FoM Anatomy Sway 3 MCQ Questions PDF

FoM anatomy MCQ questions Muscles Sway 3: Trunk and abdominal muscles: questions 1 - 36 1. **Which movement of the trunk involves bending forward?** A. Extension\ B. Flexion\ C. Lateral flexion\ D. Rotation\ E. Gliding **Answer:** B 2. **At which type of joint do gliding movements of the tru...

FoM anatomy MCQ questions Muscles Sway 3: Trunk and abdominal muscles: questions 1 - 36 1. **Which movement of the trunk involves bending forward?** A. Extension\ B. Flexion\ C. Lateral flexion\ D. Rotation\ E. Gliding **Answer:** B 2. **At which type of joint do gliding movements of the trunk occur?** A. Fibrous\ B. Synovial\ C. Primary cartilaginous\ D. Hinge\ E. Pivot **Answer:** B 3. **Which structure unites the left and right abdominal muscles along the midline?** A. Tendinous intersections\ B. Rectus sheath\ C. Linea alba\ D. Inguinal ligament\ E. Abdominal aponeurosis **Answer:** C 4. **Which muscle is located on either side of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall?** A. Transversus abdominis\ B. Internal oblique\ C. Rectus abdominis\ D. External oblique\ E. Quadratus lumborum **Answer:** C 5. **What is the arrangement of the anterolateral abdominal muscles from superficial to deep?** A. Internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominis\ B. External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis\ C. Transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique\ D. Rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal oblique\ E. External oblique, rectus abdominis, internal oblique **Answer:** B 6. **Why is it functionally adaptive for the stomach's smooth muscle to contract in three directions?** A. To facilitate food absorption\ B. To allow the stomach to contract as an entire organ\ C. To prevent acid reflux\ D. To strengthen the abdominal wall\ E. To allow for voluntary control **Answer:** B 7. **What type of joint allows compression in the trunk?** A. Synovial\ B. Fibrous\ C. Primary cartilaginous\ D. Secondary cartilaginous\ E. Ball-and-socket **Answer:** D 8. **What functional advantage does the three-layered structure of the anterolateral abdominal wall provide?** A. Allows for increased muscle relaxation\ B. Enhances flexibility and movement\ C. Provides strength and structural support\ D. Reduces pressure within the abdominal cavity\ E. Enables voluntary control of digestion **Answer:** C 9. **Which muscle of the anterior abdominal wall is most likely involved in flexion of the trunk from a supine position?** A. Transversus abdominis\ B. Rectus abdominis\ C. External oblique\ D. Internal oblique\ E. Quadratus lumborum **Answer:** B 10. **Which muscle of the anterior abdominal wall is primarily responsible for increasing pressure within the abdominal cavity?** A. Rectus abdominis\ B. Transversus abdominis\ C. External oblique\ D. Internal oblique\ E. Erector spinae **Answer:** B 11. **When you contract your abdominal muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure, which muscle layer is primarily responsible for this action?** A. Erector spinae\ B. Rectus abdominis\ C. Transversus abdominis\ D. Psoas major\ E. Diaphragm **Answer:** C 12. **How does the three-layered design of the abdominal wall contribute to core stability?** A. Provides flexibility for twisting movements\ B. Enhances the abdominal wall's ability to withstand pressure and resist injury\ C. Allows independent movement of each muscle layer\ D. Enables simultaneous contraction of all abdominal muscles\ E. Facilitates faster digestion **Answer:** B 13. **Which two muscles of the anterior abdominal wall work together to compress the abdominal cavity and support trunk flexion?** A. External oblique and transversus abdominis\ B. Rectus abdominis and external oblique\ C. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis\ D. Rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis\ E. Internal oblique and quadratus lumborum **Answer:** B 14. **How do the erector spinae muscles contribute to controlling trunk flexion?** A. By initiating flexion of the trunk\ B. By acting as stabilizers to resist excessive flexion\ C. By aiding in lateral flexion of the trunk\ D. By compressing the abdominal cavity\ E. By rotating the trunk **Answer:** B 15. **During forward flexion of the trunk, what is the primary role of the erector spinae muscles?** A. To initiate the movement\ B. To assist the abdominal muscles in flexion\ C. To eccentrically control the descent and prevent sudden flexion\ D. To contract simultaneously with the rectus abdominis\ E. To facilitate rotation **Answer:** C 16. **What type of muscle contraction do the erector spinae muscles primarily undergo to control trunk flexion?** A. Concentric contraction\ B. Isometric contraction\ C. Eccentric contraction\ D. Isotonic contraction\ E. Plyometric contraction **Answer:** C 17. **Why is the control of trunk flexion by the erector spinae muscles important?** A. It prevents hyperextension of the spine\ B. It maintains upright posture\ C. It stabilizes the spine during forward bending movements\ D. It reduces the risk of abdominal muscle strain\ E. It allows for faster flexion **Answer:** C 18. **Which muscle group acts to resist the force of gravity during controlled forward flexion of the trunk?** A. Rectus abdominis\ B. External oblique\ C. Erector spinae\ D. Quadratus lumborum\ E. Transversus abdominis **Answer:** C 19. **Which abdominal muscle has fibres that run inferomedially** A. External oblique\ B. Internal oblique\ C. Transversus abdominis\ D. Rectus abdominis\ E. Quadratus lumborum **Answer:** A 20. **The fibres of which abdominal muscle run horizontally across the abdomen?** A. External oblique\ B. Internal oblique\ C. Transversus abdominis\ D. Rectus abdominis\ E. Pyramidalis **Answer:** C 21. **How do the fibre directions of the abdominal muscles affect a surgeon's choice of incision?** A. Incisions are made perpendicular to the fibres to reduce scarring\ B. Incisions parallel to the fibres reduce muscle damage and improve healing\ C. Incisions must always be made vertically, regardless of fibre direction\ D. Fiber direction does not influence surgical incisions\ E. Incisions should cross all muscle layers diagonally for optimal access **Answer:** B 22. **Which abdominal muscle has vertically oriented fibres and is commonly encountered during midline incisions?** A. External oblique\ B. Internal oblique\ C. Transversus abdominis\ D. Rectus abdominis\ E. Pyramidalis **Answer:** D 23. **If a surgeon makes an incision that follows the direction of the internal oblique fibres, which way will the incision run?** A. Vertically\ B. Horizontally\ C. Inferomedially\ D. Superomedially\ E. Inferolaterally **Answer:** D 24. **Why is understanding the direction of muscle fibres important for surgical incisions in the abdominal wall?** A. To ensure the incision is deep enough\ B. To avoid the Linea alba\ C. To minimize damage to muscle fibres and improve healing\ D. To ensure all muscle layers are cut\ E. To avoid the need for anaesthesia **Answer:** C 25. **What is the Linea alba?** A. A muscle on the lateral abdominal wall\ B. A tendon on the posterior abdominal wall\ C. A thick band of fibrous connective tissue along the midline of the abdomen\ D. A nerve running along the abdominal cavity\ E. A blood vessel supplying the abdominal muscles **Answer:** C 26. **What is the primary function of the Linea alba in the abdominal wall?