a positive review of an or activities located in Environmentally include major mining and quarrying ECC application, certifying that based on Critical Areas (ECAs) projects, forestry projects (logging, the representations of the proponent, - being within the scope of the PEISS by major wood processing, the the proposed project or undertaking has PP No. 2146, s. 1981. introduction of exotic animals in public complied with all the requirements of the - Category A are ECPs, Category B are or private forests, forest occupancy, EIS System and has committed to ECAs extraction of mangrove products, implement its approved Environmental - for Category A and B, Environmental grazing), and fishery projects (dikes Management Plan to declare the Compliance Certificate (ECC) must be for/and fishpond development environmental impacts. obtained prior to execution. projects) Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) - are - for Category C, projects or activities are 7. Mining and quarrying projects - refer delineated through Presidential those that address existing to projects involving the extraction Proclamation 2146 (1981) as environmental issues. and processing of metals, environmentally sensitive such that - for Category D, projects or undertakings metalliferous ores, fuel, precious significant environmental impacts are do not have substantial environmental stones, clays, fertilizers and other expected if certain types of proposed implications. earth-based materials on a commercial projects or programs are located, Category A – Environmentally Critical scale. developed or implemented in it. Projects 8. Forestry projects - refer to projects Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) - - projects or undertakings which are involving the extraction, harvesting project or program that has a high classified as environmentally critical and/or processing of timber and other potential for significant negative projects (ECPs) and any other projects forest products on a commercial scale. environmental impact as defined under that may later be declared as such by 9. Dikes for/and Fishpond Development Presidential Proclamation 2146 (1981). the President of the Philippines. Projects - refer to natural or artificial Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - - Proponents of these projects water impoundment involving the process that involves evaluating and implemented from 1982 onwards are construction of dikes, the predicting the likely impacts of a project required to secure an Environmental establishment of fish cages and similar (including cumulative impacts) on the Compliance Certificate (ECC). undertakings for aquaculture purposes environment during construction, 1. Heavy Industries - including non- or salt production. commissioning, operation, and ferrous metal industries, iron and steel 10. Infrastructure Projects - include abandonment. mills, smelting plants, and petroleum major dams, major roads and bridges, Environment Management Plan and petrochemical industries, including major power plants (fossil-fueled, /Program (EMP) - section in the EIS that oil and gas. nuclear, coal-fired, hydroelectric, details the prevention, mitigation, 2. Non-ferrous metal industries - refer geothermal), and major reclamation compensation, contingency and to the organized and coordinated projects monitoring measures to enhance positive arrangement of manufacturing 11. Dams - refer to impoundment impacts and minimize negative impacts processes designed to prepare, smelt, structures and appurtenances. and risks of a proposed project or process or recycle non-ferrous metals 12. Power Plants - refers to power undertaking into marketable products. generating plants, transmission and Sig. Impact – damage (prev. and mit.) 3. Iron and steel mill projects - refer to distribution systems (substations) Coverage and Procedures of the System - the organized and coordinated utilizing, or run by, fossil fuels, For any ecologically critical project or arrangement of manufacturing geothermal resources, natural river project located in an environmentally processes designed to prepare or smelt discharge, pump storage. critical area, the EIS system requires the or process iron ores, steel scraps or 13. Reclamation Projects - refer to completion of an Environmental Impact primary iron and steel mill products into projects which involve the filling or Assessment (EIA) and the development marketable products except when the draining of areas (foreshore, marshes, of an Environmental Impact Statement process involves reheating or resizing swamps, lakes, rivers, etc.) and (EIS) report. only. restoration/ backfilling projects. - DENR analyzes if a project is an ECP or 4. Petroleum and Petrochemical 14. Roads and Bridges - refer to the will be implemented in an ECA; if both of Industries - refer to the organized and construction, significant extension, these factors are met, the proposal must coordinated arrangement of expansion, widening or improvement  of national roads, railroads/railways, and local government agencies such as address existing environmental expressways, tunnels, and bridges. presidential proclamations and problems. 