Flora of KSA (BIOB 433) PDF

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ طﯿﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻢ اﻷﺣﯿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮرا اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Flora of KSA‬‬ ‫‪BIOB 433‬‬ ‫‪Flora of Saudi Arabia‬‬  Objectives 1. What is the main purpos...

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ طﯿﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻢ اﻷﺣﯿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮرا اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Flora of KSA‬‬ ‫‪BIOB 433‬‬ ‫‪Flora of Saudi Arabia‬‬  Objectives 1. What is the main purpose for this course? By the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. Define the basic concepts of plants taxonomy for Saudi Arabia Flora. 2. List representatives of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia flora. 3. List the major vegetation compositions of the Kingdom. 4. Detect plants of the local flora by using taxonomic keys. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Objectives 2. Briefly describe any plans for developing and improving the course that are being implemented. 1. Using internet programs for analysis of ecological data and discussing the results. 2. Working as a group to tackle the ecological variations. 3. Analyzing some of the local ecological data for some cities and using them as indicators at a large scale to represent some of the habitats in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Flora of Saudi Arabia  C. Course Description This course introduces lab and field identification of plants of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Students use taxonomic keys and make useful collections of plants from various habitats. Field trips during scheduled class time are an essential part of this course and are, therefore, required. Flora of Saudi Arabia Theoretical topics to be covered Flora of Saudi Arabia Schedule of Assessment Tasks for Students During the Semester Flora of Saudi Arabia  Introduction Flora is a term used by botanical scientists to describe the plant life of a particular region or time. The science of flora studies the taxonomy and distribution of plant species within specific geographical areas, including natural and manmade habitats, climate, altitudes and soil preferences. Fauna is the corresponding term for animal life Flora and fauna and other forms of life such as fungi and other microorganisms are collectively referred to biota. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Introduction Depending on the scope and the area covered, floras are categorized into: Local flora: covers a limited geographic area ex. flora of Al Madina. Regional flora: it includes a larger geographical area ex. Flora of Saudi Arabia Continental flora: it covers the entire continent ex. Flora of Europe. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Introduction Saudi Arabia contains 92 (4.25%) trees, 565 (24.73%) shrubs and about 1620 (71.02%) herbs 4% 25% Trees 71% Shrubs Herbs Flora of Saudi Arabia  Growth Habits of flora of Saudi Arabia Herbs: herb is a short plant with green, delicate stem without the woody tissues. Generally, they have few branches or are branchless. These can be easily uprooted from the soil. Shrubs: Shrubs are much taller than herbs which might be of our height. Shrub is a medium-sized plant with bushy, hard stems with branches. Although stems are hard, they are flexible but not fragile. Trees: Trees are big and tall plants. They have very thick and hard stems called the trunk. This single main stem, trunk gives rise to many branches that bear leaves and fruits. Some trees are branchless like coconut tree; they have only one main stem which bears leaves, flowers, and fruits all by itself.  History of Botanical Studies in Saudi Arabia Dinawari (895 A.D.) in his book "Kitab Al Nabat", had given a comprehensive knowledge of the agriculture and medicinal practices of the Bedouins. Idrisi (11153 A.D.), A.Al-Fida (1331 A.D.) have also written about Arabian plants. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Muslim travelers and plant collectors visited the country over a period of 500 years or so and studied the vegetation of Arabian Peninsula, with special emphasis on the study of medicinal plants. Flora of Saudi Arabia  History of flora Serious interest in the flora of Arabia by Forsskal (1736- 1763). During his stay in the southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, he had collected a significant number of plants both from Yemen and Jizan Region. Some of these plants were described as new in the posthumous publication "Flora Aegyptiaca-Arabica" by Niebuhr (1775). 