** A. To allow passage of blood vessels and nerves to the abdomen\ B. To support the internal organs by forming a strong midline attachment for abdominal muscles\ C. To enhance lateral flexion of the trunk\ D. To separate the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity\ E. To control pressure within the abdominal cavity **Answer:** B 27. **Why might a surgeon choose to make an incision along the Linea alba?** A. It has fewer blood vessels, reducing the risk of bleeding\ B. It is the thickest part of the abdominal wall\ C. It is the most flexible region for incisions\ D. It minimizes the risk of muscle damage\ E. It is closer to the spine for added stability **Answer:** A 28. **Which statement best describes the structural role of the linea alba?** A. It unites the left and right abdominal muscles, providing central stability\ B. It is a major blood supply to the abdominal muscles\ C. It serves as a protective covering for internal organs\ D. It is a muscle that assists in trunk rotation\ E. It controls abdominal pressure **Answer:** A 29. **What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscle group?** A. Flexion of the spine\ B. Extension of the spine and maintaining an erect posture\ C. Rotation of the spine\ D. Lateral flexion of the trunk\ E. Compression of the abdominal cavity **Answer:** B 30. **Where are the erector spinae muscles located in relation to the vertebral column?** A. Along the anterior side of the vertebrae\ B. On each side of the spinous processes of the vertebral column\ C. Inside the vertebral canal\ D. Anterior to the abdominal muscles\ E. Between the ribs and the diaphragm **Answer:** B 31. **Which of the following muscles is part of the erector spinae group?** A. Latissimus dorsi\ B. Spinalis\ C. Trapezius\ D. Serratus anterior\ E. Rhomboid major **Answer:** B 32. **Which erector spinae muscle is closest to the vertebral column?** A. Longissimus\ B. Iliocostalis\ C. Spinalis\ D. Quadratus lumborum\ E. Rectus abdominis **Answer:** C 33. **Which muscle within the erector spinae group spans the longest distance from the lower back to the neck?** A. Spinalis\ B. Longissimus\ C. Iliocostalis\ D. Rectus abdominis\ E. Psoas major **Answer:** B 34. **Which of the erector spinae muscles is positioned most laterally?** A. Spinalis\ B. Iliocostalis\ C. Longissimus\ D. Multifidus\ E. Rotatores **Answer:** B 35. **The longissimus muscle primarily assists in which movement of the spine?** A. Flexion\ B. Lateral flexion and extension\ C. Rotation\ D. Compression\ E. Forward bending **Answer:** B 36. **Which muscle of the erector spinae group attaches to the ribs and helps stabilize them during extension?** A. Spinalis\ B. Iliocostalis\ C. Longissimus\ D. Rectus abdominis\ E. Quadratus lumborum **Answer:** B 37. **Where is the iliocostalis muscle located relative to the other erector spinae muscles?** A. Closest to the spine\ B. Intermediate between spinalis and longissimus\ C. The most lateral of the erector spinae muscles\ D. Posterior to the spinalis\ E. Anterior to the longissimus **Answer:** C Upper limb: 38. **Which of the following movements occurs at the scapulothoracic joint?** A. Flexion and extension\ B. Abduction and adduction\ C. Elevation and depression\ D. Circumduction\ E. Pronation and supination **Answer:** C 39. **At the glenohumeral joint, which movement involves moving the arm away from the body's midline?** A. Flexion\ B. Extension\ C. Abduction\ D. Adduction\ E. Circumduction **Answer:** C 40. **Which movement at the scapulothoracic joint involves moving the scapula forward, around the ribcage?** A. Retraction\ B. Elevation\ C. Protraction\ D. Depression\ E. Circumduction **Answer:** C 41. **To test for a scapular vs. shoulder joint problem, a clinician should:** A. Immobilise the shoulder joint\ B. Hold the scapula still\ C. Examine both joints in motion\ D. Apply resistance to the forearm\ E. Rotate the scapula medially **Answer:** B 42. **Which of the following describes the range of movements possible at the glenohumeral joint?** A. Flexion/extension only\ B. Abduction/adduction and rotation only\ C. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, and circumduction\ D. Protraction/retraction only\ E. Circumduction and pronation **Answer:** C 43. **If the clinician observes difficulty with shoulder flexion, which joint might be involved?** A. Sternoclavicular joint\ B. Acromioclavicular joint\ C. Scapulothoracic joint\ D. Glenohumeral joint\ E. Elbow joint **Answer:** D 44. **Rotation of the scapula at the scapulothoracic joint primarily involves movement of which part of the scapula?** A. Glenoid fossa\ B. Coracoid process\ C. Inferior angle\ D. Acromion\ E. Medial border **Answer:** C 45. **Which movement at the glenohumeral joint involves turning the humerus inward toward the body?** A. Lateral rotation\ B. Medial rotation\ C. Circumduction\ D. Extension\ E. Abduction **Answer:** B 46. **In which plane does abduction of the shoulder primarily occur?** A. Transverse plane\ B. Sagittal plane\ C. Frontal (coronal) plane\ D. Axial plane\ E. Oblique plane **Answer:** C Anterior axio-appendicular muscle questions: 47. **Which movement at the shoulder joint is primarily produced by the deltoid muscle?** A. Adduction\ B. Abduction\ C. Medial rotation\ D. Retraction\ E. Depression **Answer:** B 48. **Which of the following muscles is involved in flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the shoulder?** A. Trapezius\ B. Deltoid\ C. Latissimus dorsi\ D. Pectoralis major\ E. Serratus anterior **Answer:** D 49. **Where does the trapezius muscle attach on the scapula?** A. Glenoid fossa\ B. Spine of the scapula and acromion process\ C. Inferior angle of the scapula\ D. Medial border of the scapula\ E. Coracoid process **Answer:** B 50. **Which of the following describes the primary functions of the trapezius muscle?** A. Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm\ B. Flexion and extension of the shoulder\ C. Elevation, retraction, and depression of the scapula\ D. Medial rotation of the upper limb\ E. Flexion and adduction of the arm **Answer:** C 51. **Which muscle originates from the lower back, attaches to the iliac crest and lower spinous processes, and inserts on the humerus?** A. Trapezius\ B. Latissimus dorsi\ C. Deltoid\ D. Pectoralis major\ E. Serratus anterior **Answer:** B 52. **What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi muscle on the upper limb?** A. Flexion\ B. Adduction, extension, and medial rotation\ C. Lateral rotation\ D. Protraction\ E. Abduction **Answer:** B 53. **Which muscle is responsible for protracting the scapula?** A. Trapezius\ B. Latissimus dorsi\ C. Serratus anterior\ D. Pectoralis major\ E. Deltoid **Answer:** C 54. **Which muscle has no direct attachment to the humerus but affects the position of the pectoral girdle and arm by moving the scapula?** A. Latissimus dorsi\ B. Deltoid\ C. Serratus anterior\ D. Pectoralis major\ E. Trapezius **Answer:** C 55. **When abducting the arm, which two muscles work together to laterally rotate the scapula?** A. Deltoid and latissimus dorsi\ B. Pectoralis major and serratus anterior\ C. Serratus anterior and trapezius\ D. Deltoid and pectoralis major\ E. Trapezius and latissimus dorsi **Answer:** C 56. **Which muscle appears to have a serrated edge and attaches proximally to the ribs and distally to the scapula?