Practical Research 2 PDF

Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 Nature of Quantitative Research NUMERICAL DATA n. an objective, systematic empirical investigation - allows the researcher to see the of observable phenomena...

Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 Nature of Quantitative Research NUMERICAL DATA n. an objective, systematic empirical investigation - allows the researcher to see the of observable phenomena using computational evidence collected. techniques. - figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show trends, relationships or differences It highlights numerical analysis of data among variables. hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular LARGE SAMPLE SIZE observation. - to arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve Quantitative research is concerned with is preferred. numbers and their relationship with - probability sampling is recommended in events. determining the sample size to avoid researcher bias in interpreting the results. Characteristics of Quantitative Research REPLICATION - quantitative methods can be repeated to OBJECTIVE verify findings in another setting, thus, - seeks accurate measurement and strengthen and reinforcing validity of analysis of target concepts. it is not findings eliminating the possibly of based on mere intuition and guesses. spurious conclusions. - data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem. FUTURE OUTCOMES - by using complex mathematical RESEARCH QUESTIONS calculations and with the aid of - the researchers know in advance what computers, if-then scenarios may be they are looking for. the research formulated thus predicting future results. questions are well-defined for which quantitative research puts emphasis objective answers are sought. all on proof, rather than discovery. aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are gathered. Strengths and Weaknesses of STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Quantitative Research - standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, Objectivity reliability, and validity of data. The most reliable and valid way of - data are normally gathered using concluding results, giving way to a new structured research tools such as hypothesis or to disproving it. Because questionnaires to collect measurable quantitative research has a bigger characteristics of the population like number of population samples, the results age, socio-economic status, and number are more reliable and valid, and since it of children, among others. Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 provides numerical data, it can’t be easily dependent or outcome variable] within misinterpreted. a population. Reliability TYPES OF VARIABLES Since procedure is de-emphasized in 1. Continuous Variables — variable that can qualitative research, replication and other take infinite number on the value that occur within tests of reliability becomes more difficult the population. Measures may be taken to make research a. Interval Variables – it is a measurement more reliable within the particular study where the difference between two values (such as observer training, or more does have meaning. objective checklists, and so on). b. Ratio Variables – it possesses the Validity properties of interval variable and has a Qualitative researchers use greater detail clear definition of zero. to argue for the presence of construct validity. Meanwhile, quantitative is weak 2. Discrete Variables — also known as on external validity. categorical. It’s any variable that has limited number of distinct values. Content validity can be retained if the researcher implements some sort of a. Nominal – it represent categories that criterion settings. Having a focused cannot be ordered in any particular way. criterion adds to the study’s validity. b. Ordinal – it represent categories that can Generalizability be ordered from greatest to smallest. Results for the most part, do not extend mucb further than the original subject pool. KINDS OF VARIABLES 1. Independent Variable — variable that can be manipulated and cause changes in another Sampling methods determine the extent variable (causal variable) of the study’s generalizability. 2. Dependent Variable — variable that changes Quota and Purposive sampling strategies because of another variable (outcome variable) are used to broaden the generalizability. 3. Intervening or Medling Variable — variable that “stand between” the independent and Qualitative vs Quantitative Research dependent variables, and they show the effects of IV on the DV. The goal in conducting quantitative research study is to determine the relationship between one thing [an 4. Control Variable — special types of independent variable] and another [a independent variables that are measured Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 because they potentially influence the dependent perceptions of conclusions need to variable. participants be carefully hedged themselves can be 5. Confounding Variable — variables that exist considered (the but are not actually measured or directly human factor) observed in a study. appropriate for accusations of situations in which unreliability are detailed common (different QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE understanding is results may be required achieved on a qualitative analysis classifies features, different day/with aims to have a counts them, and different people) complete detailed constructs statistical description. models in an attempt events can be seen in to explain what is their proper observed. context/more holistically the design emerges all aspects of the as the study unfolds. study are carefully designed before data QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH is collected. – advantages and limitations researcher is the data researcher uses tools gathering instrument. (questionnaires/equip ment) to collect data. Advantages Limitations data is in the form of data is in the form of larger sample sizes does not always shed words (interviews), numbers and often make the light on the full pictures/videos, or statistics. conclusions from complexity of human