Introduction to Forestry PDF

Lecture Notes in Introduction to Forestry Compiled by For. Rodriga G. Aguinsatan I.INTRODUCTION A. Basic Forestry Terms (Forestry, Forest & other related terms) Forest – ari...

Lecture Notes in Introduction to Forestry Compiled by For. Rodriga G. Aguinsatan I.INTRODUCTION A. Basic Forestry Terms (Forestry, Forest & other related terms) Forest – arise from the Latin words foris (outdoors) and forestis (unenclosed open ground or woods). An ecosystem essential to human existence. It is a source of food, fuel, shelter, and material, and, beyond that, it is a place within which people can travel and enjoy outdoor experiences. - a community dominated by dense extensive tree cover. - an ecosystem with a dense and extensive tree cover that varies by species composition, structure, age class, associated processes, and which commonly includes meadows,streams, fish, and wildlife (Helms 1998) - An area managed for the production of timber and other products, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of watersheds or for recreation. - Land primarily devoted to trees. - land with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ. It consists either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground or open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10 percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of more than 10% or tree height of 5 meters are included under forest (DMC 2005-05). This definition also comprises land areas recently reforested or currently understocked with trees and areas that are expected to achieve these thresholds over time. Bamboo (e.g., Bambusa spp. And others), palms (e.g., Elaeis spp.), and other types of plantations (e.g., rubberwood [Hevea brasiliensis] or cork oak [Quercus suber]) used primarily for forest production or protection purposes are also included in this definition of forests, as long as the criteria (land area, tree heights, and canopy cover) are met. - is said to be the life-giving ecosystem, hence need to be conserved and protected Forest Protection is that part of Silviculture which deals with the safeguarding, protecting, or caring of the forest resources from various injurious agencies, forces, or practices Silvicuture – the art and science of tending and caring the forest Forest clearing - the complete removal of existing natural forest vegetation and its replacement by other forms of land use. Forest degradation - a temporary or permanent reduction in the percentage of the crown cover of existing natural forest vegetation. - occurs when forest ecosystems lose their capacity to provide important goods and services to people and nature. Afforestation- Planting trees in areas where there were none before. Climate change - An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere brought by the global warming Climate - The weather in some location averaged over some long period of time Weather - the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation Deforestation- The felling of trees, usually for commercial purposes; occurs when forests are converted to non-forest uses, such as agriculture and road construction. - Deforestation causes can either be direct or indirect. Among direct causes are: Natural causes as hurricanes, fires, pests and diseases, and floods. Human activities as agricultural expansion, cattle breeding, timber extraction, mining, oil extraction, dam construction and infrastructure development. Desertification - the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert; is usually caused by climate change or by destructive use of the land Reforestation - The process of reestablishing a forest on previously cleared land  Endemic – Native or confined naturally on a particular, usually restricted, area or region; biologically a relic of once wide-distribution. Exotic species – plants introduced from a foreign; plants grown outside its natural range. Natural Resource - Protected Area Refers to identified portions of land and water set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological significance, managed to enhance biological diversity and protected against destructive human exploitation Shrub – a woody perennial plant differing from a perennial herb by its persistent and woody stems, and from a tree by its low stature and habit of branching from the base. - A woody plant that remains low and produces shoots or trunks from the base. Tree – a woody plant having a well-defined stem, more or less definitely formed crown and usually attaining a height of at least 10 feet. Vegetation - All the plant life in a particular region or period Watershed - the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet B. Forestry The total system of managing and using for human benefit the natural resources that occur on land in association with trees. - the profession embracing the science, art, and practice of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources for human benefit and in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values (Helms 1998). -the art, science, and business of managing forests to achieve a diverse set of goals that range from timber production to ecosystem services. As defined, it is the art and science of managing forests so as to yield on a continuous basis, a maximum in quality and quantity of forests products and services. In a broad sense, the handling of forest lands to satisfy human needs. It includes the logging, manufacturing, marketing, and use of wood products. Forest product - timber, pulpwood, firewood, bark, tree