Community Forestry PDF

COMMUNITY FORESTRY ELSA P. SANTOS Associate Professor Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance College of Forestry and Natural Resources, UPLB Community forestry “any situation which intimately involves local people in a forestry activity. It embrac...

COMMUNITY FORESTRY ELSA P. SANTOS Associate Professor Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance College of Forestry and Natural Resources, UPLB Community forestry “any situation which intimately involves local people in a forestry activity. It embraces a spectrum of situations ranging from woodlots in areas which are short of wood and other forest products for local needs, through the growing of trees at the farm level to provide cash crops and the processing of forest products at the household, artisan or small industry level to generate income, to the activities of forest dwelling communities” (FAO 1978). 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 22  3 Main Elements of Community Forestry (FAO 1978) 1. Provision of “fuel and other goods essential to meeting basic needs at the rural household and community level” 2. Provision of “food and the environmental stability (natural subsidies) necessary for continued food production” 3. Generation of “income and employment in the rural community” (for resilience) 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 33  Community forestry an umbrella term denoting a wide range of activities which link rural people with forests, trees, and the products and benefits to be derived from them. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 4 Implications Community forestry constitutes both social and biophysical elements that are equally important. The "resource" can be managed effectively with a clear understanding of forest management principles and knowledge of natural system The "social" part can be dealt with a clear understanding of a society and its relationships with the resource and institutions related to it. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 5  Why the intense interest in the linkages between people and trees? There is total separation that had developed between forestry (trees) and agriculture (domesticated tree spp & adopted as agricultural crops) Tree stocks maintained by rural people remained effectively ignored/ unnoticed 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 6  Why the intense interest in the linkages between people and trees? Negligence in providing forest products to the rural people Woodlots are not viewed as tree resource which rural people maintained and managed themselves 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 7 Why the intense interest in the linkages between people and trees? Development strategies narrowly based on industrialization were not working Few countries attained significant, sustained growth, highly localized and too often poorly related to people’s actual needs 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 8  Why the intense interest in the linkages between people and trees? Generated added wealth seldom spread to the rest of the population Impoverishment of those outside the growth sectors worsened. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 9  Why the intense interest in the linkages between people and trees? Development thinking moves toward a rural led focus and the need to mobilize rural populations towards meeting their “basic needs” Dependence of rural people on forests and trees 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 10  Why the intense interest in the linkages between people and trees? Increased concern on energy supplies/sources Fuelwood situation – results in declining productivity of food production systems, deterioration in land use, increased malnutrition and lack of hygiene. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 11  Reasons for the emergence of CF (Guiang et al., 2001) Dismal performance of the State in forest governance Unequal opportunities provided to different sectors of society in forest resource management which appeared to favor more the rich than forest-dependent communities 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 12  Reasons for the emergence of CF (Guiang et al., 2001) Forest dependent communities having larger stake in sustainable forest management as their survival are dependent on the forests Local communities having better knowledge and understanding of the terrain, the resources, their constraints and opportunities 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 13  Reasons for the emergence of CF (Guiang et al., 2001) Many forest-user groups have developed knowledge systems and institutions that allow them to regulate local forest use and ensure continuity of the resource. When decisions, programs and projects are done by those who know the context best (the people themselves), responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency are optimally obtained 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 14  Reasons for the emergence of CF (Guiang et al., 2001) Forest protection and sustainable use can be more effectively achieved when local communities plan and implement these themselves Local communities are in a better position to respond to such emergencies as fire outbreaks, encroachment, or timber poaching 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 15  Reasons for the emergence of CF (Guiang et al., 2001) Both indigenous peoples and migrants have been the subject of government neglect and gross injustice for a long time either through inequitable resource allocation, or outright displacement by favored logging or mining concessionaires; Community forestry is viewed as concrete effort to realize the national ideals of democracy and social justice 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 16  General types of community forestry management Indigenous forest management – forest management practices which originate from / within a community; often influenced by local values, beliefs and norms. Externally sponsored forest management – practices that have been set up by both outsiders and local community. Norms, values, and objectives of forest management are influenced by external institutions. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 17  General types of community forestry management Traditional/centralized forest management – forest management based on norms and objectives from the past Adaptive forest management – practices that respond to changing conditions (bio-physical or socio-economic). Both traditional and adaptive management may be either internally generated or externally sponsored. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 18 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT Pre- Political formation was by indigenous fiefdoms Spanish with their own traditions, cultures and languages. invasion Custom-based, complex forest management systems were widespread, and in remote areas, remnants of these systems still survive today. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 19 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1521 Arrival of Spanish contingent led by Ferdinand Magellan, who claimed the entire Philippine archipelago for the Spanish monarchy. Regalian doctrine was imposed. Land registration followed modern concepts – land privatization for individuals and legal corporations Customary and collective tenure rights were illegal. Land appropriation done by the Spanish or Spanish-Filipino elites. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 20 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1894 Maura Act required villagers and individual landowners to register their land holdings. Failure to register made individuals squatters (mostly rural dwellers) 2/3 of Philippine territory remained unregistered. Unregistered lands were claimed by Spanish government. Forest cover was estimated at 90% of total lands 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 21 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1898 Beginning of American rule. – Spanish land classification system was preserved by the 1920’ American governors, including the recognition of land s ownership based on the Maura Act. Forest cover estimate - 70 per cent of the country’s total lands in 1900. Logging and natural resource extraction have become widespread, operated by American companies. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 22  Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1946 Independence from the United States. Philippine government adopted colonial forestry policies (including Regalian Doctrine)--- ≈ 60 per cent of forestlands was State forest (much of it unregistered under the Maura Act) Centralization of forest access and control by government New Philippine Constitution declared that 52% of total lands shall be forestlands. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 23  Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1949- Massive timber exploitation, initiated by tropical 1960s hardwood companies (with 40% Filipino ownership) who received concessions from the government. In 1949, forest products accounted for 1.5 per cent of the total value of Philippine exports, growing to 11 per cent by 1955, and reaching 33 per cent in the late 1960s. Deforestation rate - 172,000 ha per year. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 24 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1970s Dwindling forest cover, growing rural insurgency, and national and international concern about deforestation rates. Start of people-oriented forestry programs - primarily for reforestation: Forest Occupancy Management (1975), Communal Tree Farming (1979) and the Family Approach to Reforestation (1976), which was adopted from the Burmese taungya system. Total reforested area = 33,000 has. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 25  Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1982 Upland people increasingly recognized as de facto resource managers of forest land that they occupy through LOI 1260. Letter of Instruction 1260 was issued consolidating the CTF, FOM and FAR into one comprehensive program, otherwise known as the Integrated Social Forestry Program. Security of tenure through stewardship provided to forest occupants - 25-year Certificate of Stewardship Contract (CSC) or Certificate of Forest Stewardship Agreement (CFSA) Capacity building of upland farmer beneficiaries to sustain economic productivity and ecological stability 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 26 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1988 Launching of the National Forestation Program (NFP) offering a new reforestation policy allowing families, NGOs and corporations to reforest open forest lands by contract. 