** A. Trapezius\ B. Deltoid\ C. Serratus anterior\ D. Latissimus dorsi\ E. Pectoralis major **Answer:** C 57. **What is the primary action of the serratus anterior muscle on the scapula?** A. Retraction\ B. Elevation\ C. Depression\ D. Protraction\ E. Rotation **Answer:** D 58. **Where does the serratus anterior muscle lie in relation to the scapula and the ribs?** A. Superficial to both scapula and ribs\ B. Between the scapula and the ribs\ C. Deep to the ribs only\ D. Medial to the spine and scapula\ E. Lateral to the scapula only **Answer:** B 59. **Which of the following movements depends heavily on the action of the serratus anterior muscle?** A. Shrugging the shoulders\ B. Raising the arms overhead\ C. Flexing the elbow\ D. Rotating the wrist\ E. Extending the forearm **Answer:** B 60. **Which muscle is crucial for stabilising the scapula against the ribcage during pushing movements?** A. Latissimus dorsi\ B. Pectoralis major\ C. Serratus anterior\ D. Trapezius\ E. Deltoid **Answer:** C 61. **What direction do the fibres of the serratus anterior muscle run, and how does this orientation support its function?** A. Horizontally; allows elevation of the scapula\ B. Obliquely along the rib cage; enables protraction and lateral rotation of the scapula\ C. Vertically; allows depression of the scapula\ D. Medially; facilitates retraction of the scapula\ E. Circularly; supports flexion of the arm **Answer:** B 62. **What is the primary action of the pectoralis major on the humerus?** A. Extension and lateral rotation\ B. Abduction and extension\ C. Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation\ D. Retraction and elevation\ E. Depression and abduction **Answer:** C 63. **Where does the pectoralis major muscle attach on the humerus?** A. Greater tubercle\ B. Lesser tubercle\ C. Intertubercular groove\ D. Medial epicondyle\ E. Radial groove **Answer:** C 64. **Which movement of the arm is facilitated by the pectoralis major due to its attachment and fibre direction?** A. Abduction of the shoulder\ B. Medial rotation and adduction of the humerus\ C. Lateral rotation of the humerus\ D. Extension of the shoulder\ E. Elevation of the scapula **Answer:** B 65. **In which direction do the fibres of the pectoralis major run, and how does this fibre orientation impact its function?** A. Vertically, allowing flexion\ B. Obliquely from medial to lateral, enabling flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the humerus\ C. Horizontally, facilitating abduction\ D. Laterally, allowing extension\ E. Circularly around the shoulder joint **Answer:** B 66. **Which daily activity primarily relies on the actions of the pectoralis major muscle?** A. Raising the arm overhead\ B. Reaching across the body\ C. Bending the elbow\ D. Flexing the wrist\ E. Extending the knee **Answer:** B 67. **Which part of the pectoralis major is responsible for shoulder flexion?** A. Clavicular head\ B. Sternal head\ C. Abdominal head\ D. Posterior fibres\ E. Medial fibres **Answer:** A 68. **Which action combines both heads of the pectoralis major (clavicular and sternal)?** A. Abduction of the humerus\ B. Extension of the humerus\ C. Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus\ D. Lateral rotation of the scapula\ E. Elevation of the clavicle **Answer:** C 69. **How does the orientation of the pectoralis major muscle fibres contribute to its role in adduction?** A. The fibres run horizontally, allowing lateral rotation\ B. The fibres run medially and downward, enabling the arm to pull inward toward the body\ C. The fibres are circular, providing support for abduction\ D. The fibres are vertical, limiting movement\ E. The fibres are transverse, allowing extension **Answer:** B 70. **If a patient has difficulty medially rotating their arm, which muscle might be involved?** A. Latissimus dorsi\ B. Deltoid\ C. Pectoralis major\ D. Trapezius\ E. Serratus anterior **Answer:** C 71. **Which of the following movements is *not* performed by the pectoralis major?** A. Flexion of the humerus\ B. Adduction of the humerus\ C. Lateral rotation of the humerus\ D. Medial rotation of the humerus\ E. Horizontal adduction of the humerus **Answer:** C 72. **Which part of the deltoid muscle is primarily responsible for abduction of the shoulder?** A. Anterior fibres\ B. Middle (lateral) fibres\ C. Posterior fibres\ D. Inferior fibres\ E. Superior fibres **Answer:** B 73. **The anterior fibers of the deltoid are involved in which movement at the shoulder joint?** A. Extension\ B. Adduction\ C. Flexion\ D. Lateral rotation\ E. Abduction **Answer:** C 74. **Which part of the deltoid muscle is activated during shoulder extension?** A. Anterior fibres\ B. Middle fibres\ C. Posterior fibres\ D. Lateral fibres\ E. Inferior fibres **Answer:** C 75. **Which fibres of the deltoid muscle contribute to flexion at the shoulder?** A. Middle fibres only\ B. Anterior fibres only\ C. Posterior fibres only\ D. Both anterior and middle fibres\ E. Middle and posterior fibres **Answer:** B 76. **How does the orientation of the deltoid muscle fibers contribute to its ability to perform multiple movements?** A. The fibres run in a single direction, allowing only one type of movement\ B. The muscle has three distinct sections (anterior, middle, and posterior), each oriented to facilitate different movements like abduction, flexion, and extension\ C. The muscle fibres are all vertical, aiding in stability but limiting movement\ D. The muscle is positioned around the clavicle, supporting only shoulder elevation\ E. The muscle fibres are circular, providing rotation only **Answer:** B 77. **Which movement is *not* produced by the deltoid muscle?** A. Flexion of the shoulder\ B. Abduction of the shoulder\ C. Extension of the shoulder\ D. Medial rotation of the shoulder\ E. Lateral rotation of the shoulder **Answer:** D 78. **The middle fibres of the deltoid are primarily involved in which movement?** A. Flexion\ B. Extension\ C. Abduction\ D. Adduction\ E. Rotation **Answer:** C 79. **Which of the following statements best describes the structure and function of the deltoid muscle?** A. It is a small muscle with limited movement capabilities\ B. It has three fibre sections (anterior, middle, and posterior) that allow it to perform flexion, abduction, and extension of the shoulder\ C. It only stabilizes the shoulder joint without moving it\ D. It primarily supports rotation of the shoulder\ E. It is involved in lower limb movements **Answer:** B 80. **Which fibres of the deltoid muscle contribute to shoulder extension?** A. Anterior fibres\ B. Middle fibres\ C. Posterior fibres\ D. Lateral fibres\ E. Medial fibres **Answer:** C 81. **If a patient has difficulty abducting their shoulder, which part of the deltoid muscle may be affected?** A. Anterior fibres\ B. Middle fibres\ C. Posterior fibres\ D. Inferior fibres\ E. Medial fibres **Answer:** B Posterior axio-appendicular muscle questions: 82. **Why can the trapezius muscle not directly act on the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?** A. It only attaches to the clavicle\ B. It has no direct attachment to the humerus\ C. Its fibres are oriented for arm rotation only\ D. It is positioned too far from the shoulder joint\ E. It only stabilizes the scapula **Answer:** B 83. **Where does the trapezius muscle attach on the scapula, allowing it to move the pectoral girdle?