top, resin, gum, wood, oil, honey, beeswax, nipa, rattan, or other forest growth such as grass, shrubs, and flowering plant, the associated water, fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational, and geological resources in forest lands. In short, it to any forest resource that is harvested or utilized, except minerals. -A science that encompasses an understanding of the biology of the tree and the dynamics of the forest together with its relation to society. It requires the application of scientific principles to the management of forests. -The field of forestry can involve the management of natural resources other than trees Forests can be managed for a single or multiple purposes, to include protection of watersheds, production of timber, provision of wildlife habitat and recreation, regulation of stream flow, control of erosion, and general aesthetics. Watershed - a land area drained by a stream fixed body of water and its tributaries having common outlet for surface run-off. Forestry as a Profession Forestry has a long history as a profession. Traditionally, foresters have managed trees at a local level in what are called stands. Stands – an aggregation of trees or other growth occupying a specific area and sufficiently uniform in composition (species), age, arrangement, and condition as to be distinguishable from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas. It can be small (half a hectare) to medium-sized (several hundred hectares) in area.  Technical forestry education commenced in 1898 in the United States. But other references stated that it started earlier in Europe, particularly in Germany. In the Philippines, it started under the college of Agriculture of UPLB on April 14, 1910. C. Ecological and Economic Significance of Forests 1. Forests Protect and Conserve the Soil The presence of forests and vegetation upholds the cycling and recycling of nutrients in the soil. The roots of trees hold the particles of soil and water together, reducing the incidence of run-off and sedimentation. Forest prevents the quick evaporation of stored water beneath the ground, thus maintaining the soil’s water-holding capacity and keeping it suitable for plant growth. Landslides, debris deposition, and avalanches are the most common consequences of clear-cutting forests on steep slopes. Furthermore, frequent burning of vegetation and removal of forest covers hamper the microbial activity of the soil, seriously affecting its structure; this leads to rapid erosion. 2. Forests Protect the Watershed Areas Forests are natural reservoirs which receive water through precipitation and discharge it through evaporation and transpiration, surface run-off, and deep seepage into underground storage or infiltration. As such they are source of water for hydroelectric power generation, for commercial, industrial, and domestic purposes. Watersheds – the main supplier of water for crop irrigation – also help normalize the flow of nutrients in the soil, making it favorable for the propagation of many varieties of useful plants. When watersheds are stripped of vegetation, the result would be a decrease in water flow and consequently, drought. This would later cause serious damage to the agriculture of the downstream communities which produce the bulk of the country’s rice. There will be drying of farms and vegetable gardens, which will finally redound to shortages of rice and other crops and an increase in the prices of these and other related products. Various industries are run by hydroelectric power dams. But, when the condition of watersheds becomes critical (unable to yield enough water to run generators at full power because of forest abuse) – industries and homes suffer from intermittent brown-outs. Dried up rivers, streams, and springs which are the source of drinking and irrigation water are the results of denuding the critical watersheds. 3. Forests Prevent Floods and Continued Alteration of Local Climate The rapid and high volume of run-off brought about by strong rain currents in the mountain areas is the major source of floods. Forests can reduce the impact of continuous rain on land mountain slopes by absorbing great amounts of rainwater. The removal of forest trees and other vegetation would mean serious deterioration of the land due to excessive erosion, resulting in flash floods during the rainy season and drought during the dry season. Without the thick forests to absorb intense heat and evaporation during the dry months, the country would experience unusually long summers. 4. Forests provide habitat for wildlife Apart from aesthetic values, wild animals are likewise rich sources of food, wearing apparel (made from fur, hide, and plumage), manufactured articles, ivory, and fertilizer (guano). Forests are the homes of great number of wildlife species. One of the factors responsible for the rapid disappearance of forest animals is the indiscriminate destruction of their habitat. 