Foundations of Veterinary Technology Handling and Restraint PDF

Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Handling and Restraint © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 1 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu I...

Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Handling and Restraint © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 1 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Handling and Restraint Your study material discusses the importance of properly handling and restraining animals for examination and technical procedures. The simplest procedure can cause distress in many animals. You’ll study different techniques, types of restraint, and types of equipment that can help with animal restraint. These are designed to control the animal’s defense mechanisms humanely. There are different techniques and equipment that are considered appropriate for each species and each situation. This is important information to know in the veterinary field because an improperly restrained animal might injure itself and/or the handlers. Proper animal restraint protects the animals in your care, the people you work with, and yourself. By the end of this lesson, you’ll be able to: Identify the three major categories of animal restraint techniques and the general principles of animal restraint Explain proper techniques for handling and restraining dogs in various situations in a veterinary setting Explain proper techniques for handling and restraining cats in various situations in a veterinary setting Explain proper techniques in handling and restraining birds, rodents, rabbits, and reptiles Explain proper techniques in handling and restraining horses, cattle, and sheep Explain proper techniques in handling and restraining goats, pigs, and fowl In this lesson, you’ll be graded on: Lesson Quiz: Handling and Restraint There’s one required quiz at the end of this lesson. You need an overall average of 70% to successfully complete this course. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 2 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint General Principles of Animal Restraint Many organizations have created programs and certifications to guide the veterinary team in improving the patient experience. In your studies, you’ll examine the techniques and equipment appropriate to each species and situation you may encounter. As a veterinary professional, you can create a positive experience each time you interact with an animal. It’s your ethical responsibility to attempt to be a part of creating this positive environment for the animals in your care. Proceed through this lesson. There’s no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 3 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Animal Restraint Various organizations have created programs and certifications to aid the veterinary team in improving the patient experience. Veterinarian Dr. Sophia Yin pioneered work in the field of “low stress handling,” a method of understanding signs of fear and anxiety in dogs and cats and modifying the environment and interactions to reduce them. The American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) launched the Cat Friendly Practice program in 2012 to focus on stress reduction for cats, their caregivers, and the vet team. In 2016, Fear Free Certification was developed as a method of reducing fear, anxiety, and stress associated with veterinary visits and animal handling. As a veterinary technician, you’ll be responsible for restraining animals. Restraint is inherently humane because its main purpose is to prevent an animal from being injured during a procedure. The veterinary team must be able to recognize the need to modify the type of restraint techniques and tools used based on the animal’s response. These are the goals of restraint: Restrict the animal’s movement so medical or husbandry procedures may be performed. Keep the animal and all personnel safe. Use minimum amount of restraint necessary to prevent fear, pain, and su ering for the animal. Here are some reasons to use restraint: Examination and treatment Training other sta members in proper restraining techniques Proper Animal Restraint Proper restraint is crucial to animal care and animal safety. Complications can occur if the proper techniques aren’t followed correctly. The follow are some complications of improper restraint: Cause injuries such as strains, sprains, bruises, and abrasions Cause hyperthermia due to excessive stress Cause di culty breathing (dyspnea) Effective restraint allows veterinarians and veterinary technicians to safely perform exams, diagnostics, and treatments that would otherwise not be possible. Proper restraint consists of choosing the safest and most effective method of restraint based on the animal’s anatomy and behavior with consideration of the procedure being performed. It will be your responsibility to maintain and use special equipment when necessary. Here are the three types of restraints: 1. Manual restraint 2. Mechanical restraint 3. Chemical restraint Consider the questions below, then select each item to find the answer. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 4 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint What’s a manual restraint? Manual restraint is a “less is more” approach of using your hands to hold or guide the animal in the desired position. Since this method causes the least amount of stress, you’ll want to use it whenever possible. Manual restraint works well for most species during physical examination or minor technical procedures. Always use the minimal force required to keep the animal in position. You should never hold an animal forcefully. If manual restraint doesn’t suffice, use mechanical restraint. What’s a mechanical restraint? Mechanical restraint employs equipment such as muzzles, leashes, collars, blankets, restraint bags, and poles. These devices may upset animals, so use them only when manual restraint is insufficient or presents safety concerns for the animal or the team. Most mechanical-restraint aids are designed for one species only. For instance, muzzles are usually species-specific. Once you’ve chosen the correct device for a particular species, you must use it correctly. Incorrect use can injure the animal. Even when you’ve applied and used mechanical restraint correctly, make sure you check the animal for injury after removing the restraint. Clean the restraint device thoroughly after each use. This keeps the device from spreading disease and eliminates scent. Some animals will resist a restraint device that smells of another animal. What’s a chemical restraint? Chemical restraints are oral or injectable sedatives, tranquilizers, and anesthetics. If manual or mechanical restraint causes safety or stress concerns for the patient, chemical restraint may be the best option. This usually poses additional costs for the owner, and the patient’s health status must be considered. Only the veterinarian can authorize the use of chemical-restraint medications. Injuries Injuries may happen when an animal bites or scratches a staff member who is unable to recognize the signs of fear or aggression, makes a poor decision about the restraint methods, or uses restraint devices improperly. Veterinary technicians must keep in mind that any animal may become reactive and dangerous in a stressful or painful situation. Injuries may result when veterinary staffers lift or move animals. To minimize the chances of injuring your back, never lift an animal weighing 40 pounds or more without help, and always lift by grasping the animal with your knees bent. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 5 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Vet Tech Connection Proper restraint and handling of animals is one of the most important aspects of veterinary medicine. As a Penn Foster veterinary technology student, you have access to Fear Free Certification. If you use this resource, be sure to read the mission statement to get familiar with Fear Free Certification. You can access the Fear Free Student Application in the Course Resources widget of your course homepage. Lesson 1 Section 1 Practice: Introduction to Animal Restraint Question 1 If manual restraint isn’t effective on an animal, what’s the next step? a. Chemical restraint should be used. b. Mechanical restraint should be used. c. e owner should be brought in to help restrain their pet. Question 2 Only the veterinarian can authorize a. the use of mechanical restraint. b. the use of manual restraint. c. the use of chemical restraint. Question 3 Why is it important for veterinary staff members to recognize when an animal’s showing signs of fear and aggression? © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 6 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint a. is can cause injury to the sta member if not recognized. b. is can help the animal gain trust with the veterinary team if they can recognize these signs. c. e owner may not trust the veterinary team if they can’t read their pets’ emotions. Answers Question 1: Mechanical restraint should be used. Question 2: the use of chemical restraint. Question 3: This can cause injury to the staff member if not recognized. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 7 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Practice: Introduction to Animal Restraint Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 8 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Key Points Proper restraint is crucial to animal care. Proper restraint keeps the animal and all personnel safe. There are manual, mechanical, and chemical restraint techniques. Chemical restraint may only be authorized by the veterinarian if necessary. Choose the least amount of restraint to minimize patient stress while ensuring safety. Injuries to sta members can occur due to improper restraint and lifting. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 9 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Handling and Restraining Dogs Handling and restraining dogs must be done properly and safely. It’s also important to know how to approach a dog. Your studies discuss how to approach a dog, and the proper techniques used to maintain safety for the animal and the veterinary team during handling and restraint. Proceed through this lesson. There’s no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 10 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Dog Restraint There are many techniques used to position and reassure dogs for examinations and tests. Dogs may display a variety of anxious behaviors related to restraint and handling. These are some behaviors to be aware of: Increased attention Tensing of muscles Increased whining or barking Pacing Repetitive behaviors Panting or trembling that can’t be associated with the temperature Anal gland release Urination or defecation in the waiting room or exam room Fear-Free Restraint Fear-free restraint is not a specific technique, but rather a concept and approach to animal interaction that accounts for an animal’s physical and emotional well-being at all times. Specifically, learning the signs of fear, anxiety, and stress in animals allows you to make decisions and take actions that benefit and enhance the human-animal bond. Fear Free © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 11 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint For comprehensive examples, videos, and explanations of these techniques, veterinary technician students can take the Fear Free Veterinary Certification Program(https://fearfreepets.com/fear-free-student-and-faculty-application/) for free. As a veterinary professional, you’ll need to be aware of an animal’s body language and cues. You need to communicate to a cat or dog with a calm tone and steady cadence of voice and have non-threatening body language, to put the animal at ease. You can use positive reinforcement to help increase good behavior and better communication. The correct planning and preparation will help animals experience a fear-free veterinary visit. Fear Free Fear Free(https://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/) provides a free website filled with resources for pet owners and veterinary technician students. Here's an example of dog body language(https://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/video/dog-body-language-101/). © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 12 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Equipment for Handling and Restraining Dogs There’s different equipment that can be used to aid in handling and restraining a dog. Some of these items include collars, leashes, and muzzles. Regardless of which type of equipment is used, it must be used properly and safely for both the animal and veterinary team. Collars and Leashes Dogs should ideally wear collars and/or harnesses and leashes when entering the clinic. These must fit properly to ensure the pet’s safety and can allow for easier handling if the pet resists manual restraint. Metal training collars, prong collars, and shock collars aren’t recommended due to the likelihood of misuse and injury to the owner or pet. Collars that buckle together may break and aren’t recommended. Select each tab to learn more about collars and leashes. Martingale Collar Martingale collars are the safest, most effective, and most humane collars for all sizes and breeds of dogs. When fitted properly, a pet is unable to slip out of them. Training Collar © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 13 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Training collars consist of stainless-steel links with a ring at each end. The links can be a variety of thicknesses. In general, use the thicker links for very large, muscular dogs, while thinner links are best for smaller breeds. Training collars are sometimes incorrectly referred to as choke collars. A properly used training collar never chokes the animal. You must apply it correctly to avoid injuring the dog. These collars catch easily on cage bars and similar surfaces and thus can seriously injure or kill a dog. Nylon Collar Nylon or leather flat collars are most appropriate for daily home use but are unreliable for restraint. Dogs may easily slip out of them, and the metal or plastic clips may break over time. Some flat collars are designed to release quickly so that they don’t catch on something and choke the dog. Promise Collar © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 14 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint The Gentle Leader Headcollar (also known as the Promise Collar) is a nylon head halter that fits around the nose of the dog and behind its ears. It’s used to control a dog’s head by allowing you to apply pressure to the side, thus turning the dog’s head when it pulls. The Gentle Leader helps prevent the animal from pulling the owner or trainer. It offers a safe way to control strong dogs. Leashes All dogs in the clinic should wear a leash, even if the owner has not supplied one. For extra safety, double leashing is recommended. Leashes can aid restraint and help prevent animal-to-animal contact in the waiting room. There are many kinds of dog leashes on the market. Veterinary practices often use a slip leash, also called a slip lead, one made of flat or braided nylon with a metal ring at one end, on all patients. A slip leash applied prior to examination may help to control a dog that resists handling or escapes from its handler. A dog wearing a slip leash is easier to remove from a cage. You can make a leash into a slip leash by detaching the leash from the collar and passing the clamp through the hand loop. Muzzles A muzzle is any device applied around an animal’s nose and mouth to prevent the animal from biting. Any dog that may become aggressive during examination or treatment should wear a muzzle. Apply the muzzle before the animal shows signs of fear or aggression. Muzzle application can temporarily distract a dog, allowing you to complete a procedure. Take care not to apply a muzzle to any dog with chest injuries or difficulty breathing. Always monitor the patient’s respiration and mucous membrane color while it’s muzzled, as some animals may hyperventilate or become hypoxic. Never leave a muzzled dog unattended and be sure to wash or sanitize muzzles between patients. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 15 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Commercial muzzles may be made of nylon or leather, and there are specialty muzzles for brachycephalic breeds. Basket or Baskerville muzzles are a nice option for dogs that hyperventilate or hypersalivate while wearing traditional muzzles. You may also fashion a muzzle out of a slip lead or rolled gauze. All muzzles should fit snugly and be disinfected after use. Reference Links:- Brachycephalic Muzzle Basket Muzzle © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 16 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Nylon Muzzle How to apply a dog muzzle: Step 1 An assistant should restrain the patient in sitting or sternal recumbency. Step 2 Approach the dog from the side or behind with one hand on each end of the muzzle straps. Step 3 In a swift and fluid motion, slide the muzzle over the patient’s nose, with the narrow portion of the muzzle over the nose and the wider portion under the chin. Step 4 Buckle or clasp the muzzle securely so you can only fit one finger under the strap. You can make a muzzle out of gauze roll bandage. This technique is ineffective in brachycephalic breeds. Instead, place a large Elizabethan collar on the pet if you're able to do so safely. The following explains how to make a muzzle out of gauze roll bandage. Step 1 An assistant should restrain the patient in sitting or sternal recumbency. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 17 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 2 Take a long piece of bandage and tie a large loop at its midsection resembling a noose. Step 3 Approach the dog from the side or back and slip the loop over the end of the dog’s nose, keeping your hands away from the dog’s face. Step 4 Quickly tighten the loop and bring the ends of the gauze under the dog’s neck. Step 5 Tie the ends of the gauze in a half-bow or slip knot behind the dog’s head so that you can remove it quickly. It may be difficult to muzzle dogs that are unaccustomed to them. The veterinary team can encourage the client to muzzle train the pet at home with proper resources. Head Snares A head snare, catch pole, capture pole, restraint pole, or rabies pole isn’t recommended unless a reactive or potentially dangerous dog has become loose. Previously, this method was reserved for dogs who couldn’t be restrained using another method. However, it can be traumatic. At the veterinarian’s discretion, chemical restraint should be used as an alternative if possible. The head snare is a long metal or heavy-duty plastic tubular handle with a thick retractable wire inside it. This wire is long enough to form a large loop that’s pulled out, slipped over the dog’s head, and quickly tightened. The snare handle allows you to keep the animal at a safe distance. Once the snare has served its purpose, a quick-release mechanism loosens the loop for easy removal from the dog’s neck. Dogs that are especially strong may require two handlers, each with a head snare attached to the animal, to lead the dog. Make sure that the snare will release easily when necessary. The following explains how to use a dog head snare. Step 1 Set the head snare in the open position. Step 2 Approach the dog from the side or behind and slip the loop over the dog’s head. Step 3 Tighten the loop. The animal may flail and react, but the handle keeps it at a safe distance. Lead © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 18 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint the dog to a kennel or enclosure. Then, remove the head snare once the dog is secure. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 19 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Approaching a Dog Before you approach a dog, assess the situation. Some dogs will react when you enter the room or look at them. Whenever possible, allow a dog to approach you first. Often, a fearful dog simply needs reassurance that you aren’t a threat. Crouch or kneel down on the floor at an angle (not directly in front of) the dog. Verbally reassure the dog with a calm, cheerful tone of voice. Allow it to approach voluntarily. If you must approach a dog, always do so carefully and slowly. Make sure that the dog can see and hear you coming. Observe the dog closely for any signs of fear or aggression. Slowly hold out your hand, tucking your fingers into your palm, and making sure that it’s no higher than the dog’s nose. The dog may perceive gestures above its nose as threatening and respond aggressively. Above-the- nose gestures include bending over the dog or attempting to pat its head when it’s still unsure of you. Once the dog approaches you and accepts your handling without signs of fear, you may escort the dog to the examining room. The owner should have a leash on the dog when entering the clinic. If not, slip a leash over the dog’s neck. Fear Free Fear Free has an additional technique called the considerate approach. This approach includes things like turning sideways to greet a dog vs. greeting them head on, speaking in a calm voice, and using slow, purposeful movements. Both the traditional and Fear Free technique to approach a dog are acceptable, and you can use the technique that works best for you and your veterinary hospital. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 20 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Lesson 1 Section 2 Practice: Dog Restraint and Handling Question 1 What’s the best way to approach a dog? Question 2 Which behavior is a dog most likely displaying if they’re tensing their muscles during restraint? Question 3 Which collar is most appropriate for daily home use but unreliable for restraint? Answers Question 1: Let the dog approach you whenever possible. Question 2: Anxiety Question 3: Nylon collar © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 21 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Practice: Dog Restraint and Handling Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 22 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Picking Up and Carrying a Dog The proper method of picking up and carrying a dog depends on the dog’s size and health. Practice two prerequisites before picking up a dog: 1. Attach a leash. 2. Crouch beside the animal, bending at your knees. Small Dogs The leash helps prevent the dog from escaping and keeps its head away from you and others. The crouch spares your back. Lifting even a small dog from a standing position can injure your back. The following three steps are for lifting small, uninjured dogs that weigh less than 40 pounds. Step 1 Hold the dog’s leash in one hand. Place one arm under the dog’s head and around its neck. Step 2 Place your other arm under the dog’s hind end, cupping its hind legs in your arm. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 23 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 3 Distribute the dog’s weight evenly between your arms and lift the dog straight up. Large Dogs Two people should lift dogs that weigh more than 40 pounds. Because many dogs are unaccustomed to being lifted, they often struggle. Two people should also lift dogs that struggle. The following three steps are for lifting large dogs. Step 1 Hold the dog’s leash in one hand. Two people should crouch down on the same side of the dog, bending at the knees. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 24 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 2 One person should restrain the dog’s head by placing one arm around the dog’s neck and the other arm under the dog’s chest, behind the forelimbs. Step 3 The second person should place one arm under the dog’s abdomen and the other arm under the dog’s hindlimbs. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 25 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 26 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Removing a Dog from Its Owner or a Cage You should follow proper guidelines and techniques when removing a dog from their owner, or from a cage. Something to keep in mind when removing a dog from their owner is that some dogs are protective of their owners and may respond more aggressively than they would in the owner’s absence. So, it’s important to take special care when removing a dog from their owner. Removing a Dog from Its Owner When removing a dog from their owner, follow the same guidelines for when you approach a dog that’s with its owner. However, make sure to talk in a reassuring tone to both the dog and the owner. Be especially careful not to make sudden movements. Look at the dog, but don’t stare. Some dogs interpret staring as a threat or challenge. Take the dog’s leash from its owner and ask the owner to walk away from the dog. If you must lead the dog away from the owner, coax the dog with a cheerful and calm tone. If you’re taking a small dog from its owner’s arms, slip a leash over its neck and approach it from the rear. Removing a Dog from a Cage Before you remove a dog from a cage, find out if it can stand, walk, and safely wear a leash. Partially open the cage door and put a slip leash around the dog’s neck. The leash prevents the dog from escaping once the cage door is fully opened. It also permits some control should the dog become aggressive. To slide a slip leash over the dog’s head without fully opening the cage door, wait at the front of the cage and let the dog approach you. Have the looped opening for the dog’s head ready prior to opening the cage. If the dog is small but aggressive, place a blanket or towel around it before lifting. Never just put your head in the cage and reach in for the dog. Step 1 Have your leash ready before opening the cage. Step 2 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 27 