** A. Glenoid fossa\ B. Medial border\ C. Spine of the scapula and acromion process\ D. Inferior angle\ E. Lateral border **Answer:** C 84. **Which movement at the scapulothoracic joint is enabled by the trapezius muscle due to its attachment to the scapula?** A. Abduction of the shoulder\ B. Flexion of the arm\ C. Elevation, depression, and retraction of the scapula\ D. Medial rotation of the scapula\ E. Extension of the arm **Answer:** C 85. **How do the fibre directions of the trapezius muscle contribute to its function?** A. They run horizontally, allowing shoulder rotation\ B. They run in multiple directions, enabling elevation, depression, and retraction of the scapula\ C. They are vertical, providing only stabilization\ D. They allow only abduction of the scapula\ E. They are circular, enhancing shoulder rotation **Answer:** B 86. **Which part of the trapezius muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the scapula?** A. Upper fibres\ B. Middle fibres\ C. Lower fibres\ D. Medial fibres\ E. Lateral fibres **Answer:** A 87. **What is the role of the middle fibres of the trapezius muscle in scapular movement?** A. Elevation of the scapula\ B. Retraction of the scapula\ C. Depression of the scapula\ D. Lateral rotation of the scapula\ E. Abduction of the scapula **Answer:** B 88. **Which movement of the scapula is facilitated by the lower fibres of the trapezius muscle?** A. Elevation\ B. Retraction\ C. Depression\ D. Medial rotation\ E. Abduction **Answer:** C 89. **Why does the trapezius muscle primarily affect the movement of the pectoral girdle rather than the shoulder joint?** A. It has a wide attachment along the humerus\ B. It attaches only to the scapula and clavicle, enabling movement at the scapulothoracic joint\ C. It crosses the shoulder joint but is not large enough to influence it\ D. Its muscle fibres are too short\ E. It is deep to other shoulder muscles **Answer:** B 90. **Which of the following actions would *not* be primarily performed by the trapezius muscle?** A. Elevating the scapula\ B. Retracting the scapula\ C. Depressing the scapula\ D. Abducting the shoulder\ E. Stabilizing the scapula **Answer:** D 91. **When the trapezius muscle contracts to retract the scapula, which direction does the scapula move?** A. Forward around the rib cage\ B. Downward\ C. Toward the spine\ D. Away from the midline\ E. Upward **Answer:** C 92. **Which direction do the fibres of the latissimus dorsi run as they pass from the lower back to the humerus?** A. Horizontally across the back\ B. Obliquely, from the lower back to the upper arm\ C. Vertically along the spine\ D. Straight across the shoulder\ E. Diagonally from the scapula **Answer:** B 93. **Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle attach on the humerus?** A. Greater tubercle\ B. Lesser tubercle\ C. Intertubercular groove\ D. Deltoid tuberosity\ E. Lateral epicondyle **Answer:** C 94. **What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi on the humerus when it contracts?** A. Flexion, abduction, and medial rotation\ B. Extension, adduction, and medial rotation\ C. Flexion and lateral rotation\ D. Abduction and lateral rotation\ E. Pronation and supination **Answer:** B 95. **Which movement at the shoulder joint is facilitated by the latissimus dorsi due to its attachment and fibre direction?** A. Flexion of the shoulder\ B. Abduction of the shoulder\ C. Extension and adduction of the humerus\ D. Retraction of the scapula\ E. Elevation of the scapula **Answer:** C 96. **Which daily activity relies heavily on the actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?** A. Raising the arm above the head\ B. Pushing open a door\ C. Pulling something down from above\ D. Flexing the elbow\ E. Rotating the wrist **Answer:** C 97. **How does the orientation of the latissimus dorsi fibres contribute to its role in shoulder adduction?** A. The fibres run vertically, allowing lateral rotation\ B. The fibres run obliquely from lower back to humerus, facilitating downward and inward pulling of the arm\ C. The fibres are horizontal, providing support for flexion\ D. The fibres run parallel to the humerus, stabilizing it only\ E. The fibres are circular, enhancing rotation **Answer:** B 98. **If a patient has difficulty extending their arm at the shoulder, which muscle might be weakened?** A. Deltoid\ B. Latissimus dorsi\ C. Trapezius\ D. Serratus anterior\ E. Pectoralis major **Answer:** B 99. **Which of the following movements would be most affected by an injury to the latissimus dorsi?** A. Flexion of the shoulder\ B. Abduction of the shoulder\ C. Pulling the arm down and backward\ D. Elevating the scapula\ E. Extending the elbow **Answer:** C 100. **When the latissimus dorsi contracts, it can medially rotate the humerus. Why does this movement occur?** A. Due to its attachment to the greater tubercle\ B. Because its fibres wrap around and pull the humerus inward\ C. Because the muscle fibres are circular in orientation\ D. Due to its connection to the scapula\ E. Because it only influences the scapulothoracic joint **Answer:** B 101. **Which of the following movements is *not* performed by the latissimus dorsi muscle?** A. Extension of the humerus\ B. Adduction of the humerus\ C. Medial rotation of the humerus\ D. Flexion of the humerus\ E. Pulling the humerus downward **Answer:** D **Movements of the elbow joint** 102. **Which of the following movements is possible at the elbow joint?** A. Flexion and abduction\ B. Extension and adduction\ C. Flexion and extension\ D. Supination and pronation\ E. Rotation and circumduction **Answer:** C 103. **Which muscle is the primary extensor of the elbow joint?** A. Biceps brachii\ B. Brachialis\ C. Triceps brachii\ D. Supinator\ E. Brachioradialis **Answer:** C 104. **Where are the flexor muscles of the elbow joint located?** A. Anterior to the humerus in the arm\ B. Posterior to the humerus in the arm\ C. Along the lateral side of the humerus\ D. In the forearm only\ E. Anterior to the radius **Answer:** A 105. **Which muscle is responsible for both supination of the forearm and flexion at the elbow?** A. Brachialis\ B. Triceps brachii\ C. Biceps brachii\ D. Pronator teres\ E. Supinator **Answer:** C 106. **The biceps brachii and brachialis muscles are part of which compartment of the arm?** A. Posterior\ B. Anterior\ C. Medial\ D. Lateral\ E. Superior **Answer:** B 107. **Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexion at the elbow but does *not* contribute to supination?** A. Brachialis\ B. Biceps brachii\ C. Triceps brachii\ D. Supinator\ E. Brachioradialis **Answer:** A 108. **Where is the triceps brachii muscle located relative to the humerus?** A. Anterior\ B. Posterior\ C. Medial\ D. Lateral\ E. Distal **Answer:** B 109. **Which of the following actions is performed by the triceps brachii?** A. Flexion of the elbow\ B. Extension of the elbow\ C. Supination of the forearm\ D. Flexion of the shoulder\ E. Abduction of the arm **Answer:** B 110. **What action does the brachialis muscle perform?** A. Flexion at the shoulder\ B. Flexion at the elbow\ C. Extension at the elbow\ D. Supination of the forearm\ E. Pronation of the forearm **Answer:** B 111. **Which of the following describes the attachment of the major flexors of the elbow?