Blood Glucose Monitoring Lab 18/11/2024 PDF

Blood glucose monitoring lab. 18/11/2024 Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim B. Pharm., FIBMS Clinical Pharmacy Determination of Blood Glucose Blood glucose, or blood sugar, is the main sugar found in blood. It is a body's primary source of energy. It comes from the food. The body br...

Blood glucose monitoring lab. 18/11/2024 Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim B. Pharm., FIBMS Clinical Pharmacy Determination of Blood Glucose Blood glucose, or blood sugar, is the main sugar found in blood. It is a body's primary source of energy. It comes from the food. The body breaks down most of that food into glucose and releases it into a bloodstream. Too much or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition. Doctors often order a blood glucose test to help diagnose a condition called diabetes. Glucose is synthesized in the liver when dietary sources of glucose are not available from glycogen (glycogenolysis) or from another sources such as lipid and protein (gluconeogenesis). All cells use glucose as an important energy source. Some tissues (e.g. the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord) depend entirely on glucose. The hormones that are involved in the regulation of blood glucose Insulin: Stimulates cells to take up glucose from the blood and so lowers blood glucose Glucagon: Stimulates hepatocytes to release glucose into the blood and so raises blood glucose High blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) may be a sign of diabetes, a disorder that can cause heart disease, blindness, kidney failure and other complications. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can also lead to major health problems, including brain damage, if not treated. Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high. Type 1 diabetes – where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes – where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body's cells do not react to insulin. During pregnancy, some women have such high levels of blood glucose that their body is unable to produce enough insulin to absorb it all. This is known as gestational diabetes.  Glucose Tests Also known as Blood Sugar; Fasting Blood Sugar(FBS), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Random Blood Sugar (R.B.S), Random Blood Glucose (RBG), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) , Urine Glucose.  Why Get Tested? To determine if your blood glucose level is within a healthy range; to screen for and diagnose diabetes and prediabetes and to monitor for high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) or low blood glucose (hypoglycemia); to check for glucose in your urine.  When to Get Tested? Blood glucose: when you are older than 45 years or have risk factors for diabetes, when you have symptoms suggesting high or low blood glucose, during pregnancy, when you are diabetic, self-checks up to several times a day to monitor blood glucose levels. Urine glucose: usually as part of a urinalysis.  Test Preparation Needed? 1. In general, it is recommended that you fast (nothing to eat or drink except water) for at least 8 hours before having a blood glucose test. 2. To best control diabetes in people with it, glucose levels are often checked both while fasting and after meals 3. Preferably take the sample in the morning after an overnight fasting. 4. No extraordinary exercises before test. 5. No trauma, severe infection or recently recovered from serious illness. 6. No drugs that affect the glycemic status of the body such as cortisone or diuretics. 7. No smoking before or during the test.  Screening and Diagnosis 1. Fasting glucose (fasting blood glucose, FBG) : this test measures the level of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours. 2. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) : for this test, the person has a fasting glucose test done, then drinks a 75-gram glucose drink. Another blood sample is drawn 1 hours after the glucose drink and after 2 hours. This protocol "challenges" the person's body to process the glucose. 3. A different test called hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) may be used as an alternative to glucose testing for screening and diagnosis.  Urine glucose Urine glucose is one of the substances tested when a urinalysis is performed. A urinalysis may be done routinely as part of a physical or prenatal checkup. Urine glucose testing is a screening tool, but it is not sensitive enough for diagnosis or monitoring.  Monitoring Diabetics must monitor their own blood glucose levels, often several times a day, to determine how far above or below normal their glucose is and to determine what oral medications or insulin(s) they may need. This is usually done by placing a drop of blood from a skin prick onto a glucose strip and then inserting the strip into a glucose meter, a small machine that provides a digital readout of the blood glucose level. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C )Test The A1C test measures the average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months. An A1C below 5.7% is normal, and 6.5% or higher indicates you have diabetes.  When is it ordered? Several health organizations, including the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), recommend diabetes screening when a person is age 45 or older or when a person of any age has risk factors. Examples of risk factors include: 1. Overweight, obese, or physically inactive. 2. A woman who delivered a baby weighing more than 9 pounds or with a history of gestational diabetes. 3. A woman with polycystic ovarian syndrome. 4. High blood pressure (hypertension) or medication for high blood pressure. 5. Low HDL cholesterol level (less than 35 mg/dL or 0.90 mmol/L) and/or a high triglyceride level (more than 250 mg/dL or 2.82 mmol/L). 6. History of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A blood glucose test may also be ordered when someone has signs and symptoms of high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), such as: 1.Increased thirst, usually with frequent urination 2.Fatigue 3.Blurred vision 4.Slow-healing wounds or infections Symptoms of low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), such as: 1. Sweating 2. Hunger 3. Trembling 4. Anxiety 5. Confusion 6. Blurred vision Types of tests Tests for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes A1C test The A1C test measures your average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months. Normal: below 5.7% Prediabetes: 5.7–6.4% Diabetes: 6.5% or above Fasting blood sugar test This measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast (not eating). Normal: 99 mg/dL or below Prediabetes: 100–125 mg/dL Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or above