5. Forests fight pollution. The leaves of plants trap dust particles and other air pollutants. The trees in the forests absorb carbon dioxide for its growth and development and releases oxygen needed by the animals. For more information please view this video on How Trees Clean the Air at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVUAgcSCP_U. 6. Forests are Sources of important medicines Assignment: Write at least 10 tree species with medicinal values by filling the table below. (Ask help from your parents, relatives & friends) Common Scientific name Family name Curable disease Parts to be used Reference name or illness Ex. Dita Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Fever Leaves, barks Note: The follow correct way of writing the scientific name must be strictly followed. If you are going to write your answer in a yellow paper, be sure to underline the scientific name (Ex. Alstonia scholaris) D. TYPES OF FORESTS  According to distribution/location TROPICAL FORESTS – forests found in the area between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. They cover about 7% of the earth’s surface. Found along the equator 1.1 Tropical Moist Forests (TMF)- cover about 1.5 billion has. in areas characterized by either year-round rainfall or short dry season of at most four months. 1.1.a. Tropical Rainforests (TRF) – account 2/3 of all TMF and found in those parts of tropics with rainfall of at least 1800 mm/year evenly distributed throughout the year. - mostly found in developing countries, which have shaky economies and are unable to implement effectively laws on land use. 1.1.b. Tropical deciduous forests – found along the fringes of rainforests. They are not as complex as rainforests and have more distinct wet and dry periods. 1.2. Tropical Dry Forests (TDF) – forests found mainly in Africa, although there are extensive tracts of these in Asia, Latin America and Australia. Importance of TDF:  Perform protective functions. They protect and cool the soil and maintain soil fertility (direct). They also sequester significant amount of carbon to reduce global warming.  They provide fuelwood, poles and non-timber forests products.  Can generate substantial revenues from non-timber forests products like gum and animal products. 2. TEMPERATE FORESTS. These cover 2.2 billion has. ¾ of which are classified as closed forests. They account for 85% of the coniferous forests in the world, and produce a bulk of industrial wood. 2.1 Boreal Forests – Found in Canada, Northern Europe and the USSR. They include large areas of almost pure stands 2.2 Mixed – consists of temperate broad-leaved and evergreen forests found near or in subtropical climates.  Classification of forests as to how it is established 1. Natural forests – established naturally; the condition of a forest environment at any point in time including its associated plant and animal communities which have been reached essentially through the process of natural disturbance regimes and natural ecological succession. 2. Plantation/Man-made forest – An artificially reforested area established by planting or direct, seeding. - Today, these forests are cultivated not only for industrial purposes but also for conservation, household energy needs and Agroforestry purposes. - Usually grows faster than natural forests and are established to produce a desired species. The species used are usually exotic.  Types of forests According to its Primary Functions/purposes 1. Production forests – the forest used for production of various commodities primarily timber. - Areas with slope 0-15% developed to supply both timber and non-timber products such as bamboo, rattan, horticultural crops, mangrove, gums, and resins. 2. Limited Production Forests - forest areas with slope greater than 50% wherein income and/or subsistence shall be provided primarily through harvesting and utilization of minor forest products such as bamboo, rattan, anahaw, pandan, medicinal plants, fruits, gums, resins, spices, and other horticultural products.  3. Protection forests – All types of forest that, under existing laws and regulations, may not be utilized for timber production and which include old growth forest, mossy forest, sub-marginal forest, forest on slopes above fifty percent (50%), forest at elevations of greater than 1,000 meters above sea level, all strips bordering river banks, mangrove areas along shorelines and other forest areas that are determined by DENR to be environmentally sensitive. -It can be small (half a hectare) to medium-sized (several hundred hectares) in area. areas regardless of slope which are highly erodible or too rocky for establishment of either production forests or limited production forest developed for the principal objectives of establishing vegetative cover to prevent erosion, conserve water, nature and wildlife. - Forests maintained on steep, unstable slopes to prevent accelerated erosion. Protected areas – areas such as national parks, wilderness, ecological reserves, and recreation areas that have protected designations. - are land and freshwater or marine areas set aside to protect the diverse natural and cultural heritage  classification of forests based on age and structure 1. Old-growth forest – A forest dominated by long-lived species that has escaped catastrophic disturbance for at least 120 years; usually has large old dying trees, large snags and down logs. - an uncut forest or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least several hundred years. - Storehouses of biodiversity because they provide ecological niches for a multitude of wildlife species. 2. Second-growth forests- stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession. They developed after the trees in an area have been removed by human activities (clearcutting for timber or conversion to cropland or by natural forces (fire, hurricanes, or volcanic eruption). Major Types of Forests in the Philippines 1. Beach forest – forests that grow in shore areas, particularly in sandy beaches and above the high tide line. The species found include Pandanus spp., Terminalia catappa, Erythrina orientales, Heritiera littoralis, and Casuarina equisetifolia. 