** A. Anterior compartment, attached to the scapula\ B. Posterior compartment, attached to the radius\ C. Anterior to the humerus, crossing anterior to the elbow joint\ D. Posterior to the humerus, crossing anterior to the elbow joint\ E. Anterior to the humerus, attached to the scapula **Answer:** C 112. **What is the primary action of the biceps brachii when the elbow is flexed against resistance?** A. Extension of the elbow\ B. Flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm\ C. Pronation of the forearm\ D. Extension of the shoulder\ E. Adduction of the arm **Answer:** B 113. **Which muscle would you feel contracting on the anterior side of the arm when flexing the elbow against resistance?** A. Triceps brachii\ B. Deltoid\ C. Biceps brachii\ D. Supinator\ E. Pronator teres **Answer:** C 114. **What is the primary action of the triceps brachii when the elbow is extended against resistance?** A. Flexion of the elbow\ B. Extension of the elbow\ C. Supination of the forearm\ D. Abduction of the shoulder\ E. Medial rotation of the arm **Answer:** B 115. **When flexing the elbow against resistance, which muscle besides the biceps brachii is also contracting?** A. Triceps brachii\ B. Brachialis\ C. Deltoid\ D. Supinator\ E. Pronator teres **Answer:** B 116. **During elbow extension, where would you feel the contraction of the triceps brachii?** A. Anterior side of the forearm\ B. Posterior side of the arm\ C. Lateral side of the arm\ D. Medial side of the forearm\ E. Anterior side of the arm **Answer:** B 117. **If a clinician asks a patient to flex the elbow against resistance, which muscles are primarily being tested?** A. Triceps brachii and brachialis\ B. Biceps brachii and brachialis\ C. Brachialis and supinator\ D. Brachioradialis and triceps brachii\ E. Deltoid and brachialis **Answer:** B 118. **Which muscle is capable of producing movement at both the shoulder and elbow joints?** A. Biceps brachii\ B. Brachialis\ C. Triceps brachii\ D. Brachioradialis\ E. Supinator **Answer:** A 119. **What movement does the biceps brachii produce at the shoulder joint?** A. Extension\ B. Flexion\ C. Adduction\ D. Abduction\ E. Rotation **Answer:** B 120. **Which of the following muscles only acts on the elbow joint and not on the shoulder joint?** A. Biceps brachii\ B. Brachialis\ C. Triceps brachii\ D. Deltoid\ E. Supinator **Answer:** B 121. **Which movements do both the biceps brachii and brachialis produce at the elbow joint?** A. Flexion\ B. Extension\ C. Abduction\ D. Supination\ E. Pronation **Answer:** A 122. **How many parts (heads) does the triceps brachii muscle have, and what are their positions relative to the humerus and scapula?** A. Two heads, both on the humerus\ B. Three heads: long head (scapula), lateral head (proximal humerus), and medial head (distal humerus)\ C. One head, located along the humerus only\ D. Four heads, surrounding the shoulder joint\ E. Three heads: all attaching to the scapula **Answer:** B 123. **Which of the following actions does the triceps brachii produce at the shoulder joint?** A. Flexion\ B. Extension\ C. Abduction\ D. Rotation\ E. Pronation **Answer:** B 124. **Which part of the triceps brachii originates from the scapula?** A. Lateral head\ B. Medial head\ C. Long head\ D. Short head\ E. Middle head **Answer:** C 125. **Which muscle is involved in both elbow extension and shoulder extension?** A. Biceps brachii\ B. Brachialis\ C. Triceps brachii\ D. Deltoid\ E. Supinator **Answer:** C 126. **Which of the following best describes the function of the brachialis muscle?** A. Flexes the shoulder and the elbow\ B. Flexes the elbow only\ C. Extends the shoulder and the elbow\ D. Supinates the forearm\ E. Abducts the shoulder **Answer:** B 127. **Where are the three heads of the triceps brachii located relative to the humerus?** A. All three heads attach to the humerus only\ B. Long head on scapula, lateral head on proximal humerus, medial head on distal humerus\ C. Long head on clavicle, lateral head on scapula, medial head on humerus\ D. All three heads attach to the scapula\ E. One head on the humerus, two on the radius **Answer:** B **Muscle groups involved in movements of the wrist/hand** 128. **Where are the intrinsic muscles of the hand located?** A. In the forearm\ B. Within the hand itself\ C. At the elbow joint\ D. On the posterior surface of the wrist\ E. Along the radius and ulna **Answer:** B 129. **Which muscle group in the forearm is responsible for wrist flexion?** A. Superficial extensors in the posterior compartment\ B. Deep extensors in the posterior compartment\ C. Superficial and deep flexors in the anterior compartment\ D. Intrinsic hand muscles\ E. Extensors in the anterior compartment **Answer:** C 130. **What structure holds the tendons in place at the wrist joint?** A. Flexor retinaculum\ B. Extensor aponeurosis\ C. Carpal tunnel\ D. Bicipital aponeurosis\ E. Radial ligament **Answer:** A 131. **Which of the following movements is possible at the wrist joint?** A. Flexion, extension, supination, and pronation\ B. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction\ C. Flexion, supination, abduction, and rotation\ D. Extension, pronation, and lateral rotation\ E. Supination, pronation, and abduction **Answer:** B 132. **What does the term \"digitorum\" in a muscle name suggest about its action?** A. It primarily acts on the wrist\ B. It primarily acts on the fingers (digits)\ C. It is an intrinsic hand muscle\ D. It primarily acts on the radius and ulna\ E. It stabilizes the wrist joint **Answer:** B 133. **What does the term \"carpi\" in a muscle name indicate?** A. The muscle acts on the fingers\ B. The muscle acts on the elbow\ C. The muscle acts on the wrist\ D. The muscle is located in the hand\ E. The muscle originates from the scapula **Answer:** C 134. **Which movements occur at the radio-ulnar joints?** A. Flexion and extension\ B. Abduction and adduction\ C. Pronation and supination\ D. Circumduction and rotation\ E. Flexion and abduction **Answer:** C 135. **Why is the ability to perform pronation and supination important?** A. It allows the wrist to flex and extend\ B. It enables the rotation of the forearm, allowing the hand to turn palm up or down\ C. It stabilizes the carpal bones during movement\ D. It supports abduction of the fingers\ E. It maintains alignment of the ulna with the radius **Answer:** B 136. **Which of the following muscles is most likely to have an attachment near the wrist and an action on the fingers?** A. Flexor carpi radialis\ B. Extensor digitorum\ C. Pronator teres\ D. Brachioradialis\ E. Supinator **Answer:** B 137. **Which compartment of the forearm contains the extensor muscles for wrist and hand movements?** A. Anterior compartment\ B. Medial compartment\ C. Posterior compartment\ D. Lateral compartment\ E. Inferior compartment **Answer:** C 138. **Where do the superficial flexor muscles of the anterior forearm commonly attach proximally?** A. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus\ B. Medial epicondyle of the humerus\ C. Olecranon of the ulna\ D. Head of the radius\ E. Greater tubercle of the humerus **Answer:** B 139. **Which of the following muscles is located on the anterior aspect of the forearm and is responsible for flexion of the wrist on the ulnar side?** A. Flexor carpi radialis\ B. Flexor digitorum superficialis\ C. Flexor carpi ulnaris\ D. Extensor carpi ulnaris\ E. Brachioradialis **Answer:** C 140. **How does the name \"flexor carpi ulnaris\" help in identifying the muscle\'s function and location?