Evolution And Biodiversity Notes PDF

TOPIC 2 : Evolution Evolution and Environment and Climate Biodiversity Biodiversity and Ecosystems Ryan Lester Miro Villahermosa, Geologist  Evolution EVOLUTION EVOLUTION the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to h...

TOPIC 2 : Evolution Evolution and Environment and Climate Biodiversity Biodiversity and Ecosystems Ryan Lester Miro Villahermosa, Geologist  Evolution EVOLUTION EVOLUTION the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth. A species is a group of organisms that share a close genetic heritage, that are able to interbreed, and to create fertile offspring.  If organisms can produce fertile species, they are of the SAME SPECIES Why can two humans Human DNA is 99.9% produce children? similar If two organisms cannot produce a fertile offspring, therefore they are of DIFFERENT SPECIES Chimp DNA is 1.6% 1.2% different different from from humans humans  A MULE is a hybrid of a horse and a donkey. Are horses and donkeys of the same species? No, because Mules are sterile A LIGER is a hybrid of a lion and a tiger. Are lions and tigers of the same species? No, because Ligers are sterile ✓ A species is a group of organisms that share a close genetic heritage, that are able to interbreed, and to create fertile offspring  SPECIATION Is a term that is defined as an evolution of new species. Factors responsible for SPECIATION: – “survival of the fittest” – A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. – transfers of genes from other population of similar species – mating behaviors or preferences – “survival of the lucky ones”  1. Natural Selection Those that have the advantage in their environment are better likely to survive and reproduce ✓Environment selects which individuals are more fit to survive Peppered Moths  2. Mutation A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. NEW SPECIES develop as a result of DNA mutation  3. Gene Flow Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If gene flow between 2 populations continues, separate population becomes similar enough to breed If gene flow between 2 populations ends, this can now be a key to speciation. 4. Reproductive Isolation When members of a population can no longer or will not reproduce Isolation types: A. Geographical Isolation B. Habitat Isolation C. Behavioral Isolation D. Temporal Isolation  4. Reproductive Isolation A. Geographical Isolation B. Habitat Isolation refers to the physical barriers that isolation occurs when two species exist that keep two species from that could interbreed do not mating. because the species live in different areas.  4. Reproductive Isolation C. Behavioral Isolation D. Temporal Isolation ▫ refers to the fact that many ▫ means 'isolated in time,’ this is a species perform different mating rituals. mechanism that prevents species ▫ occurs when populations of the from mating because they breed at same species begin to develop different times. different behaviours that are not recognized or preferred by members in another population.  5. Genetic Drift “survival of the lucky ones” is common after a population experiences a population bottleneck. A population bottleneck arises when a significant number of individuals in a population die or are otherwise prevented from breeding, resulting in a drastic decrease in the size of the population.  ENVIRONMENT The place or the surroundings where organisms live, adapt and interact to survive.  CLIMATE Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time. SO WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE??? TYPES OF CLIMATES: A: Tropical. Hot and Humid. B: Dry. Moisture is rapidly evaporated to the air and there is very little precipitation. C: Temperate. Typically warm and humid summers with thunderstorms and mild winters. D: Continental. These regions have warm to cool summers and very cold winters. In the winter, this zone can experience snowstorms, strong winds, and very cold temperatures—sometimes falling below - 22°F (-30°C)! E: Polar. In the polar climate zones, it’s extremely cold. Even in summer, the temperatures here never go higher than 50°F (10°C)!  C Global Climate Locations A B E D  ECOSYSTEMS o Is an aspect of the environment where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. o An ecosystem is a chain of interaction between organisms and their environment.  Types of Ecosystem 1. Terrestrial Ecosystem 2. Aquatic Ecosystem  Structure of Ecosystem 1. Aquatic Ecosystem 2. Terrestrial Ecosystem The principal steps in the operation of ecosystem are as follows: 1. Reception of radiant energy of sun. Manufacture of organic materials from inorganic ones by producers, 2. Consumption of producers by consumers and further elaboration of consumed materials; and. 3. After the death of producers and consumers, complex organic compounds are degraded and finally converted by decomposers and converters into such forms as are suitable for reutilization by producers.  BIODIVERSITY Short for biological diversity Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem. Refers to the interrelatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment. 3 Levels of Biodiversity 1. Genetic diversity Diversity of genes in species. 2. Species diversity The number of species within a particular ecosystem or throughout the whole biosphere or living world. 3. Ecosystem diversity Is all the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes, as well as variation within individual ecosystems. Philippine Biodiversity The Philippines contains 2/3 of the Earth’s biodiversity and 70% of the world’s plants and animal species due to its Geographic Isolation. CAN YOU SAVE SOMETHING YOU ALREADY LOST?... G O O K I E