2. Mangrove Forest – are those that are found on tidal flats at the mouths of streams and on the shores of sheltered bays. - Open or closed stands of trees and bushes occurring intertidal zones, usually around the mouths of rivers, creeks, lagoons where soils are textured and have a fluctuating salt content and soil level. 3. Molave Forest – forest found in areas which have distinct wet and dry seasons. The dominant species is molave (Vitex parviflora). Also found are Ipil (Instia bijuga), Tindalo ( Afzelia rhomboidea), Narra ( Pterocarpus indicus), Akle ( Albizia acle), and Banuyo ( Wallaceodendron celebicum). The wood of these species is highly valuable because of their inherent durability and beauty. 4. Dipterocarp Forest – forests that occupy the widest area of productive and unproductive forests in the Philippines. They can be found in moist valley bottoms up to hilly or mountain ridges, but not in areas of high altitude. Most of the species found belong to the Diptercarpaceae family. 75-80% of the Philippine forests are of this type. 5. Pine Forest – forest grow in high altitudes. In the Philippines, most of these forests are found in the Cordillera Mountain range, while some can be found in some parts of Zambales, and Mindoro. The principal species are Benguet pine and Mindoro pine. 6. Mid-mountain and Mossy forests – forests that thrive in areas of high elevation or those with rough terrain. They are not accessible to logging and are largely for protection forests. The trees growing in these forests are stunted and dwarfed because of their continuous exposure to strong winds. Species found include Makaasim (Syzigium nitidum), Malaalmaciga ( Podocarpus blumei),Malakauayan. II. FOREST and the SOCIO-BIOPHYSICAL SYSTEM  Social and biophysical subsystems mutually influence one another. Example: human behaviors, decisions, and policies influence the status of ecosystems (e.g., water quality) that, in turn, influence human beings' quality of life and future decisions. A. Relationship between human and the forest “Forest can thrive without humans but human beings cannot live without forests” The relationship between human beings and forests has been important for the development of society. It is based on various productive, ecological, social and cultural functions of forests.... Industrialisation and urbanisation have contributed to an alienation from nature and weakened the connection of humans to forests. The cultural functions, including the spiritual and symbolic role of forests, are often not addressed with the same attention as the other functions. Forest should not only be considered as a technical means to solve environmental and economic problems. To achieve a deeper understanding of the dependency of society on forests, it is necessary to recognise the role of forests in our consciousness of being human. Giving a historical overview about the cultural bonds between people and forests, the first part of the paper puts focus on non-productive aspects in human–forest relationships. Through history, forest values have changed and new functions have emerged. Industrialisation and urbanisation have contributed to an alienation from nature and weakened the connection of humans to forests. The consequences of these changes for the development of society and its environment are discussed in the second part of the paper. Finally, it is elaborated how the awareness of the cultural bonds can be strengthened in the population and especially in forest management; a management which should relate to cultural, emotional and aesthetical aspects, in addition to economic, ecological and social functions, and lead towards a sustainable relationship between forests and society. Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257559991_Human- Forest_Relationships_Ancient_Values_in_Modern_Perspectives B. Relationship between forest and hydrology What is hydrology? - Hydrology is the science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of the waters of the earth and their relationship with the environment within each phase of the hydrologic cycle (https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/what- hydrology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects). The Hydrologic/Water Cycle Most important processes in the water cycle a) Evaporation - the process by which liquid water enters the atmosphere as water vapor. Mostly from the sea and from vegetation (trees & other plants), it replenishes the humidity of the air b) Transpiration - a plant’s loss of water, mainly through the stomates of leaves; it was observed that plants “imbibe” and “perspire” significant amounts of water compared to animals. Thus an area covered with good vegetation, plays a significant role in the water cycle. c) Condensation - formation of cloud droplets and cloud ice crystals. It is associated with suspended aerosols, which are produced by natural processes as well as human activities. d) Precipitation - a process where all liquid and solid water particles fall from clouds and reach the ground. These particles include drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, ice crystals, and hail. e) Runoff - quantity of water discharged in surface streams. It includes: o the waters that travel over the land surface and through channels to reach a stream interflow, o the water that infiltrates the soil surface and travels by means of gravity toward a stream channel (always above the main