** A. It indicates that the muscle extends the digits\ B. It shows that the muscle is involved in flexing the wrist on the ulnar side\ C. It suggests that the muscle flexes the thumb\ D. It indicates a role in forearm supination\ E. It specifies an action on the elbow joint **Answer:** B 141. **Which muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm primarily acts to flex the fingers (digits)?** A. Flexor carpi radialis\ B. Flexor digitorum superficialis\ C. Flexor carpi ulnaris\ D. Pronator teres\ E. Brachialis **Answer:** B 142. **What function does the flexor carpi radialis muscle serve, and what does its name indicate about its location?** A. It extends the fingers and is located laterally\ B. It flexes the wrist on the radial (lateral) side\ C. It pronates the forearm and lies medially\ D. It flexes the elbow and is located anteriorly\ E. It abducts the hand and lies posteriorly **Answer:** B 143. **Which of the following muscles is most likely to attach proximally at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and acts primarily on the wrist?** A. Flexor carpi ulnaris\ B. Biceps brachii\ C. Triceps brachii\ D. Extensor digitorum\ E. Supinator **Answer:** A 144. **How does the name \"flexor digitorum superficialis\" indicate its function?** A. It suggests that the muscle is deep and flexes the wrist\ B. It indicates that the muscle flexes the superficial muscles of the arm\ C. It shows that the muscle is superficial and flexes the digits (fingers)\ D. It implies extension of the digits\ E. It suggests flexion of the thumb only **Answer:** C 145. **Which of the following muscles would you expect to primarily flex the wrist on the radial (lateral) side?** A. Flexor carpi ulnaris\ B. Flexor digitorum superficialis\ C. Flexor carpi radialis\ D. Pronator teres\ E. Extensor carpi ulnaris **Answer:** C 146. **If a muscle name includes \"carpi,\" what is the most likely site of its action?** A. The fingers\ B. The wrist\ C. The elbow\ D. The shoulder\ E. The thumb **Answer:** B 147. **What is the primary action of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle?** A. Flexion of the wrist only\ B. Extension of the wrist\ C. Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of the fingers\ D. Abduction of the wrist\ E. Supination of the forearm **Answer:** C 148. **Where do the superficial extensor muscles of the posterior forearm commonly attach proximally?** A. Medial epicondyle of the humerus\ B. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus\ C. Olecranon of the ulna\ D. Greater tubercle of the humerus\ E. Head of the radius **Answer:** B 149. **Which muscle is responsible for extending the wrist on the ulnar side?** A. Extensor digitorum\ B. Extensor carpi ulnaris\ C. Extensor carpi radialis longus\ D. Flexor carpi ulnaris\ E. Brachioradialis **Answer:** B 150. **What function does the extensor digitorum muscle primarily serve?** A. Flexion of the wrist\ B. Extension of the fingers\ C. Pronation of the forearm\ D. Flexion of the elbow\ E. Supination of the forearm **Answer:** B 151. **Which two muscles are primarily responsible for extension of the wrist on the radial side?** A. Extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum\ B. Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis\ C. Flexor carpi radialis and flexor digitorum superficialis\ D. Extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus\ E. Brachioradialis and supinator **Answer:** B 152. **In terms of wrist movements, what role does the extensor carpi ulnaris play as an antagonist?** A. It acts as an antagonist to wrist abduction by adducting the wrist\ B. It acts as an antagonist to wrist flexion by abducting the wrist\ C. It acts as an antagonist to wrist extension by adducting the wrist\ D. It opposes forearm pronation\ E. It opposes finger extension **Answer:** A 153. **Which muscle acts as an agonist for wrist extension while the flexor carpi radialis acts as an antagonist?** A. Extensor carpi ulnaris\ B. Flexor carpi ulnaris\ C. Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)\ D. Extensor digitorum\ E. Supinator **Answer:** C 154. **During the activity of raising a glass to the mouth, which movement occurs at the elbow?** A. Extension\ B. Flexion\ C. Pronation\ D. Abduction\ E. Supination **Answer:** B 155. **What movements are primarily occurring at the wrist when lifting a glass to the mouth?** A. Extension and abduction\ B. Flexion and adduction\ C. Flexion only\ D. Supination and extension\ E. Pronation and adduction **Answer:** C 156. **Which muscles are responsible for stabilizing the wrist to prevent excessive movement and spilling liquid when raising a glass?** A. Flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi ulnaris\ B. Extensor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris\ C. Extensor digitorum and extensor carpi ulnaris\ D. Pronator teres and supinator\ E. Brachioradialis and supinator **Answer:** B 157. **When raising a glass to the mouth, how is control maintained to prevent spilling?** A. Only wrist extensors are activated to stabilize the hand\ B. Agonist and antagonist muscles of the wrist work together to stabilize the wrist and hand\ C. Elbow extensors are contracted to maintain stability\ D. Only the flexor muscles of the fingers are activated\ E. The hand is completely immobilized **Answer:** B Lower limb Muscles involved in movements of the hip joint 158. **What type of joint is the hip joint?** A. Hinge joint\ B. Saddle joint\ C. Pivot joint\ D. Ball and socket joint\ E. Condyloid joint **Answer:** D 159. **Which of the following movements can occur at the hip joint?** A. Flexion and extension only\ B. Abduction and adduction only\ C. Medial and lateral rotation only\ D. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation\ E. Circumduction only **Answer:** D 160. **Where does the gluteus maximus muscle attach distally?** A. Greater trochanter of the femur\ B. Lesser trochanter of the femur\ C. Iliotibial tract and the back of the femur\ D. Medial epicondyle of the femur\ E. Tibial tuberosity **Answer:** C 161. **What are the primary actions of the gluteus maximus muscle at the hip joint?** A. Flexion and medial rotation\ B. Extension and lateral rotation\ C. Abduction and adduction\ D. Circumduction and flexion\ E. Flexion and lateral rotation **Answer:** B 162. **Where do the iliacus and psoas major muscles (collectively called iliopsoas) attach distally?** A. Greater trochanter of the femur\ B. Lesser trochanter of the femur\ C. Medial epicondyle of the femur\ D. Iliotibial tract\ E. Anterior surface of the ilium **Answer:** B 163. **Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for flexion at the hip joint?** A. Gluteus maximus\ B. Iliopsoas\ C. Adductor magnus\ D. Biceps femoris\ E. Rectus femoris **Answer:** B 164. **Where does the iliacus muscle originate?** A. Anterior surface of the ilium\ B. Posterior surface of the ilium\ C. Lumbar vertebrae\ D. Iliotibial tract\ E. Sacrum **Answer:** A 165. **Which part of the iliopsoas muscle originates from the lumbar vertebrae?** A. Iliacus\ B. Psoas major\ C. Gluteus maximus\ D. Rectus femoris\ E. Tensor fasciae latae **Answer:** B 166. **The gluteus maximus primarily contributes to which of the following movements at the hip joint?** A. Flexion\ B. Extension\ C. Abduction\ D. Adduction\ E. Medial rotation **Answer:** B 167. **What movement does the iliopsoas muscle produce at the hip joint?