1990 Institution of the Forest Land Management Program allowing families and organizations to manage areas reforested through the NFP. FLMA contract lasts for a period of 25 years renewable 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 27 Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1991 Massive floods in Ormoc, Leyte killed nearly 5,000 people – catalyzed the logging ban throughout the country. Only a number of concessions were allowed to continue to term. 1993 Establishment of Community Forestry Program (DAO No. 22) -democratizes access to forest resources and provide organized upland communities equitable share of forestry benefits. CFP applies to abandoned, cancelled or expired Timber License Agreements that would otherwise remain untended or unprotected. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 28  Historical overview of community forestry in the Philippines (O’Hara 2004) YEAR EVENT 1995 All previous community forestry initiatives were brought under one umbrella, the Community-based Forest Management Program (CBFMP). CBFMP focused on organizing communities and providing alternative livelihood strategies to keep pressure off the natural forest. DENR granted utilization rights for wood products but utilization was often hindered through costly and complex procedural requirements set by the DENR. Resource use permits were suspended when planted trees were ready for harvest. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 29  CBFM as a community forestry strategy Executive Order No. 263 issued by President Fidel V. Ramos - Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) was adopted as the national strategy to achieve sustainable forestry and social justice. CBFM became the framework for partnership with LGUs, NGOs and forest-dependent communities in addressing forest resource development and poverty in the uplands. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 30  CBFM strategy Adopts the principle of ‘people first and sustainable forestry will follow.’ All 7 people-oriented forestry programs of the government were integrated and unified - the Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP); Forest Land Management Program (FLMP); Low Income Upland Communities Project (LIUCP); Regional Resource Management Program (RRMP); Integrated Rainforest Management Project (IRMP); Coastal Environment Program (CEP); and the Ancestral Domains Management Program (AMDP). 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 31  CBFM Objectives Sustainable management of forest resources; Social justice and improved well-being of forest-dependent communities; and Strong partnership between forest dependent communities and DENR. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 32  Key strategies of CBFMP 1. Provision of tenurial security over forestlands to forest communities through stewardship contracts and CBFMAs, and to indigenous peoples through CADCs now convertible under the IPRA into the Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC) or Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) 2. Promotion of sustainable forestry and upland farming practices in a manner that offers both immediate and long-term benefits 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 33  Key strategies of CBFMP 3. Creation of POs, or strengthening of existing ones, in forest-dependent communities, which will serve as recipients of communal tenure, perform the role of overall resource manager, and support the sustainable resource practices of their individual members. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 34  Key strategies of CBFMP 4. Invitation for NGOs to participate in building the POs’ capacity to plan and manage the use of their resources, and to mobilize and monitor their human and financial capital (DENR MC 97- 13). 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 35  Stages of CBFM implementation 1. Preparatory Stage It covers among others the creation of awareness among local government units (LGUs) and the general public about CBFM, establishment of institutional linkages between DENR and relevant units (LGUs, NGOs, etc.), identification of potential CBFM areas and selection of CBFM sites. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 36  Stages of CBFM implementation 2. Peoples’ Organization (PO) Formation and Diagnostic Stage, This stage includes community organizing building and strengthening; defining existing conditions relevant for planning (e.g. social, economic, physical environment); and activities directed towards obtaining the CBFMA. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 37  Stages of CBFM implementation 3. Planning Stage Concerned with the preparation of the Community Resource Management Framework (CRMF), Resource Use Plans (RUPs) and the 5 -Year Work Plans (FYWPs) by the POs with the assistance of NGOs or field personnel of DENR. Interim Resource Use Permits are provided pending completion of the CRMF, RUPs and AWPs to allow them to harvest forest products from their forest. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 38  Stages of CBFM implementation CRMF – strategic plan of the community on how to manage and benefit from the forest resources on a sustainable basis. It describes the community’s long term vision, aspirations, commitments and strategies for the protection, rehabilitation, development and utilization of forest resources and detailed activities for the 1st 5 years. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 39  Stages of CBFM implementation Five Year Work Plan –with detailed strategies, activities and targets for 5 years on protection, rehabilitation, development and resource utilization, organizational strengthening, financing, marketing and enterprise development, among others. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 40  Stages of CBFM implementation 4. Implementation Stage - includes activities that will implement PO plans including the distribution of benefits if warranted. Development and management of CBFM areas Forest protection and conservation Harvesting, processing and transport of forest products in CBFM areas Production sharing scheme (Gross value: PO – 75%; Gov’t: 12.5%; CBFM Fund – 12%) – based on DAO 98-42 POs contract services and development activities Other assistance 2024 Forestry 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 Refresher Course 41  Coverage of CBFM The DENR Strategic Action Plan for CBFM envisions that 9 million hectares of classified forest land will be placed under community management by the year 1998. As of 2000, CBFM covered only an area of around 5.3 million hectares (DENR 2000, cited in Guiang et al. 2001) involving around 355 000 families (Tesoro 1999, cited in Pulhin 2003). 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 42  Tenure regimes under CBFM 1. Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA) - a production sharing agreement between the DENR and the participating People’s Organization (PO) which could be an association, cooperative, federation or other legal entity established by the community. It provides security of tenure and incentives for the development, utilization, management of forestlands based on the approved Community Resource Management Framework (CRMF). The agreement has a duration of 25 years renewable for another 25 years. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 43  Tenure regimes under CBFM 2. Co-Management Agreement - involves the sharing of responsibilities and benefits between the local government and individuals or collective users for the management, exploitation and conservation of natural resources. A Memorandum of Agreement stipulating the rights and responsibilities of both parties is issued by the local government to the individual participants as a form of tenure. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 44  Tenure regimes under CBFM 3. Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim/Title – Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CADC-CBFMA) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim – Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CALC-CBFMA) - both identify and recognize the claims of indigenous peoples to areas within forestlands that they have traditionally possessed, occupied and used. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 45  20 Tenure regimes under CBFM 4. Protected Areas Community-Based Resource Management Agreement (PACBRMA) - similar to CBFMA but implemented in protected areas. This program strictly prohibits cutting of trees inside the protected area to preserve biodiversity. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 46  Table 1. CBFMAs as of 2012 (FMB 2013) 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 47 Status of forestland use in Phil A & D (Ha) Forestland (Ha) Tenurial Protected Titled Untitled NCIP Others Instruments Area 13.79M 0.042M 2.84M 5.45M 5.4M 2.19M (46.39%) (0.14%) (17.88%) (34.32%) 34.01 (13.79%) Source: DENR Usec Marlo Mendoza, 2017 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 48 TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CBFM Intensifying efforts towards the democratization of forest access and benefits through the issuance of various types of tenurial instruments Increasing involvement of upland communities in the management of the local forest resources through the use of various participatory techniques and procedures 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 49 TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CBFM Incorporation of key principles of ESD such as social equity, poverty alleviation and sustainable resource use in the design and implementation of community forestry projects Increasing emphasis on decentralization and local governance in forest management through the involvement of POs, NGOs, and LGUs 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 50 TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CBFM Spreading interest and support from the different funding institutions Expanding coverage and institutionalization 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 51  Updates on Community Forestry in the Philippines Based on the latest forum on CBFM Program in the Philippines presented by: Pulhin, J.M., M.A. Ramirez, J.E. Garcia, M.Q. Pangilinan, A.T. Magpantay, M.B.S. Evaristo and S.L.C. Tasico. (2021, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis (Forum presentation). National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects in Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines.  Current situation of Community Forestry in the country Around 24 M of the country’s population live in the uplands (Espiritu et al., 2010), many of whom are dependent on forest resources for livelihoods and ecosystem services Comprehensive national assessment of CBFM is paramount after 26 years of implementation. 51% of the CBFMAs will be expiring in the next five years, making it more crucial to determine the direction of the CBFM program in the next 25 years. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 53 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 54  Fifty one percent of the CBFMAs will be expiring in the next five years, making it more crucial to determine the direction of the CBFM Program in the next 25 years No. of CBFMAs Total Area Coverage (ha) 45% Expiring Expiring 49% 51% 55% Non-Expiring Non-Expiring 1,004 out of 1,954 909,386.47 out of 1,654,786.62 Sources: DENR field offices (online validation and the submitted outputs) and DENR-FMB (as of October 2020) Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 55  Waning interest on community forestry Waning interest on community forestry in the context of competing forestry-related global and national priorities extend to dwindling external support from donor agencies over the years. Literature produced on community forestry in the Philippines continue to decline during the assessment period, which signifies a waning interest of scholars on the subject matter. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 56  Decline in interest in Community Forestry in the Philippines 14 12 Number of literature 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 MS Thesis Books Reports Journal Articles Conference Papers PhD Disserations Working Papers Total Trend of Publications Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 57  The lack of or decreasing support to CBFM-POs emerged as one of the prevailing issues that affect the CBFM Program implementation. Key specific issues include limited government assistance and lack of dedicated DENR field personnel for the program. 50% of the reviewed materials highlighted the dwindling support in CBFM Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 58  Leaders from CBFM-POs of 75 provinces interviewed attest that their quality of their life and income have improved due to their participation in CBFM activities. However, the income of many PO members is still insufficient to fully support their needs. Responses of the CBFM-PO Federation leaders and DENR field personnel regarding their income. Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, 2024S.Forestry 1, August). Assessing L. C. ( 2 0 2 Refresher Course the community-based forest management program in the Philippines 59through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. Since 1995 (thru EO 263 or CBFMP) DENR granted utilization rights for wood products but utilization was often hindered through costly and complex procedural requirements set by the DENR. Resource use permits were suspended when planted trees were ready for harvest. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 61  Promotion of sustainable livelihoods and income of CBFM- POs are undermined by the interplay of weak institutional and policy support towards social enterprise development. Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 62  From application to issuance, the processing of RUP application can take at least 1.5 years. Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 63  Over regulation and tedious bureaucratic processes as well as external costs continue to pose challenges to the potential of timber harvesting to benefit CBFM POs that can otherwise contribute to their increase in income. Source: Pulhin, Peras & Tapia (2015) 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 64  Unstable harvesting policies impede sustainable forest management and income-generating activities of the CBFM-PO. Case of NPPFRDC: Impact of national RUP suspension to profits Delayed Approval of 2,500,000 16,000 RUP 2,000,000 14,000 1,500,000 Typhoon Pablo 2nd National Nov. – Dec. 2012 12,000 1,000,000 RUP Suspension 500,000 10,000 Forest Cover (ha) Net profit (PHP) 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 8,000 -500,000 -1,000,000 6,000 3rd National 1st National -1,500,000 RUP RUP Suspension 4,000 Suspension NPPFRDC decided not -2,000,000 to apply for RUPs 2,000 -2,500,000 -3,000,000 0 NET PROFIT (PHP) FOREST COVER Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 65 Continuing expansion of CADT/CADC areas for the indigenous people under the IPRA Law overlaps with many CBFMAs that threatens land tenure security and investments of current CBFMA holders. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 66 Status of forestland use in Phil A & D (Ha) Forestland (Ha) Tenurial Protected Titled Untitled NCIP Others Instruments Area 13.79M 0.042M 2.84M 5.45M 5.4M 2.19M (46.39%) (0.14%) (17.88%) (34.32%) 34.01 (13.79%) Source: DENR Usec Marlo Mendoza, 2017 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 67  CASE OF CARAGA No. of CBFMAs Total Area Coverage (ha) With approved CADT With approved 11% 33% CADT With pending With pending 41% CADT 21% CADT application application CBFMAs not 68% CBFMAs not overlapping with overlapping Ancestral Domains 26% with Ancestral Domains 76 out of 129CBFM sites 187,890.6 out of 210,605.49 had an had an approved CADT or with pending approved CADT or with pending application application 41% Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 68  POs have devoted their time and effort to manage their CBFM sites. Even with approximately 62,000 ha of total forest loss between 1988 and 2015, the rate of change slowed down then reversed from negative to positive trend in the last five years of available data. Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, S. L. C. ( 2 0 2 1, August). Assessing the community-based forest management program in the Philippines through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 69  Despite its small average size and intended purpose (categorized by DENR as forest area for production), CBFMAs without forest cover decreased from 1,006 (52%) to 833 (43%) between 2003 and 2015. This highlights the forest protection and rehabilitation efforts of the POs in their respective CBFMA to achieve sustainable forestry. Number of CBFMAs without Forest Comparison of Size: Cover All CBFMAs vs CBFMAs without Forest Cover in the Philippines 1200 1,009.38 1100 1000 1006 660.04 670.31 800 Number 1000 Hectares 446.28 600 298.37 316.41 900 400 833 919 200 800 0 2003 2010 2015 ALL_2003 NF_2003 ALL_2010 NF_2010 ALL_2015 NF_2015 Years Coverage_Year Note: 1. CBFMA areas are under production forest which is available for timber and agro-forestry production, range lands for grazing, and other forest lands special uses. 2. Outliers were removed in computing average size of CBFMAs 2024S.Forestry Pulhin, J. M., Ramirez, M. A. M., Garcia, J. E., Pangilinan, M. Q., Magpantay, A. T., Evaristo, M. B. S. & Tasico, L. C. ( 2 0 2Refresher Course the community-based forest management program in the Philippines 1, August). Assessing 70through stocktaking and forest fragmentation analysis. [Forum presentation]. National CBFM Forum: Retrospects and Prospects on Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines. Does the Key fit the lock? 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 71 Issues & challenges Implementation Even with supportive policy in place and commitment, community forestry implementation requires changes in the orientation of forestry activities and the training of personnel. Forestry extension is a relatively new area in forestry, yet to work effectively with communities requires a retooling of forestry officers to encourage a shift in orientation from perceiving people as the problem, to perceiving community management as part of the solution (Singh 1997). How to effectively link local-level planning and district and national planning initiatives will be a challenge in the future 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 72 Issues & challenges Participation The development of community forestry was in part a response to the recognition that for effective sustainable forest management to occur, local communities had to become a partner in managing the forest. Unfortunately, participation has not been interpreted as a partnership in many instances, rather it has been interpreted as community members providing labor (participating) for externally designed interventions. The challenge is to have the policy, rules, and attitudes in place that enable communities to assume a strengthened role in management decisions. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 73  Issues & challenges Decentralization While it is often assumed that decentralization will be a positive step in the management of local resources by communities, the process is relatively recent and there are a number of factors which may have a negative, rather than positive, impact on communities. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 74  Issues & challenges Conflict Management Communities usually have ways to settle disputes - whether through formal legal measures, regulations, negotiations, mediations, written and oral agreements and violence. However, when disputes arise between the community and government agencies, powerful private enterprises, or other resource users, these traditional mechanisms may not be effective. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 75 Issues & challenges Equity (social justice) Even if the community does receive benefits from the forest resources, an additional concern is the sharing of benefits within the community. Communities are not homogeneous: there are differences in wealth, influence, dependency and crosscutting all the variables - gender. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 76 Role of NGO Proactive role in upland development through advocacy, training and technical assistance. Direct involvement in the implementation government programs such as reforestation, social forestry and community forestry. Many NGOs are now involved in technical work such as survey and mapping; resource appraisal and planning; and community organizing; reforestation; resource management; harvesting, processing and sale of forest products. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 77 New Role of the Forester Identify formal and informal leaders in the community. Work with community leaders and outside specialists in assessing physical and socio-economic conditions of watershed. Encourage group discussions among local leaders and other community members to identify their problems, and formulate possible solutions. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 78 New Role of the Forester Share relevant conservation and resilience information and techniques that may not be available in the community. Teach the community how to gain access to inputs and services and advise in the implementation of climate readiness and conservation measures. Help communities establish a process of self- development through strengthening local institutions and training of its leaders. 2023 Forestry Refresher Course, 08 September – 09 September 2023 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 79 2024 Forestry Refresher Course 80