objects (artifacts). quantitative research experience or generalizable perceptions qualitative data is quantitative data is richer, tim consuming, more efficient, able to statistical methods can reveal what/to and less able to be test hypotheses, but mean that the what extent, but generalized. may miss contextual analysis is often cannot always explore data. considered reliable why or how appropriate for may give a false QUALITATIVE RESEARCH situations where impression of – advantages and limitations systematic, homogeneity in a standardized sample comparisons are needed Advantages Limitations rich, in-depth details is not always possible generalizable due to small sample sizes and the subjective nature of the research Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 generalize findings to a real-life Research Designs situation. QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS Causal-Comparative Descriptive Research (Quasi-Experimental Research) - it aims to explain and - it aims to identify how different understand the current state of groups are affected by the same a variable or topic; answers circumstance. what, where, when, and how, but not why (since that is in qualitative) - often used when experimental research is deemed, infeasible, unethical, or prohibited. - observes and measures variables, not control and manipulate them - used to identify cause and effect relationship between two variables, where one variable is - used to identify categories and dependent and another is trends, form hypotheses, arrange independent. comparisons, confirm existing phenomena, and outline characteristics. 3 MAIN TYPES OF CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE: - often uses surveys to gather 1. Nonequivalent Groups large amount of data that can be — groups are similar, but only one analyzed for frequencies, experiences treatment or variable. averages, patterns, etc. 2. Regression Discontinuity Correlational Research - it aims to identify variables that — researchers assign an arbitrary cutoff have some sort of relationship in the list of participants. those above the to the extent that one creates a cutoff receive treatment or variable and change in the other. those below don’t. - it relies on the scientific method 3. Natural Experiments and hypotheses. — an external event or situation (nature) results in the random assignment of subjects to the variable recipient group. - uses naturalistic observation these experiments are observational and and surveys as an easy way to are not considered true experiments. measure the variables for it ensures the questions are well formulated and bias free. Experimental Research - it aims to prove or disprove a specific hypothesis using the - used to gather data quickly from scientific methods to establish the natural settings so you can Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 cause-effect relationship among a May be presented in narrative or diagram group of variables. form - used when needed to compare Purpose of Conceptual Framework two or more groups of variables Clarify concept and know the purpose that are experiencing different relationship among the concept of the conditions. study. Encourage theory development that is useful in practice. Research Framework sample conceptual frameworks: What is a Theory? – a theory is not a guess or a belief, it is based on empirical evidence found through scientific research that was rigorously controlled to avoid bias. 1. Theoretical Framework It is a structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists. Purpose of Theoretical Framework These theories are used as the foundation of research studies. The theoretical framework provides support for the proposed study by presenting known relationships among variables and setting limits or boundaries for the proposed study. 2. Conceptual Framework The blueprint of the research study Serves as basis for the formulation of research hypotheses Formulated after a thorough review of related literature and studies Shows the variables used in the study and the relationships between these variables Module 1: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 Research Hypotheses & Terms A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis thus translates a quantitative research question into a precise prediction of expected outcomes. It is an educated guess on the most Cause-and-Effect Hypothesis logical outcome of an experiment or a - it states that if a certain condition study. is true or if a certain intervention is applied, then a supporting observation occurs. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis – Simple: should be direct to the point example: If students will have increased – Specific: should contain the independent and exposure to literature tackling human rights, then dependent variables, and the relationship they will be more inclined to take action in between them upholding human dignity. – Testable: can be accepted or rejected using specific statistical tool DEFINITION OF TERMS Conceptual definition - defines a example: (Ho) There is no significant relationship concept in terms of specific ideas, between income and job satisfaction principles or theories associated with the – Results reveal that the relationship between term profile and employee turnover intentions was significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis for this area is rejected. Operational definition - defines the term on how it is measured in the study Forms of Hypothesis example: In a study involving mathematical Null Hypothesis proficiency, the term Level of Mathematical - it states that there is no Proficiency is defined conceptually and association or significant operationally: difference between the results of two conditions being tested. Conceptual: is the level of performance in mathematics measured through a written test Alternative Hypothesis Operational: it refers to the extent of - it states the nature of connection using the five strands of mathematical between or among the variables proficiency in answering a written test that the researcher expects. Module 2: Semester 1 — Practical Research 2 Ms. Vicenta Mayuga | S12-12 Topic