Fmst 210 Week 4 Prenatal Development PDF

Week 4: Prenatal Development, Birth and the New Born Family Context of Human Development FMST 210 (102)...

Week 4: Prenatal Development, Birth and the New Born Family Context of Human Development FMST 210 (102) Dr. Rafael Wainer These PowerPoint slides are the exclusive copyright of Professor Wainer and may only be used by students enrolled in FMST 210 at the University of British Columbia. Unauthorized or commercial use of these lectures, including uploading to sites off of the University of British Columbia servers, is expressly prohibited. Logistics 1. Group activity #2 is up on Canvas 2. Try to work as a group and write an adequate report (to get full points) 3. Start watching the 2 documentaries for the Movie Review (read the prep. document on Canvas) 4. There will be a practice exam for the MT (W7 Wedn) What do you know about prenatal development? What do you know about your prenatal development?  Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn 1 - From Conception to Birth 2 - Influences on Prenatal Development What happens to a fertilized egg during the first two weeks after 3 - Happy Birthday! conception? 4 - The Newborn When do body structures and internal organs emerge during prenatal development? When do body systems begin to function well enough to support life?  Part 1: From Conception to Birth Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1-2) Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3-8) Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9-38) Side Note #1: “The Binary” Gender binary = organizational tool 1. flattens the diversity and complexity of biology 2. biological sex is not binary (intersex) 3. anatomy is not binary (greater diversity) For Intersex bodies, check: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_5l2fwWGco&feature=yo utu.be Side Note #2: Childhood: Socio-historical construct 1. What are the assumptions that we make about children/childhood that differentiate it from adulthood? 2. How is today’s childhood different from Atomic Bomb exercises during 1950s (or, now with the fear of more atomic explosions in the Russia invasion of Ukraine or climate apocalypse)? 3. What is so sacred about healthy bodies, gender and sexuality – that we assume that issues about bodily autonomy are beyond children’s comprehension?  Side Note #3: Miscarriages and Stillbirths 1. Worldwide: 3M babies are stillborn every year 2. 2x more stillbirths as deaths due HIV/AIDS (but more invisible) 3. Taboos around miscarriages & stillbirths 4. Some stillbirth could be prevented with better access to maternity care 5. Group activity: Changes in bereavement care for parents (and others): memorializing the unborn Side Note #4: Reproductive Rights Include a series of rights to bodily autonomy and decision- making (think about all these debates about restrictive policies now in the U.S. and Canada as well): 1. Comprehensive sexual education (to decide) 2. Contraception options (incl. emergency contraception pill) 3. Voluntary and Medical Abortion 4. Decreasing maternal mortality and morbidity  Side Note #5: Disability Rights Seek for equal rights and opportunities for all people 1. Challenge “common-sense ableism” and systemic ableism (incl. in the e-textbook, be mindful) 2. Recognition rights: a. Recognize different people & different groups of people as moral equals within a society b. Recognize the value of our different members & the equal moral value of each unique person  Fertilization (Reminder: not all fertilizations will lead to birth)  1. Period of the Zygote 1. Begins when egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube 2. Rapid cell division 3. 0-4 days: zygote è blastocyst: a hollow ball of ~100 cells 4. ~2 weeks: zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus 5. Placenta is formed: provide nutrients and remove waste  1. Period of the Zygote [[CATCH: Figure 3.1 – Development across the period of the zygote, from p.74 in the textbook]]  2. Period of the Embryo 1. 3 - 8 weeks after conception 2. Body structures and internal organs formed 3. 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 4. Embryo rests in the amniotic sac filled with amniotic fluid 5. Umbilical cord: food and oxygen  Prenatal Structures [[CATCH: Figure 3.3 – The embryonic/fetal environment within the uterus, and the position of villi in the uterine wall, from p. 76 in the textbook]]  More side notes 1. Side Note #1: Most often pregnancy is divided in three stages: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters. (Although full pregnancy is counted as 10M, from the moment of last menstruation) 2. Side Note #2: Most voluntary and medical interruption of pregnancy are done in the 1st and 2nd trimester, often b/ weeks 7 and 13/14 (usually after 1st US) 3. Side Note #3: Most abortions are done chemically: oral mifepristone (Mifeprex) and oral misoprostol (Cytotec), less so surgically Fetus ~9 weeks  !"#$%&'()#(*#+,%#-%+./ 1. From 9 weeks after conception to birth 2. Developing of the body systems 3. All regions of the brain grow, particularly the cerebral cortex 4. Genital organs begin to develop in the third month  3. Period of the Fetus 1. The skin is covered with a thick, greasy substance called vernix (protects the fetus) 2. ~6M: fetuses show variations in heart rate in response to physiological stress, and comforting sounds, and touch 3. Age of viability: by 22 - 28 weeks fetus has a “chance to survive” (technological and medical dependent)* *This has evolved, now smaller babies are treated at PICUs, but there is a threshold of how small / how many weeks to be “viable” (the smaller/less weeks the higher the chances of long term health risks or not making it) !"#$%&'%(')*"'+"),-  -%+01#2%,03'(.& Fetal movements begin at about 4 months a. (Historically) “Vivification” è ~3M when fetus shows signs of “being alive”… b. In North America, before early 20th Century, stopping a pregnancy before that period was not a moral issue … 1. The fetus hears mother’s heart beat, sounds and voices (and music and other stimuli) 2. Newborns show recognition of sensory experiences repeated throughout pregnancy 3. Similar learning occurs rapidly after birth (continuation of same environment outside womb)  Part 2: Influences on Prenatal Development 1. General Risk Factors How is prenatal development influenced by a pregnant woman’s 2. Teratogens: Diseases, nutrition, the stress she experiences while pregnant, and her age? Drugs, and What is a teratogen, and what specific Environmental Hazards diseases, drugs, and environmental 3. How Teratogens hazards can be teratogens? How exactly do teratogens affect Influence Prenatal prenatal development, and what Development effects do they have on the continuing development of the child? 