groundwater level) and eventually empties into the channel. o groundwater that is discharged into a stream;  streamflow that is composed entirely of groundwater is termed base flow, or fair- weather runoff, and it occurs where a stream channel intersects the water table. Influenced of forests on the availability and quality of water Humans and other living things depend on water for life and health. Forests have long been seen as important sources of clean drinking water. o Forested catchments supply a large proportion of all water used for domestic, agricultural and industrial needs. o Trees and forests recycle moisture in the atmosphere through the process of transpiration to increase rainfall. The importance of forest and trees to rainfall and water supply include: o improvement of water cycle, o reduction of runoff, o improving the replenishment of the water table, o filtration of water pollutants, o control of floods and regulation of stormwater.  Because of these importance experts recommended the following in order to have sustainable water supply and rainfall.  natural regeneration by land protection,  aggressive afforestation,  forest conservation and  sound management as well as policy formation and implementation. Furthermore, they recommended for efforts to be made toward tree planting campaign, to ensure ready water supply for the ever increasing human population and mitigating hostile environmental condition resulting from drought and desertification. C. Relationship between forest & other components of the biophysical system Forests functions are innumerable. Aside from the goods/direct benefits we can get from the it, its plays a very vital role for the effective functioning of the other biophysical components in the ecosystem. Details of these will be discussed in the other subjects of your curriculum III. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE FORESTRY A. HISTORY OF FORESTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES A.1 Development of Forestry Education & Its Legal Bases Act No. 1989 of the Philippine Assembly (April 14, 1910) – Created the Forestry School under the College of Agriculture at UPLB. - The faculty came from the Bureau of Forestry - The first offering was a two-year course leading to a ranger certificate. - The Bachelor of Science in Forestry was offered by UP in 1914 to high school and ranger graduates. Act No. 2578 February 11, 1916 - the Forestry School became a distinct unit of the University of the Philippines Act No. 3095 s. 1923 – through this act the Forestry School became a separate academic unit and was named School of Forestry August 28, 1948 – Society of Filipino Foresters was formed. RA 352 June 4, 1949 – converted the School of Forestry into the College of Forestry and through the years a number of forestry schools all over the country have been established. RA 6239 June 1971 – the law enacted to regulate the practice of Forestry Profession in the Philippines due to the growing number of academic institutions offering forestry curriculum and the increasing awareness of the critical role foresters’ play in resources management. - The Forestry Profession Act On June 25, 1998, the College of Forestry was reorganized to become the College of Forestry and Natural Resources. RA 10690 October 23, 2015- “Forestry Professionalization Law” – amended RA 6239 A.2. Important Historical Laws Laws– are rules of conduct adopted by established authority Types 1. Fundamental Laws – the general law of the land/constitution. (The Phil. Constitution) 2. Basic Laws – laws passed by legislature (congress and senate) and approved by the same body usually during joint session. Example: RAs 3. Implementing/Enabling laws – set of rules and regulations which are derivatives of the basic laws and are used to implement the basic laws, e.g. Department orders, memo, circulars, special orders, directives , etc. Forest laws – are something laid down or settled, established and enforced by authority regarding the use of forest resources.  Policy – is a guide to action set by an authority or organization Forest Policy- It is a course of action adopted and followed by a certain entity to pursue a set of objectives regarding the use and management of forest resources. A. EARLY LAWS PRE-SPANISH PERIOD (BEFORE 1521) There have been no formal and well-defined activities during this time but rather confined to tribal and ancestral claims and domains. 1. Policies governing extraction and protection of forest resources were almost silent. 2. Tribal territories including forest lands were closely protected against aggression. SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1898) The various significant ROYAL DECREES issued by the king of Spain to the Philippine Colony are the following: 1. Royal Decree of June 1863 – A decree creating Inspeccion General de Montes, the first forestry service in the Philippines headed by Juan Gonzales Valdez – the first chief forester Functions of Inspeccion General de Montes a. Responsible for the cutting of timber for civil and naval purposes. b. Responsible for the opening of virgin forests for agriculture purposes. c. Responsible for the resolution of all cases related to land and forests. d. Started the exploration and enumeration of tree species. 2. Royal Decree of May 1866 – a decree initiating the conduct of reconnaissance survey of the public forests to determine its extent and density. 3. Royal Decree of Dec. 1867 – a decree prescribing the cutting rules and kinds of permit to be issued. 