** A. Extension\ B. Lateral rotation\ C. Flexion\ D. Adduction\ E. Circumduction **Answer:** C 168. **Considering the origin of the gluteus maximus on the posterior ilium and its insertion on the femur and iliotibial tract, which movement does it NOT primarily perform?** A. Hip extension\ B. Lateral rotation of the hip\ C. Hip flexion\ D. Stabilization of the pelvis during upright posture\ E. Lateral stabilization of the thigh **Answer:** C 169. **The gluteus maximus is most active in which action, considering its large, diagonally oriented fibres on the posterior thigh?** A. Flexing the thigh at the hip joint\ B. Extending and laterally rotating the hip joint\ C. Flexing the knee\ D. Adducting the thigh\ E. Medially rotating the thigh **Answer:** B 170. **Which of the following muscles is part of the quadriceps femoris group and attaches proximally to the ilium, allowing it to produce hip flexion?** A. Vastus lateralis\ B. Vastus medialis\ C. Vastus intermedius\ D. Rectus femoris\ E. Sartorius **Answer:** D 171. **What is the primary action of the quadriceps femoris group at the knee joint?** A. Flexion of the knee\ B. Extension of the knee\ C. Abduction of the hip\ D. Adduction of the thigh\ E. Lateral rotation of the hip **Answer:** B 172. **Where do the hamstring muscles originate?** A. Pubis\ B. Ilium\ C. Ischial tuberosity\ D. Greater trochanter of the femur\ E. Anterior surface of the femur **Answer:** C 173. **Which of the following is a primary action of the hamstring muscles?** A. Extension of the knee joint\ B. Flexion of the knee joint and extension of the hip joint\ C. Adduction of the thigh\ D. Abduction of the hip\ E. Flexion of the hip joint **Answer:** B 174. **The adductor muscle group is located in which compartment of the thigh?** A. Anterior compartment\ B. Posterior compartment\ C. Lateral compartment\ D. Medial compartment\ E. Superior compartment **Answer:** D 175. **Which muscle group has its origin on the pubis and primarily functions to adduct the femur at the hip joint?** A. Quadriceps femoris\ B. Hamstrings\ C. Adductors\ D. Gluteal muscles\ E. Iliopsoas **Answer:** C 176. **Which compartment of the thigh contains muscles that are primarily responsible for flexion at the knee joint?** A. Anterior compartment\ B. Posterior compartment\ C. Medial compartment\ D. Lateral compartment\ E. Superior compartment **Answer:** B 177. **Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the quadriceps femoris group?** A. Vastus lateralis\ B. Vastus medialis\ C. Biceps femoris\ D. Vastus intermedius\ E. Rectus femoris **Answer:** C 178. **Which muscle compartment of the thigh is primarily responsible for extending the knee joint?** A. Anterior compartment\ B. Posterior compartment\ C. Medial compartment\ D. Lateral compartment\ E. Superior compartment **Answer:** A 179. **The hamstring muscles attach distally to which bones?** A. Tibia or fibula\ B. Femur or ilium\ C. Pubis or femur\ D. Patella or tibia\ E. Ilium or sacrum **Answer:** A 180. **Which four muscles make up the quadriceps femoris group?** A. Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris\ B. Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris\ C. Rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis\ D. Vastus lateralis, adductor longus, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris\ E. Rectus femoris, sartorius, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius **Answer:** A 181. **What is the primary action of the quadriceps femoris group at the knee joint?** A. Flexion\ B. Extension\ C. Adduction\ D. Medial rotation\ E. Lateral rotation **Answer:** B 182. **Which muscle in the quadriceps femoris group can produce both hip flexion and knee extension?** A. Vastus lateralis\ B. Vastus medialis\ C. Vastus intermedius\ D. Rectus femoris\ E. Sartorius **Answer:** D 183. **What distinguishes the action of the rectus femoris from the other quadriceps muscles?** A. It is the only one that performs knee extension\ B. It is the only one that flexes the hip and extends the knee\ C. It extends the hip and flexes the knee\ D. It abducts the hip and flexes the knee\ E. It is the only one that extends the knee without crossing the hip joint **Answer:** B 184. **Where do the vastus muscles (lateralis, medialis, intermedius) attach proximally?** A. Ilium\ B. Femur\ C. Ischium\ D. Pubis\ E. Patella **Answer:** B 185. **Which action is produced by all four muscles of the quadriceps femoris group at the knee joint?** A. Flexion of the knee\ B. Extension of the knee\ C. Abduction of the thigh\ D. Flexion of the hip\ E. Medial rotation of the hip **Answer:** B 186. **Where does the rectus femoris muscle originate, allowing it to act on the hip joint?** A. Anterior surface of the femur\ B. Anterior inferior iliac spine of the ilium\ C. Greater trochanter of the femur\ D. Ischial tuberosity\ E. Medial condyle of the femur **Answer:** B 187. **The hamstring muscles originate from which bony structure?** A. Anterior superior iliac spine\ B. Greater trochanter of the femur\ C. Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis\ D. Pubic symphysis\ E. Medial condyle of the femur **Answer:** C 188. **What is the primary action of the hamstrings at the hip joint?** A. Flexion of the hip\ B. Extension of the hip\ C. Abduction of the hip\ D. Medial rotation of the hip\ E. Circumduction of the hip **Answer:** B 189. **What is the primary action of the hamstring muscles at the knee joint?** A. Extension of the knee\ B. Flexion of the knee\ C. Abduction of the thigh\ D. Adduction of the hip\ E. Medial rotation of the knee **Answer:** B 190. **Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the hamstring group?** A. Biceps femoris\ B. Semitendinosus\ C. Semimembranosus\ D. Rectus femoris\ E. Long head of biceps femoris **Answer:** D 191. **Which muscle in the hamstring group attaches to the fibula?** A. Semitendinosus\ B. Semimembranosus\ C. Biceps femoris\ D. Rectus femoris\ E. Sartorius **Answer:** C 192. **Which hamstring muscle is positioned most laterally in the posterior thigh?** A. Semitendinosus\ B. Semimembranosus\ C. Biceps femoris\ D. Gracilis\ E. Adductor magnus **Answer:** C 193. **Which muscle of the hamstring group attaches on the medial side of the knee joint and contributes to medial rotation of the leg?** A. Biceps femoris\ B. Semitendinosus\ C. Semimembranosus\ D. Sartorius\ E. Gracilis **Answer:** C **Movement at the ankle joint** 194. **Which muscle is located in the anterior compartment of the leg and primarily responsible for dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot?** A. Gastrocnemius\ B. Soleus\ C. Tibialis anterior\ D. Peroneus longus\ E. Flexor hallucis longus **Answer:** C 195. **Which of the following actions is produced by the tibialis anterior muscle?** A. Plantarflexion and eversion\ B. Dorsiflexion and inversion\ C. Plantarflexion and inversion\ D. Flexion and extension\ E. Dorsiflexion and eversion **Answer:** B 196. **What is the distal attachment of the tibialis anterior muscle?** A. Calcaneus\ B. Talus\ C. Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal\ D. Cuboid\ E. Navicular **Answer:** C 197. **The gastrocnemius muscle originates from which of the following bony landmarks?** A. Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia\ B. Medial and lateral condyles of the femur\ C. Soleal line of the tibia\ D. Distal fibula\ E. Lateral malleolus **Answer:** B 198. **Which two muscles combine to form the calcaneal tendon?