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint You should always wait for a dog to come to you before removing it from its cage, then slip the leash over its head. Step 3 The leash prevents the dog from escaping once the cage door is fully opened. Handling Large Dogs Uncaging larger, more aggressive dogs typically requires special handling. Many veterinary practices keep these dogs leashed, with the leash slipped through the bars of the cage door. This allows the handler to move the dog toward the door by gently pulling the leash. This technique keeps the door between the handler and a dog that may try to bite. These dogs must not be left unattended, as the leash can pose a choke hazard or be eaten by the pet. Handling Injured Dogs © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 28 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint When lifting a small dog that has a back injury, you may need to apply a muzzle first. Back injuries are painful, and even a friendly dog may try to bite from the pain of being picked up. Follow the given steps to lift a small dog with a back injury: Step 1 Slide the dog to the front of the cage after placing a muzzle around the dog’s mouth. Step 2 Place one arm around the dog’s head and neck as you would to restrain the dog. Step 3 Slide your other arm between the rear legs of the dog and up under the thorax to keep the back straight as you lift the dog out of the cage. Step 4 Lift the dog gently out of the cage and carry it to the exam table. If the dog can’t walk or stand, then a leash is unnecessary. Gently lift the dog from the cage. For animals with neck or throat problems, use a chest harness instead of a leash. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 29 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Quick Check When removing a dog from a cage, what should you never do? Try to put a leash on the dog Put your head inside the cage Use a blanket or towel © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 30 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Techniques for Picking up Dogs Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 31 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Dog-Restraint Techniques The appropriate restraint method for a dog depends on what treatment it’s receiving, its overall temperament, and the location of the procedure (floor or table). The following are some common restraining techniques. Standing Restraint The following video discusses standing restraint. External Reference(https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l? ou=32846&type=lti&rcode=ashworth-601950&srcou=24271) Download the transcript here. (http://lessons.pennfoster.com/savi/transcripts/VID00120_T.pdf) Sitting Restraint Sitting restraint may be necessary for some procedures such as injections or forelimb venipuncture. Select each tab to read the steps involved with sitting restraint. Step 1 To maintain a dog in a sitting position, place the arm closest to the dog’s head under and around its neck. Step 2 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 32 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Place your other arm around the dog’s hindend, gently cupping the hindlimbs in your arm. Gently tuck the dog into a sitting position. Step 3 Pull the dog snugly against your body. Step 4 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 33 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Turn your head away from the dog’s face. Sternal Recumbency The following video discusses sternal recumbency. External Reference(https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l? ou=32846&type=lti&rcode=ashworth-601951&srcou=24271) Download the transcript here. (http://lessons.pennfoster.com/savi/transcripts/VID00121_T.pdf) Lateral Recumbency The following video discusses lateral recumbency. External Reference(https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l? ou=32846&type=lti&rcode=ashworth-601952&srcou=24271) Download the transcript here. (http://lessons.pennfoster.com/savi/transcripts/VID00216_T.pdf) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 34 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Specialized Restraining Techniques There are some situations that involve special restraint techniques and special care. There are additional factors to keep in mind when handling puppies and a sick or injured dog. There are also special techniques for restraining a dog for a procedure called venipuncture, which is a procedure for collecting blood or administering medication. Restraint of Puppies Puppies may be restrained in similar fashion to adult dogs but typically require less restraint and do well with distraction. Whenever possible, remove the mother dog from the room before any examination or treatment of her puppies. If for some reason you can’t remove the mother, keep her puppies as calm as possible. A puppy that makes vocal signs of pain or distress may cause the mother to become reactive. Restraint of Ill or Injured Dogs Handle a severely ill or injured dog as if it’s likely to bite. Many times, a severely injured or ill animal responds out of extreme pain, and biting may be a response to pain. Take extra precautions when handling any injured animal. To prevent human injury, place a muzzle on an injured animal. You may, if necessary, place a towel or blanket over a particularly reactive animal to calm it. Just make sure you move the dog to a proper examination area promptly—the draping technique often produces only a brief period of calm. Dog Restraint for Venipuncture Venipuncture, puncturing a vein to collect blood or administer medication, requires careful and firm restraint. If the patient struggles, the procedure could be unnecessarily painful. Restraint techniques for venipuncture vary depending on the vein being utilized. A dog’s most common venipuncture sites are the cephalic vein, along the front of the dog’s foreleg; the lateral saphenous vein, on the outer surface of the dog’s hind leg; and the jugular vein on the front of the dog’s neck. Select each tab to learn more about different vein sites. Step 1 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 35 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Cephalic vein site Step 2 Lateral saphenous vein site Step 3 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 36 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Jugular vein site Venipuncture restraint requires careful positioning so that the vein is accessible, and the dog is unable to move. While restraining, you may also be expected to occlude the vein (block the vein’s circulation by applying pressure with your fingers). Occluding, or holding off the vein, pools blood in the vein so that it can be easily palpated. Occluding the vein also provides enough blood for proper venipuncture. Cephalic venipuncture typically requires the dog to be in standing, sitting, or sternal restraint. Here are the steps to follow for the venipuncture restraint: Step 1 Place the dog in sternal recumbency for restraint. Step 2 Using your arm that’s hugging the caudal portion of the dog’s body, reach over the dog, and grasp the forelimb farthest from you. Grasp the dog under its neck so that its head rests in the crook of one elbow. Step 3 Hold the forelimb at the elbow with your thumb pointing to the area in between the dog’s forelimbs. Step 4 Exerting pressure on the limb, roll your grip laterally (outward toward the side of the dog’s leg), and use your thumb to occlude the vein. Step 5 Use your other fingers around the elbow to keep the dog from jerking its forelimb back when the needle is introduced. Step 6 Should the dog struggle, reassure it with a calm voice and hold it a bit more tightly. An assistant may also offer treats for distraction. Step 7 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 37 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint The dog may be startled or experience momentary pain when the vein is punctured. Don’t release the animal from your grasp, or remove your hand from its leg, until the venipuncturist tells you to do so. Step 8 Once the needle is removed from the vein, maintain your grasp on the leg and place your thumb over the injection site to prevent further bleeding. Applying pressure at this site for 30 to 60 seconds will help the blood to clot. Step 9 Once the procedure is complete, slowly loosen your grip, maintaining moderate restraint to keep the dog from injuring itself. Restraint for lateral saphenous venipuncture requires the dog to be restrained in standing or lateral recumbency. The dog also has a medial saphenous vein, but this site is not commonly used for venipuncture. Steps for restraining a dog for lateral saphenous venipuncture are illustrated below. Steps to restrain a dog for lateral saphenous venipuncture: Step 1 Position the dog in lateral recumbency. Step 2 Grasp the upper rear leg above the knee so that the dog's unable to bend the knee and pull the leg away. Then, exert pressure on the limb by gripping just above the knee. Should the dog struggle, reassure it with a calm voice and hold it a bit more tightly. An assistant may also offer treats for distraction. The dog may be startled or experience momentary pain when the vein is punctured. Don’t release the animal from your grasp, or remove your hand from its leg, until the venipuncturist tells you to do so. Once the needle is removed from the vein, maintain your grasp on the leg and place your thumb over the injection site to prevent further bleeding. Applying pressure at this site for 30–60 seconds will help the blood to clot. Once the procedure is complete, slowly loosen your grip, maintaining moderate restraint to keep the dog from injuring itself. Select each tab to learn more about the restraint process for jugular venipuncture. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 38 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 1 Jugular venipuncture may be performed with the dog in standing, sitting, or sternal recumbency. Step 2 Place one or both hands cupped under the dog’s muzzle, pointing the dog’s nose upward. If both hands are used, another assistant may need to provide additional restraint to the dog’s body. You might need to slowly move the dog’s head to the right or left, or up and down, at the venipuncturist’s request. Step 3 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 39 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint For this technique, the venipuncturist will occlude the vein. Step 4 After the procedure has finished, apply pressure to the injection site for 30-60 seconds. Lesson 1 Section 2 Practice: Techniques for Handling and Restraining Dogs Question 1 Two people should lift any dog that weighs more than a. 25 pounds. b. 35 pounds. c. 50 pounds. d. 75 pounds. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 40 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Question 2 When is the standing restraint technique typically used? a. When a dog is displaying aggression or fear b. When a dog is di cult to restrain c. When a dog is being compliant Question 3 To prevent human injury when handling an injured dog, you should a. have multiple technicians in the room. b. place a muzzle on the injured dog. c. allow the owner to stay by the dog’s side the entire time. Answers Question 1: 50 pounds. Question 2: When a dog is being compliant Question 3: place a muzzle on the injured dog. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 41 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Practice: Techniques for Handling and Restraining Dogs Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 42 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Key Points Fear-free restraint attempts to minimize the animal’s fear, anxiety, and stress. As a veterinary professional, you’ll need to be aware of an animal’s body language. Equipment for handling and restraining dogs includes collars, leashes, muzzles, and head snares. The proper method of picking up and carrying a dog depends on the dog’s size and health. The appropriate restraint method for a dog depends on the procedure being performed and the dog’s overall temperament. The best venipuncture site for a dog depends on its temperament and the condition of its veins. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 43 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Cat Restraint Most cats are unaccustomed to regular handling. Often, the trip to the veterinary practice is the cat’s only time outside of its home. Your study material provides information on how to properly and safely restrain cats. You’ll also study the special equipment used when handling and restraining cats. Proceed through this lesson. There’s no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 44 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Approaching and Handling a Cat A frightened cat’s first instinct may be to escape, so be sure to close all doors, windows, and cabinets before approaching it. Approach the cat slowly, without sudden movements, and speak in a soft and reassuring tone. A frightened cat may freeze but beware that a motionless cat may still attack when you approach. Attacking is usually a cat’s last resort. Special equipment, such as restraint gloves, can help protect you. Cats are territorial and may vigorously defend their area. Paying attention to the cat’s body language can tell you how it’s perceiving the visit. Make sure to notice the body posture, ears, and tail. Cats react best when handled with the least restraint possible. You can pick up most cats by following these steps: Step 1 Control the cat’s head with manual or mechanical restraint. Step 2 Place your other hand under the cat’s abdomen, with your fingers between the cat’s front legs. You can safely carry many cats in this position. A cat that struggles or becomes aggressive may require different restraint. Taking a Cat from Its Owner The cat’s owner should bring the cat to the veterinary clinic in a carrier or cat box. If this doesn’t happen, ask the owner to place a slip lead over the cat’s neck before you approach it. When the slip lead is in place, approach the cat slowly. Stretch your hand out for the cat to sniff and carefully observe the cat’s response. If the cat displays no aggression, gently pick it up and move it to the examination area. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 45 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Removing a Cat from a Cage To remove a cat from a cage, follow the same procedure you would use for a dog. Remember to let the cat come to the front of the cage before you apply the slip leash. If the cat proves too aggressive to remove easily, wrap it in a blanket, making sure it can breathe properly. Then, lift the cat out of the cage and carry it to the examination area. An escaped cat can be a formidable opponent. Cats can squeeze into small spaces and may attack when approached. You’ll usually need a net, restraint gloves, or a blanket to retrieve a cat from its hiding place. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 46 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Cat Restraint and Handling Veterinary visits may be modified in a number of ways to reduce a cat’s stress. These include acclimating the cat to its carrier regularly at home, the use of pheromone sprays to promote a sense of security, minimizing the time spent waiting at the clinic, and providing a quiet dog-free area in the clinic. Handling and Restraining a Cat When possible, never pull a cat out of its carrier. Allow a cat to walk out on its own or remove the top of the carrier and lift the cat out. Remember, before you handle a cat, make sure all doors and windows are closed. Cats can be extremely fast when they attempt to escape. An aggressive cat may be a particular challenge to a veterinary technician since cats defend themselves not only with their teeth, but also with all four feet. You must take special care to avoid cat bites; they transmit disease and infection much more readily than dog bites and can make you seriously ill. A cat’s body language is usually indicative of forthcoming behavior. A cat that feels stressed or threatened may: Find a small dark place to hide Vocalize with growls, hisses, and moans Pull back its ears against its head Twitch its tail slowly Fear Free Fear Free(https://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/) provides a free website filled with resources for pet owners and veterinary technician students. Here's an example of cat body language(https://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/video/cat-body-language-101/). © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 47 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Equipment for Handling and Restraining Cats There's special equipment that can be used when handling and restraining cats such as collars, leashes, and muzzles. Some veterinary professionals will wear restraint gloves for extra protection. Here are some things you need to know about when using equipment for handling and restraining cats. Collars and Leashes Cat collars come in various styles and materials, but none of them restrain cats very well. Many cats are simply unaccustomed to wearing collars and will resist them. Most cats can slip out of a collar even if it’s properly fitted. Appropriate cat collars are actually designed to break away to reduce the risk of strangulation if the collar were to be caught on something. While a harness may work for some cats, it must be fitted exactly, and some cats will resist a harness. Most cats are unaccustomed to walking on a leash and may not like it. In the veterinary clinic, a slip lead may be used prior to picking up and carrying cats to prevent escape. Muzzles Cat muzzles minimize a cat’s ability to bite but don’t eliminate the need to restrain its head. A cat muzzle may calm the cat since it usually covers the eyes. These muzzles are applied in the same manner as dog muzzles. A muzzle often calms a cat, covering its eyes and distracting it from the veterinary procedure. A Nylon Cat Muzzle Restraint Gloves Some veterinary professionals prefer to handle aggressive cats with restraint gloves. These gloves are heavy gauntlet-type gloves, typically made of leather or Kevlar, and are too thick for cats to bite through. Please note that it’s not impossible for cats to puncture even the best restraint gloves. Because gloves reduce your tactile sensation to the animal you’re holding, take extra care not to injure the cat by holding it too tightly. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 48 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 49 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Cat Burrito Technique A towel is a common item that can be an effective tool for cat restraint. The cat is wrapped tightly in the towel using the cat burrito technique, which provides the restrainer with more control and protects both the restrainer and the cat from injury. The following video explains how to properly restrain a cat using the cat burrito technique. External Reference(https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l? ou=32846&type=lti&rcode=ashworth-601953&srcou=24271) Download the transcript here. (http://lessons.pennfoster.com/savi/transcripts/VID00122_T.pdf) Lesson 1 Section 3 Practice: Handling and Restraining Cats Question 1 What’s used during the cat burrito restraint technique? Question 2 Which of the following is a sign that a cat feels stressed or threatened? Question 3 What’s one way to reduce stress for a cat at a veterinary clinic? Answers Question 1: A towel Question 2: It finds a small dark place to hide. Question 3: Acclimating the cat to its carrier regularly at home © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 50 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Practice: Handling and Restraining Cats Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 51 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Cat-Restraint Techniques Remember to use the least restraint possible when restraining a cat. Minimize the amount of time you restrain a cat. Prolonged restraint may cause a normally docile cat to become aggressive. Standing, Sitting, and Sternal Restraint For routine examinations, allow the cat to stand or sit on the table. Keep it there by placing one hand directly in front of it. Lightly stroke and pet the cat with your other hand. Most cats will stay in this position. For the cat that doesn’t stay in position, follow this procedure: Step 1 Place one hand on the cat’s shoulders. This hand should also be at the ready to scruff the cat if necessary. Step 2 Place the other hand on its hips. Gently press it down against the table. Lateral Restraint Lateral restraint allows for a variety of procedures to be performed, including venipuncture, injections, and nail trims. Cats can be put into lateral restraint using the cat stretch technique. The following video discusses the cat stretch technique. External Reference(https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l? ou=32846&type=lti&rcode=ashworth-601954&srcou=24271) Download the transcript here. (http://lessons.pennfoster.com/savi/transcripts/VID00124_T.pdf) Cat Restraint for Venipuncture © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 52 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Cat venipuncture restraint techniques, like those for dogs, depend on the vein being punctured. Remember to use careful and firm restraint so that the cat doesn’t struggle and experience unnecessary pain. The most common cat venipuncture sites are the cephalic vein, along the front of the cat’s foreleg, the medial saphenous vein, on the inside of the rear leg, and the jugular vein, on the front of the cat’s neck. You must position the cat carefully to keep the vein accessible and the animal still. You may also have to occlude the vein. Distraction Techniques Distracting a cat can help you achieve the desired minimal restraint during procedures. You may divert the cat’s attention by gently tapping its nose, scratching its ears or chin, lightly shaking its scruff, or rhythmically petting its head. Tasty food and treats may also be helpful. Fetal Hold A mother cat moves her kittens by grasping each by the scruff with her mouth. The kitten’s instinct is to go limp and slightly curl its tail and body. Grasping a cat by the scruff of the neck is called the fetal hold. The fetal hold works well for some procedures and for carrying small or young cats a short distance. Even older cats retain this instinct, although it’s less pronounced. When carrying a cat with the fetal hold, rest the cat’s back along your forearm. Always support the cat’s hind limbs and lower body with your other hand, regardless of the cat’s weight. Don’t carry large or obese cats with the fetal hold because their weight can damage muscles and neck skin. Injured or Ill Cats When restraining an injured or ill cat, remember to handle the cat as if it’s likely to bite. These animals often respond out of extreme pain, and biting is a cat’s major defense against pain. Placing a towel or blanket over a particularly reactive cat may calm it momentarily. Since this calm doesn’t last, quickly move the covered cat to a proper examination area. Lesson 1 Section 3 Practice: Techniques for Cat Restraint Question 1 Before approaching a cat, Question 2 The fetal hold of a cat is when © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 53 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Question 3 How can you temporarily calm an injured cat? Answers Question 1: be sure all doors, windows, and cabinets are closed. Question 2: you grasp a cat by the scruff of the neck. Question 3: By placing a towel or blanket over the reactive cat © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 54 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Practice: Techniques for Cat Restraint Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 55 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Key Points Cats tend to respond to fear by freezing, attempting to escape, or attacking. Cats defend themselves with their teeth and with all four feet. Equipment and solutions for handling and restraining cats include collars and leashes, muzzles, restraint gloves, cat bags, or cat towels. Remember to close all doors, windows, and cabinets before approaching a cat. Cats react best when handled with the least possible restraint. Divert the cat’s attention during physical examination by gently stroking it or scratching behind its ears. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 56 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Birds, Rodents, and Reptiles Similar to other animals in your care, it’s also important to know the proper way to handle and restrain birds, rodents, and reptiles. There are various techniques and some equipment that can be used to assistant in the process. Your study material discusses these proper techniques for safe and humane handling and restraint of these animals. You'll also read in your studies, the importance of being mindful of the size and structure of small animals when handling and restraining them. Proceed through this lesson. There’s no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 57 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Take a Break Remember, it’s okay to take breaks during your studies when you need to! Did you know? Guinea pigs are very social animals, and in some countries, such as Switzerland, it’s illegal to have only one guinea pig. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 58 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Handling and Restraint of Birds Birds are incredibly delicate creatures, and veterinary visits tend to cause them great stress. Even a healthy bird can become ill or die from the stress of handling. You need to take precautions to help birds cope with the stress. You can safely handle and restrain small birds, such as parakeets and finches, without any special equipment. Make sure you have a net or large towel handy to recapture the bird should it escape from its cage. Check that all doors and windows are securely closed and that all exhaust fans are off. It may be helpful to dim the lights. Start by observing the bird carefully in its cage. A bird on the bottom of a cage may be extremely stressed. Ask its owner if the bird is trained to hop on a finger or arm. Birds that are trained to do this may be unnecessarily stressed if attempting to capture the bird. You can continue to hold the bird in your palm for restraint and for most technical procedures. Some technical procedures may require you to stretch the bird’s neck slightly or provide access to a wing for an injection into the wing vein. This can be accomplished by restraining the bird and allowing the veterinarian or veterinary technician to grasp one of the wings and stretch it out. It’s then the responsibility of the veterinarian or technician to restrain that wing. Vet Tech Connection Handling and restraining birds is a different process than what's used for dogs and cats. The bodies of birds are filled with air sacs, and they lack a diaphragm, the large sheet-like muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen and helps other animals breathe. When handling birds, using a towel as a mechanical restraint device is helpful because it provides restraint and support without having to push down on the bird’s body. Always avoid applying force when handling birds because this can make breathing difficult. It’s best to wrap birds in the towel and position the wings up against their body to prevent the bird from flapping their wings or struggling during the procedure. Support the head by gently placing your fingers around the bird’s neck. With larger birds, you can use your other hand and arm to support the bird’s body. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 59 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 60 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Handling Small and Large Birds in a Cage Whether the bird you’re handling is large or small, aggressive or gentle, trained or untrained, your goal is always to hold the bird so that it can’t fly, bite, scratch, or become injured. Do not cover or press down on the bird’s breastbone area. The breastbone must move for the bird to breathe properly. Small Birds Despite the particular challenges of handling a bird, you must use the least possible amount of restraint. A mishandled bird may suffer broken wings and even death. Before handling a bird, small or large, remember to make sure that all doors and windows are securely closed. Be sure to check that all exhaust fans are off. Read the following steps for handling and restraining small birds. Step 1 Carefully open the cage door. Block the open door with your hand and a towel as you reach into the cage or have someone stand behind you and hold a towel over the door. Step 2 Remove most of the perches and toys from the cage. This will keep the bird from injuring itself should it become frightened (small birds frighten easily) and fly around the cage. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 61 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 3 Grasp the bird in your hand by placing your palm against its wings and securing its head between your thumb and index finger. Be careful, as too much pressure can damage its face. Step 4 Cradle the bird in your palm and place your pointer finger gently across the bird’s legs. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 62 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Large Birds To protect yourself, locate a large towel and use it to block the opening as you open the cage door. Read the following steps for handling a large bird. Step 1 Remove excess perches and toys from the cage. Step 2 Place the towel lengthwise across the palm of your hand. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 63 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 3 Reach into the cage and grasp the bird from behind by placing your hand behind the bird’s head. Position the bird’s lower jaw between your thumb and index finger. For a larger bird, place one hand loosely around the bird’s neck and the other hand, stretched slightly, on its feet. Step 4 Drape the towel around the bird as you lift it slightly toward the door of the cage. For a larger bird, fold its wings and pull the bird close to your body. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 64 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 5 As you bring the bird through the cage door, place your other hand on the bird’s feet and hold them firmly in place. You can use this towel restraint for examination and most technical procedures. When working with large, particularly aggressive birds, wear lightweight leather gloves to protect yourself from bites. If the bird is too aggressive, tape its beak shut. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 65 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Quick Check When handling a bird, never cover or press down on the breastbone area. Why? It will cause the bird to twitch and then bite. The breastbone area must be able to move for the bird to breathe properly. It will cause stress and make it difficult to handle and restrain the bird. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 66 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Trained Birds Birds trained to hop onto a finger can be seriously stressed or injured if you try to capture the bird. You should handle birds that are trained differently. The following explains how to handle a bird that has been trained to hop on a finger. If the bird has been trained, follow these steps: Step 1 Reach into the cage and allow the bird to hop onto your finger. Step 2 Place your other hand on the bird’s feet and hold them firmly in place, taking care not to put pressure on the bird’s breastbone. Once you have the bird out of the cage, gently drape a towel around its back. Lesson 1 Section 4 Practice: Bird Handling and Restraint Question 1 When removing a small bird from a cage you should a. place a perch outside of the cage for the bird to land on. b. allow the bird to y out and land on your arm. c. remove most of the perches and toys from the cage. Question 2 When working with large aggressive birds you should wear a. safety glasses. b. lightweight leather gloves. c. long sleeves. d. protective head gear. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 67 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Question 3 You shouldn’t remove a bird from a cage using the towel restraint technique when a. a bird is showing signs of fear. b. a bird is overly aggressive. c. a bird is trained to hop on a nger. d. a bird is trained to walk out of a cage. Answers Question 1: remove most of the perches and toys from the cage. Question 2: lightweight leather gloves. Question 3: a bird is trained to hop on a finger. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 68 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Practice: Bird Handling and Restraint Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 69 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Rodents Rodent handling and restraint varies by species. A small pet rodent whose owner has handled it regularly will rarely bite or scratch, but some rodent species and breeds will vigorously attempt to escape. Stressful procedures, such as venipuncture, may require mechanical or chemical restraint. Two mechanical devices used to restrain rodents are the acrylic rodent restrainer and the forceps. An acrylic rodent restrainer is a clear plastic tube with access ports drilled into it. Allow the rat or mouse to climb up into the device and then place a small plastic gate behind the animal to keep it from backing up. Acrylic Rodent Restrainer Typically used for rat and mouse venipuncture, the restrainer allows injection through the openings along its side and bottom. You can use rubber-tipped forceps to transport small rodents from one cage to another. Mice Mice are rarely aggressive, biting only when frightened or in pain. Their small size and high activity level can make mouse handling and restraint difficult. Mice usually reside in small plastic shoebox cages with wire-mesh lids. To remove a mouse from its cage and then restrain it, use the following steps: © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 70 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 1 Grasp the base of the mouse’s tail as close to the body as possible. Lift the mouse straight up and place it down on a wire-mesh cage top or other grid-type surface, keeping hold of the tail. The mouse will grasp this surface with its feet and try to escape. This keeps the mouse distracted. Step 2 Gently stretch the mouse’s body by pulling back on its tail with one hand while you grasp the loose skin on the back of its neck with the other. Step 3 Lift the animal and cup it in the palm of your hand. Step 4 Loosely drape your other fingers around the animal’s body, holding the feet and tail between your last two fingers. Don’t hold the mouse so tightly that you impede its breathing. Rats Most rats are docile animals that rarely bite unless frightened. Unlike mice, rats aren’t overly active. Unlike some other small rodents, they aren’t determined escape artists. Remove a rat from its cage as you would a mouse. Grasp the tail very close to the animal’s body to prevent the skin covering the tail from tearing. Never hold a rat by its tail for long. You can hold the rat in your hand for technical procedures. To perform hand restraint on a rat: © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 71 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Step 1 Grasp the rat by placing your thumb and index finger around its lower jaw. This secures the head and keeps the rat from being able to turn and bite. Step 2 With your other hand, support the rat’s hindquarters while holding its feet and tail still. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 72 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Hamsters, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas Other small rodents that you may encounter are hamsters, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. Each of these animals require its own special care. As with any animal, you need to know how to properly and safely handle and restrain these animals. Hamsters Hamsters can be difficult to restrain because they are typically more aggressive than other small rodents. Proper hamster restraint reduces the chance of a bite by using the loose skin around its jaws and neck to your advantage. It helps to know that hamsters tend to sleep during the day and may hibernate for short periods of time. Since hamsters often bite if awakened suddenly, never try to pick up a sleeping or hibernating hamster. To pick up and restrain a hamster, follow these steps: Step 1 Make sure the hamster is awake. A knock on the side of its cage usually awakens the animal. Step 2 Reach into the cage and grasp the loose skin on the back of the hamster’s neck. Grasp as much of the loose skin as possible, or the hamster may still be able to turn and bite. Step 3 Lift the animal out of the cage and cup it in your palm as you would a mouse. Guinea Pigs While guinea pigs are generally not aggressive, they get scared easily. Guinea pigs have quiet temperaments and almost never bite or scratch. However, reaching into a guinea pig cage may be startling and cause the animal to run quickly around the cage, making it difficult to catch. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 73 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint To pick up and restrain a guinea pig, follow these steps: Step 1 Reach into the cage and place your hand in front of the animal to block it from running around. Step 2 Slide your other hand gently under the guinea pig’s chest. Step 3 Pick the animal straight up. Step 4 Immediately place your other hand under the animal’s hindquarters for support. Avoid placing your hand down on a guinea pig’s back or shoulders too firmly; this may injure its lungs. Chinchillas Chinchillas are active and curious rodents. They’re also nocturnal. Many chinchilla owners have acclimated their chinchillas to being handled during the day. Though chinchillas are fairly easy to handle and rarely bite, you must avoid fur slip. This expression describes a chinchilla’s tendency to shed patches of its fur if grasped too roughly. You can hold the chinchilla as you would a guinea pig. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 74 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint To restrain a chinchilla, follow these steps: Step 1 Reach into the cage and place your hand under the animal’s thorax (chest). Step 2 Pick the animal up out of the cage. Step 3 Immediately place the other hand over the animal’s shoulders to prevent it from escaping. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 75 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Gerbils, Ferrets, and Rabbits In the veterinary field, other rodents that will be in your care are gerbils, ferrets, and rabbits. Each animal requires its own special care. Again, you’ll need to know how to properly and safely handle and restrain these animals. Gerbils You can handle a gerbil much as you would a mouse but remember that gerbils tend to be quite active. They’re also good jumpers and may try vigorously to escape, so make sure your gerbil is gently but firmly restrained. Remember to grasp the animal only at the base of its tail, close to the body. Picking a gerbil up by the tip of its tail will damage the skin surface of the tail. It’s appropriate, for some technical procedures, simply to scoop up and cup the gerbil in your hand. Ferrets Although most ferrets aren’t aggressive, a distressed ferret can inflict severe bites. Worse, a biting ferret usually doesn’t let go. You may have to put the ferret under running water to force it to release its grip. It’s better to distress the ferret as little as possible by handling it properly. You can restrain and handle a ferret much as you would a cat. However, when you scruff the ferret, make sure it has no feet on the table. If the ferret’s feet touch the exam table, it can turn its head and bite. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 76 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint To pick up a ferret, follow these steps: Step 1 Place one hand under the animal’s chest, behind its forelegs. Step 2 Pick up the ferret. Step 3 Use your other hand to support the ferret’s hindquarters. Some technical procedures may require you to grasp the ferret’s scruff with one hand. To do this, grasp the scruff of the ferret just behind the ears and lift the ferret off the table. Towels also help to restrain a ferret. If the animal is particularly aggressive, you may hold it with its head between your thumb and forefinger as you would a rat. Rabbits Rabbits present a tough combination for their handlers because they are difficult to handle and easy to injure. They’re difficult to handle because their strong back legs can inflict severe scratches. They’re easy to injure because of their delicate skeletal systems. A struggling rabbit can kick violently enough to break its own spine. Proper handling of rabbits is crucial. Never lift a rabbit by its ears. Lifting a rabbit by its ears will hurt the rabbit, damage its ear cartilage, and probably cause it to struggle and injure its back. To handle a rabbit, follow this procedure: Step 1 Reach into the cage and lightly grasp a small amount of the loose skin behind the rabbit’s ears. Step 2 Facing the animal away from you, slide your other hand under its rear legs. Step 3 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 77 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Lift the animal toward you and press it gently against your body. Never hold the scruff too tightly; this may damage the tissue and hurt the rabbit. To return the rabbit to its cage, face it toward you and place its rear legs down in the cage first. This way the rabbit can’t scratch your arm by using it to push off as it reenters the cage. If you must carry the rabbit, tuck its nose into the crook of your arm, supporting its body along your forearm. Rabbit-restraint methods depend on the procedure. Most technical procedures follow these steps: Step 1 Simply place the rabbit on the examination table. Step 2 Place your arms or hands on either side of the rabbit. Because rabbits feel more secure if they aren’t sliding around on a smooth surface, place a towel or other rough surface under the rabbit. For intramuscular or subcutaneous injections, gently press the rabbit into the table. Venipuncture may require chemical restraint or an acrylic restraining device. Several rabbit- restraining devices are available but may be expensive. If the correct size of restraining device isn’t available, you can wrap the rabbit securely in a towel or light blanket. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 78 of 135 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Handling and Restraint Reptiles Reptiles have become increasingly popular pets. Some veterinary clinics provide care for reptiles. While reptile handling and restraint procedures depend on the species, a general rule is to handle reptiles gently but firmly. A roughly handled reptile may become aggressive. Snakes Restrain any nonvenomous snake by grasping the animal behind its head and supporting the body on your arm. If the sna