4. Prenatal Diagnosis and How can prenatal development be Treatment monitored? Can abnormal prenatal development be corrected? Any disruption of the sequencing could affect the normal prenatal development Zygote Fetus Embryo  General Risk Factors 1. Nutrition: adequate amount of food, protein, vitamins, and minerals (e.g., folic acid) 2. Prolonged stress: a. Decreases oxygen to fetus, weakens mother’s immune system b. Unhealthy coping behaviours c. Babies may be smaller, have difficulty paying attention, regulating behaviour, or other long-term consequences 3. Women’s (egg donor and surrogate) age: 1. Peak fertility period v. late fertility period 2. Teenage mothers (not necessary a risk factor but depends on social support) 3. Late 30s, early 40s, mid-40s 4. Men’s (father’s sperm) age: 1. 52% (Mean sperm concentration from 100M sperm/milliliter to 47M sperm/milliliter) or 59% (Mean total sperm count from 338M sperm/milliliter to 138M sperm/milliliter) decline from 1970s (https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/23/6/646/4035689) 2. If you remember the video about fertilization it says 300M (outdated data!)  Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards 1. Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development 2. => placenta (attack the fetus); others => birth 3. Drugs 4. Endocrine-disruptive chemicals (plastics) 1. Alcohol during pregnancy => Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) 2. Differences in advice (UK Vs. Canada)* 3. Problems associated with FASD * Varies by countries (some are not fully pro- abstinence)  !"#$%&'"()*+,-)"$)").+,#/').+$(0+ 1(2-#&(3"(%$4+5$6$#0) 1. Environmental hazards in food, water, soil, and air 2. Pregnant people should avoid or reduce exposure to: a. insecticides b. chemicals in food c. chemicals in household cleaners d. cigarette smoke and other carcinogens e. other endocrine disruptors How worried would you be about avoiding hazards if you ever become pregnant? How confident would you feel in avoiding those risks? Banning BPA: Exception or rule?  How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development 1. Impact depends on a. genotype, b. epigenetics, and c. other factors 2. Harm particular vulnerable body systems 3. At different points in prenatal development Each teratogen harms specific and different aspects of development 1. Dose and timing in the sequencing 2. Damage is not always evident at birth 3. Programming of the zygote-embryo-fetus body  Effects of Teratogens [[CATCH: Figure 3.6 – Consequences of exposure to teratogens at different stages of prenatal development, from p. 94 in the textbook]]  Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment 1. Diagnosis 2. Treatment  Part 3: Happy Birthday! If everything goes fine: baby What are the stages in labour and is born delivery? What are “natural” ways of coping Labour and Delivery with the pain of childbirth? Is childbirth at home safe? Approaches to Childbirth What are the effects of postpartum depression? Adjusting to Parenthood What are some complications that can Birth Complications occur during birth?  Labour and Delivery Stage 1: Starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm) Stage 2a: Baby is pushed through the birth canal Stage 2b: Baby is delivered via C-section Stage 3: Placenta is expelled Three Stages of Labour [[CATCH: Figure 3.9 – The three stages of labour, from p.100 in the textbook]]  Approaches to Childbirth 1. Childbirth classes 2. Pregnant people who attend classes often use less medication during labour and feel more positive about labour and birth (*take this with a grain of salt) 3. Socio-cultural variation on: a. childbirth b. preparation and c. centrality of medical professionals and hospitals 4. Difference in vaginal vs. c-section birth % worldwide, national, and even by province or regions.  Approaches to Childbirth 1. Doula 2. Midwife 3. UBC Midwifery Program (best in Canada) 4. Home delivery  Adjusting to Parenthood Old routines à new routines I. 50% new mothers: feel some irritation, resentment, and experience crying II. 10-15%: severe postpartum depression (PPD) Effects of postpartum depression (PPD): 1. disrupts mothers’ ability to provide warm and responsive care for their infants (it can affect fathers too!) 2. can be a serious condition  Birth Complications 1. Hypoxia 2. Fetus in distress à Caesarean section 3. C-Section 4. C-Sections save lives! It should not be seen as a failure from ‘natural birth’  Part 4: The Newborn Assessing the Newborn How do we determine if a baby is healthy and adjusting to life outside the The Newborn’s Reflexes uterus? How do reflexes help newborns to Newborn States interact with the world? What behavioural states are observable Perception and Learning in in newborns? the Newborn How well do newborns experience the world? Can they learn from experience?  The Newborn’s Reflexes 1. Prepare them to interact with the world 2. Important to survival 3. Protect the newborn 4. Foundations for later motor behaviour https://parenting.firstcry.ae/articles/n ewborn-baby-reflexes/  Newborn States Four primary states: 1. alert inactivity, 2. waking activity, 3. crying, 4. sleeping Babies cry for different reasons and in different ways; scientists and parents can recognize at least 3 types: 1. basic cry, 2. mad cry, 3. pain cry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95ovIJ3dsNk  Human Breast Milk: Superfood Food + medicine + immune system Contains lactose, fat and more than 200 complex sugars called oligosaccharides. Human infants can digest none of these! Bifidobacterium longum infantis eats all these sugars. Nursing mother feeds the microbe which then feeds the baby! Beginning of our immune system! (Note: breastfeeding and/or formula feeding are all normal choices!)