4. Royal Decree of Feb. 1874 – a decree allowing the issuance of gratuitous license but prohibiting kaingin making in the public forests. 5. Royal Decree of July 1874 – a decree declaring the cutting of timber for commercial purposes in the province of Bohol and Cebu as a crime, where deforestation was rampant. 6. Royal Decree of Nov. 1881 – a decree classifying the forests into alienable and non-alienable lands and start the survey and delineation of their boundaries. Alienable and disposable lands-are those lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not needed for forest purposes. 7. Royal Decree of Nov. 1884 – a decree to approve definite forests laws and regulation for the Philippine Forest Service. A&D EMPHASIS: Exploration, enumeration, and identification of the Philippine Flora with emphasis on tree species. AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1935) Embark on the mechanization of lumber processing and promotions of Philippine wood especially the Philippine Mahogany trademark. The American period was divided into: 1. Military Government Among the significant military orders issued concerning the administration and disposition of public forests are: a. General Order No. 50 An order changing the Inspeccion General de Montes into Forestry Bureau, with Capt. George P. Ahern as Officer In charge (April 14, 1900) b. General Order No. 92 (June 27, 1900)- An order regulating the cutting, transportation, and payment of forest charges on forest products cut and gathered from the public forests. Forest charges- levies imposed by the government on naturally-growing timber and other forest products cut/harvested by the permittee/licensee and from plantations established in compliance with Timber License Agreement. Forest Products-all usable raw materials yielded by the forest including the associated water, fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational and geologic resources. 2. Philippine Commission Among the significant forestry legislations under the Philippine Commission are: Act No. 16 – An act recognizing the Forestry Bureau in the Philippine Islands. Act No. 274 – An act prohibiting the unauthorized destruction of timber in public lands. Act No. 1148 – An act regulating the use of public forests and forest reserves in the Philippine Islands.  Forest reserves or permanent forest-are those lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present land classification declared as needed for forest purposes. Act No. 2590 – Feb. 4, 1916 – An act for the protection of game animals and fishes. Jones Law in 1916 – a law changing the name of Forestry Bureau into Bureau of Forestry and transferred to the Dept. of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Act No.2649 - An act appropriating P10,000 for the reforestation purposes particularly Talisay Estate in Cebu. Act No. 2812- March 1919 – an act prohibiting the cutting or utilization of fruit trees and bushes in the public or communal forests without a special permit from the Bureau of Forestry. Permit-a short term privilege or authority granted by the state to a person to utilize any limited forest resources or to undertake a limited activity within any forest land without any right of occupation and possession therein. Act No. 3572- Nov. 26, 1919 – An act prohibiting the cutting of Tindalo, Akle, or Molave trees, under certain conditions, and to penalize violations thereof. Act No. 3915 – Feb, 1932 – An act providing for the establishment of National parks, declaring such parks as game refuge and other purposes. Act No. 3983-Dec.3, 1932 – an act to protect wild flowers and plants in the Philippine islands and to prescribe conditions under which they be collected, kept, sold, exported and for other purposes. PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1941) Several important forestry legislations under this period are: CA No. 73-Oct. 23, 1936 – an act prohibiting the killing, hunting, wounding, or taking away of Tamaraw. This act is known as Tamaraw Act CA No. 119– An act which provides funds for reforestation and afforestation purposes. CA No. 304 – An act which provide area for development and rehabilitation of watersheds. CA No. 447 (Kaingin Act)- An act which declare that it is unlawful for any person to enter willfully upon any public forest, or to make kaingin therein without written permission from the Director of Forestry or his duly authorized representatives. CA No 141, as amended (Nov. 7, 1936) – The Public Land Act, Title and Application of the Act, Lands to which it refers, and Classification, Delimitation and Survey Thereof for Concession CA No. 452 (MAO#50, S. 1982) – Pasture Land Act, June 8, 1939 – An act penalizing or sue persons who enter to occupy any parcel of public land for pasture purpose without first securing a lease or permit from the Director of Forestry. CA No. 560 – June 7, 1940 – An act to provide security against fraud in the kind of sawn lumber offered for sale. In 1937, Florencio Tamesis was appointed as the 1st Filipino director of the Bureau of Forestry JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1941-1945) In 1942 EO No. 40 mandates all idle lands to be under the reforestation program of the government. In this era, BF was recognized as Bureau of Forestry and Fishery. (Ringyo Suisan Kyuko). EMPHASIS: This is the beginning of the massive destruction and exploitation of the Phil. Forest (170 ha/day) as a result of war. B. PHILIPPINE DEFORESTATION: CAUSES, EFFECTS & THREATS C. REFORESTATION PROGRAMS: PROBLEMS & ISSUES