** A. Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus\ B. Gastrocnemius and soleus\ C. Tibialis posterior and soleus\ D. Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis\ E. Flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior **Answer:** B 199. **What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius muscle at the ankle joint?** A. Dorsiflexion\ B. Inversion\ C. Plantarflexion\ D. Eversion\ E. Flexion **Answer:** C 200. **In addition to plantarflexion at the ankle, the gastrocnemius also contributes to which movement at the knee joint?** A. Extension\ B. Flexion\ C. Abduction\ D. Adduction\ E. Medial rotation **Answer:** B 201. **Where does the soleus muscle originate?** A. Medial and lateral femoral condyles\ B. Lateral condyle of the tibia\ C. Soleal line of the tibia and proximal fibula\ D. Anterior surface of the tibia\ E. Calcaneus **Answer:** C 202. **Which movement is primarily performed by the soleus muscle?** A. Dorsiflexion at the ankle\ B. Plantarflexion at the ankle\ C. Inversion of the foot\ D. Flexion of the knee\ E. Extension of the knee **Answer:** B 203. **Which type of joint is the ankle joint, and what movements does it allow?** A. Ball and socket joint; abduction and adduction\ B. Hinge joint; dorsiflexion and plantarflexion\ C. Pivot joint; rotation only\ D. Saddle joint; inversion and eversion\ E. Condyloid joint; flexion and extension **Answer:** B 204. **Which bone does the tibialis anterior muscle primarily originate from?** A. Fibula\ B. Calcaneus\ C. Tibia\ D. Femur\ E. Talus **Answer:** C 205. **In which direction do the fibres of the tibialis anterior muscle run?** A. From the lateral surface of the tibia to the medial side of the foot\ B. From the medial surface of the tibia to the lateral side of the foot\ C. Horizontally across the anterior leg\ D. From the posterior surface of the tibia to the plantar surface of the foot\ E. From the posterior tibia to the posterior calcaneus **Answer:** A 206. **Across which joints does the tibialis anterior muscle pass?** A. Knee and ankle joints\ B. Ankle and subtalar joints\ C. Ankle and tarsometatarsal joints\ D. Knee and hip joints\ E. Hip and ankle joints **Answer:** B 207. **What primary movements are produced by contraction of the tibialis anterior muscle?** A. Plantarflexion and eversion\ B. Dorsiflexion and inversion\ C. Dorsiflexion and eversion\ D. Plantarflexion and inversion\ E. Flexion and extension **Answer:** B 208. **The tibialis anterior muscle primarily acts on which joint to produce dorsiflexion?** A. Subtalar joint\ B. Knee joint\ C. Hip joint\ D. Ankle joint\ E. Tarsometatarsal joint **Answer:** D 209. **What is the distal attachment of the tibialis anterior muscle?** A. Lateral malleolus and fifth metatarsal\ B. Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal\ C. Calcaneus and talus\ D. Navicular and cuboid\ E. Tibial tuberosity **Answer:** B 210. **Which action would be weakened if the tibialis anterior muscle were injured?** A. Plantarflexion of the foot\ B. Inversion and dorsiflexion of the foot\ C. Eversion of the foot\ D. Flexion of the toes\ E. Extension of the knee **Answer:** B 211. **When the tibialis anterior contracts, which movement occurs at the subtalar joint?** A. Dorsiflexion\ B. Inversion\ C. Eversion\ D. Plantarflexion\ E. Circumduction **Answer:** B 212. **Which of the following best describes the action of the tibialis anterior on the ankle and foot?** A. Plantarflexion at the ankle and eversion at the subtalar joint\ B. Dorsiflexion at the ankle and inversion at the subtalar joint\ C. Dorsiflexion and eversion of the toes\ D. Plantarflexion and inversion of the foot\ E. Flexion of the toes and dorsiflexion of the ankle **Answer:** B 213. **Why is the tibialis anterior important for gait (walking)?** A. It prevents foot drop by dorsiflexing the ankle during the swing phase\ B. It allows for powerful plantarflexion when pushing off\ C. It stabilizes the hip during stance\ D. It provides eversion during stance\ E. It stabilizes the knee during swing **Answer:** A 214. **The gastrocnemius muscle has two heads. Where do these heads originate?** A. Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia\ B. Medial and lateral condyles of the femur\ C. Greater and lesser trochanters of the femur\ D. Head and shaft of the fibula\ E. Anterior and posterior surfaces of the tibia **Answer:** B 215. **Where does the soleus muscle originate?** A. Medial and lateral condyles of the femur\ B. Anterior surface of the tibia\ C. Soleal line of the tibia and proximal fibula\ D. Head of the femur\ E. Lateral surface of the fibula **Answer:** C 216. **The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles combine to form which tendon?** A. Patellar tendon\ B. Tibialis anterior tendon\ C. Achille\'s tendon (calcaneal tendon)\ D. Fibular tendon\ E. Peroneal tendon **Answer:** C 217. **What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles at the ankle joint?** A. Dorsiflexion\ B. Plantarflexion\ C. Eversion\ D. Inversion\ E. Flexion **Answer:** B 218. **Which additional joint does the gastrocnemius muscle cross, allowing it to contribute to movement there?** A. Subtalar joint\ B. Knee joint\ C. Hip joint\ D. Tarsometatarsal joint\ E. Interphalangeal joint **Answer:** B 219. **Which muscle is primarily responsible for plantarflexion at the ankle but does NOT cross the knee joint?** A. Gastrocnemius\ B. Soleus\ C. Tibialis posterior\ D. Flexor hallucis longus\ E. Fibularis longus **Answer:** B 220. **What movement does the contraction of the gastrocnemius produce at the knee joint?** A. Extension\ B. Flexion\ C. Medial rotation\ D. Lateral rotation\ E. Abduction **Answer:** B 221. **Which two muscles make up the calf and are essential for powerful plantarflexion, such as in jumping or pushing off while walking?** A. Tibialis anterior and soleus\ B. Gastrocnemius and soleus\ C. Biceps femoris and semitendinosus\ D. Rectus femoris and vastus medialis\ E. Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis **Answer:** B 222. **How is the Achille\'s tendon clinically relevant?** A. It stabilizes the hip joint during walking\ B. It is a common site of injury in athletes, affecting plantarflexion of the foot\ C. It stabilizes the medial side of the ankle\ D. It provides support for toe flexion\ E. It controls eversion of the foot **Answer:** B 223. **When both the gastrocnemius and soleus contract, what is the resulting movement at the ankle joint?** A. Dorsiflexion\ B. Plantarflexion\ C. Eversion\ D. Inversion\ E. Flexion **Answer:** B 224. **In terms of fibre direction, how do the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles contribute to their function in plantarflexion?** A. They run horizontally, supporting inversion\ B. They run vertically from the femur and tibia/fibula to the calcaneus, facilitating downward force during plantarflexion\ C. They run diagonally, supporting knee flexion only\ D. They run anteriorly to support dorsiflexion\ E. They cross laterally, aiding eversion **Answer:** B 225. **Which activity would primarily engage both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles?** A. Lifting the toes up toward the shin\ B. Pushing off the ground while walking or running\ C. Rotating the ankle inward\ D. Stabilizing the knee during extension\ E. Flexing the toes **Answer:** B