15. Golf Course Projects - golf courses executives’ orders, local ordinances Category D and golf resorts are now subject to EIS and international commitments and - projects or undertakings that are requirements. declarations deemed unlikely to cause a significant 16. Others - Many other types of coastal 13. Areas set aside as aesthetic, adverse impact on the quality of the projects not explicitly listed above may, potential tourist spots. environment according to the at the discretion of DENR, require an 14. Class 1 and 2 caves as cited in EMB parameters outlined in the Screening EIS if they are considered ECPs. (major MC 2014-004 and defined under DENR Guidelines. resorts or hotels, airports, ports, MC 2012-03 and significant caves as may - These projects are not covered by the shoreline fortifications, fish processing be determined by BMB and EMB. Philippine EIS system and are not plants, and major military 15. Areas which constitute the habitat required to secure an ECC. development) for any endangered or threatened - However, such non-coverage shall not Category B – Environmentally Critical species of Indigenous Philippine be construed as an exemption from Areas (ECA) Wildlife (flora and fauna). compliance with other environmental - projects or undertakings deemed to 16. Areas identified as key biodiversity laws and government permitting significantly affect the quality of the areas (KBAs) by BMB requirements. environment by being located in 17. Areas of unique historic, - projects shall not be required to Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) has archaeological, geological, or scientific submit any document to the EMB. declared under Proclamation 2146 and interests. - Proponents of these projects may, according to the parameters outlined in 18. municipality, as may be applicable, however, still opt to secure a Certificate the succeeding sections. where archaeological, paleontological of Non-Coverage (CNC) from the EMB. - Proponents of these projects and anthropological sites/ reservations - Project Design is also requiring to implemented from 1982 onwards are are located as proclaimed by the accomplish and submit for the CNC required to secure an ECC. National Museum. application. 1. National parks, watershed reserves, 19. The whole barangay or municipality, Challenges and Issues wildlife preserves, and sanctuaries as may apply, of cultural and scientific 1. Overlapping and conflicting declared by law; Areas set aside as significance to the nation as recognized implementation strategies among potential tourist spots through national or local laws or interrelated agencies. 2. Habitats of endangered or ordinances (e.g. declared geological 2. Limited participation of the LGUs threatened species indigenous to the monuments and scientific research 3. Lack of human resources Philippines; Areas of unique historic, areas and areas with cultural heritage 4. Lack of facilities archaeological, or scientific interest significance as declared by the LGUs or 3. Areas traditionally occupied by NCCA. indigenous people and cultural 20. Areas frequently visited and or hard communities hit by natural calamities. The area shall 4. Areas frequently hit by natural be so characterized if any of the calamities (geologic hazards, floods, following conditions exist. Geologic typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.) hazard areas: Areas classified by the 5. Areas with critical (steep) slopes; This MGB as susceptible to landslide; Areas shall refer to all lands with the slope of identified as prone to land subsidence 50% or more as determined from the and ground settling; areas with latest official topographic map from sinkholes and sags as determined by NAMRIA the MGB or as certified by other 6. Areas classified as prime agricultural competent authorities, flood prone lands areas. 7. Aquifer recharge areas Category C 8. Water bodies used for domestic The proponent of projects which are supply or support of fish and wildlife intended to directly enhance the quality 9. Mangrove areas supporting critical of the environment or directly address ecological functions or on which people existing environmental problems shall depend for livelihood submit a Project Description (PD) to the 10. Coral reefs with critical ecological EMB Regional Office having jurisdiction functions. over the area where the proposed 11. Areas declared as such under project will be located following the Republic Act No. 7586 the National Guidelines to confirm that its falls Integrated Protected Areas System within. Projects or undertakings which (NIPAS) Act are intended to directly enhance the 12. Areas declared as such through quality of the environment or directly other issuances from pertinent national