1825, Ehrenberg visited some of the Red Sea Islands, mainly to study microorganisms. Flora of Saudi Arabia In 1833, J.R. Wellsted traveled along the southern coast of Arabia and collected some plants. E. Combes and M.O. Tamisier, towards the middle of the 19th century, accompanied an Egyptian expedition team to the mountains of Asir. Musil-1909 and Philby-1917. E. Blatter (1919-1936) compiled most of the major and minor collections of the previous visitors and published a detailed checklist of the wild plants of Arabia (Flora Arabica). Flora of Saudi Arabia  DeMarco & Dinelli, (1974), as part of the work of Italy consult Company for the survey of Agriculture Mandeville (Saudi Aramco during 1960's) were also remarkable. These collections were deposited in the British Herbaria. Migahid, A. El-Sheikh, U. Bairele, P. Kong, H.M. Hassan, H.A. Abulfatih, etc. most of these collections are deposited in the Herbarium (KSU) of Botany & Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh. As a result of these collections, the first edition of the Flora of Saudi Arabia by Migahid and Hammouda appeared in 1974 and the subsequent second and third editions by Migahid in 1978 and 1988-1990 Flora of Saudi Arabia S. Collenette (1972-1999) as she had contributed quite a lot to the present knowledge of our flora. Most of her collections are deposited in the Royal Botanic Gardens (E), Edinburgh and RBG, Kew (K), a set of which is also deposited at the National Herbarium (RIY) of the Ministry of Agriculture. S.Chaudhary and Jacob Thomas (Herbarium-RIY, Ministry of Agriculture), Ahmed Alfarhan and Jacob Thomas (Herbarium- KSU, King Saud University), T.Al- Turki (Herbarium -MUZ, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology). Flora is a taxonomic literature used in identifying plants. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Importance of studying wild life Man depend completely on wild plants before know cultivated species. Wild plants are the main source of organic matter on the earth. Wild plants are necessary for biological balance for all ecosystems. They are the main source of gene bank for all species. Flora of Saudi Arabia Good mark and indicator for ecological changes and climate. Used to compare between different regions having the same conditions. Good survey for different species of fodder, medicinal and industrial plants. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Descriptive flora The flora descriptive arrangement taxonomically of plant species in an area through the use of so-called key (Key) with a detailed description of these species, and arranged according to the method or the other of the systems division traded (such as by Engler and Bessay) and gives the plant its scientific name and mention the author and source and geographical distribution. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Herbarium Collection and preservation of plants Often represent Flora of any area of ​the so-called Almashabah, and these lawns in many botanical gardens, combining some of the plants representing each type and dried, then pressed and proved a cardboard recorded. Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia  Herbarium A collection of dried plant specimens mounted on sheets of paper. The plants are usually collected, identified, pressed, and then carefully mounted to archival paper in such a way that all major morphological characteristics are clear. The mounted plants are labeled with their scientific names, the name of the collector and locality. Herbarium sheet Importance of herbarium  Preparation of Plant Specimens for Deposit as Herbarium Vouchers It involves all herbarium techniques such as: 1. Collection, 2. pressing, 3. drying and poisoning, 4. mounting and stitching, 5. labelling, filling and deposition. Collection Pressing Drying and Poisoning Mounting and Stitching Labelling Filling and Storing  Botanical garden An educational institution for scientific workers and general public, dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names. The important roles of Botanical gardens  Plant Nomenclature The usage of the "Scientific Names Previously there were no scientific names for the plants. All languages have common or vernacular names for almost all the important plants of the countries concerned, but the vernacular names of a given plant naturally differ in various languages. This had been a problem for the botanists and for the laymen in general in the absence of a common basis for communication. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Scientific name starts as polynomial and descriptive. For example: the name of a species belong to the genus Caryophyllum that grows in rocks with grass- like leaves and umbellate corymbs was Caryophyllum, sextalis, folies, gramineus, umbellatus, corymbis. Their system also did not work because the names became very long and could not be used with ease. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Scientific names are Latin names used all over the world for scientific use. The name used by the local area known as vernacular name and different from place to another. Use scientific name is important due to variability of the common names of the same plants from area to another Flora of Saudi Arabia  Binomial nomenclature In 1753, Linnaeus devised a new system, the "Binomial Nomenclature", which became universally accepted by botanists up to the present day. The result was the creation of about 830,000 names recorded by Index Kewensis for the period 1753- 1965, where as the actual number of species referred to by these names was only about one third of this figure. Flora of Saudi Arabia This revealed the need for the formulation of an internationally accepted rules and regulations in order to stabilize the plant names. Thus an International Botanical Congress establish a 'Code' for botanical nomenclature (International code of botanical nomenclature ICBN ).. Flora of Saudi Arabia  According to the Code of nomenclature, every plant is given a scientific name which has two Latin parts, i.e., 1. The generic name or genus name starting with a capital letter. 2. The specific name or species' name starting with a small letter. Flora of Saudi Arabia Thus the scientific name of the common date palm tree is Phoenix dactylifera. The specific name dactylifera cannot be given to any other species belonging to the genus Phoenix but can be given to any other species belonging to another genus of the same family or another family. When a species is divided into two or more subspecies these will receive a third, subspecies, name as for example: Ipomoea sinensis ssp. blepharosepala Flora of Saudi Arabia  Author citation (Name of the author that named and identified the plant) should be added at the end of scientific name. Authority is represented by the first letter or abbreviated letter of the person who named and identified the plant, for example: Vicia faba L. the letter L. refer to the famous Carlous Linnaeus. The name of the author is not part from plant name and always written in normal letters and not underline letters. Flora of Saudi Arabia  Taxonomic units The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature gives broad outline for the use of the Code including typification, author citation, effective and valid publication etc. The first part or the Code deals with the ranks of taxa in plant classification. Every individual plant is treated as belonging to a number of categories with species as the basic unit. Flora of Saudi Arabia The Code also has certain directives to arrange these categories in their descending order and stipulates that the name of every taxonomic group should end in a specific manner as follow: Division- phyta Spermatophyta Class- ae Angiospermae Subclass- neae Dicotyledoneae Superorder- idea Rosidae Order- ales Fabales Family- aceae Fabaceae Subfamily- oideae Papilionoideae Tribe- eae Vicieae Subtribe- ineae Vicineae Flora of Saudi Arabia Topography of Saudi Arabia FLORA Flora of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (Lat. 32° 34′N–16° 83′N, Long. 34° 36′E–56′E); a vast arid desert with an area of about 2250,000 km2 covering the major part of the Arabian Peninsula. Flora of Saudi Arabia The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil). The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen. Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia  Topography The vast landscape is composed of a variety of habitats such as: Mountains Valleys (Wadis) Sandy and rocky deserts. Meadows (Raudhahs) Salt pans (Sabkhahs) Lava areas (Harrats) Flora of Saudi Arabia  Topography In a geographical sense, Saudi Arabia can be divided into two distinct zones; 1- The rain fed highlands of the western and southwestern regions (Sarawat Mountains). 2- The vast arid and extra arid lands of the interior (Najd). Flora of Saudi Arabia  Topography The Central Region; Najd East of the Hejaz and Asir lies the great plateau area of Najd. This region is mainly rocky plateau interspersed by small, sandy deserts and isolated mountain clumps. The altitude of the plains in the Central Region is about 500-800 m and the relative height of the mountains and escarpments (Jabal Shammar, Jabal Tuwayq) varies from 300-600 m Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia  Topography The Eastern Region is broadly divided into: 1) Summan plateau, an open plain adjacent to the Dahna sands. 2) The Northern plains which is bordering with Kuwait. 3) The coastal lowlands. 4) The Rub' al-Khali, the largest, continuous sand body in the world. Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia  The mountains of southwestern region form a continuous chain of escarpments, extending from Taif to Yemen border. The peaks reach elevations of over 2000 m in the area of Taif and extreme south and over 3000 m in the Abha area. Flora of Saudi Arabia  On the western side of the highlands, the mountains fall in a series of dramatic escarpments and finally merge with the Tihama coastal plain while the eastern sides slop more or less gradually towards the interior parts of the country. The mountains on the western side, especially the Asir Mountains are characterized by cool climate, high precipitation and high humidity. Mountains on the northwestern sides are generally discontinuous, less rugged and much drier. The east facing slopes decent gradually and end in a high plateau. Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia The mountains of Jizan Region, especially the Fayfa Mountains reach a height of about 2000m. Flora of Saudi Arabia Tihama lies between the Red Sea and the Escarpments. Flora of Saudi Arabia Approximately 30% of the land of Saudi Arabia is covered by three major sand bodies: 1- The Great Nafud, situated in the northern part of the country, is a 60,000 km2 wide area with red stained sands. Flora of Saudi Arabia 2- The Rub al-Khali or the Empty Quarter, with its extreme climate, occupies in 500,000 sq km area and is located in the southern and southeastern part of the country. Flora of Saudi Arabia 3- Central Najd Area is a geographical central region of Saudi Arabia that alone accounts for almost a third of the population of the country. Flora of Saudi Arabia Flora of Saudi Arabia  Borders of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil). The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen.  THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is a quadrilateral land mass, occupying a major part of the Arabian Peninsula. It covers an area of about 2,250,000 sq. km. The vast landscape is composed of a variety of Geographical habitats within Saudi Arabia: Mountains, Valleys (Wadis), sandy and rocky deserts, meadows (Raudhahs), salt pans (Sabkhahs) and lava areas (Harrats), etc.  Different geographic regions in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia as part of desert biome is characterized with hot desert.  Desert biome features Deserts are caused by extremely low rainfall over an area. Evaporation exceeds rainfall. Evaporation and temperature are both high. The soil is usually either sand or coarse, and rocky. Occur in 2 distinct belts between 15-35° North and south latitude Soils are course-textured, shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage and have no subsurface water. Vegetation consists mainly of shrubs and small trees of which the leaves have evolved to retain water.  Flora of desert biome Drought evaders Drought resistors Plants survive dry periods Plants develop deep roots as seeds, but germinate, to become independent of grow and reproduce after rainfall rainfall. (woody/shrubs/succulent)  Major sand bodies The Great The Rub al- The previous Nafud, in the Khali or the deserts are northern part of Empty Quarter, connected by the country with its extreme an arch- with red climate, in the shaped sand- stained sands. southern and body called southeastern Dahna. It is part of the narrow strip country. of desert Climatic Regimes of Saudi Arabia Mediterranean Semiarid Arid  Plant Habitats Forest Habitat covers a large area where many trees, plants and animals live. Different types of forest are 1) Deciduous Forest: These are forest in cool rainy areas. 2) Coniferous forest: This habitat is found in Europe, Canada. The Northern coniferous forests are called Taiga. 3) Rain Forest: Tropical rain forest occurs in regions that are near to equator. The climate is very warm with plenty of rainfall.  Plant Habitats Desert Habitat Characterized by dry conditions and a wide temperature range. Has a less than 254 mm of annual rainfall. Types of Deserts Hot and dry Dessert: Near the Tropic of Cancer or Capricorn. Cold Deserts: These are near the Arctic part of world. Water Habitat: Made up of fresh water (Ponds or Rivers) or salt water (Seas or Oceans).  Plant Habitats Grassland Habitat They are big open spaces of grass. About one quarter of land on earth is in grassland. The two different types of grasslands are : Temperate grasslands: They are farther from the equator and have both cold winters and hot summers Tropical grasslands: These are closest to the equator and all hot all the year  Plant Habitats Tundra Habitat These are located at high altitudes on mountains around the world. Two major charecterstics of tundra Arctic tundra: The Arctic tundra is frozen for much of the year. Alpine tundra: The Alpine Tundra are found away from the pole regions. Plant Habitats  Plant groups due to habitats Mesophytes: Terrestrial plants, that grow under moderate climatic regions Xerophytes: Desert plants that has adapted to survive in an environment with little water Halophytes: Plants that grow in waters of high salinity Psammophytes: Plants that thrive in shifting sands. Hydrophytes: Plants that grow only in or on water. Neutrophiles: Plants that thrive in neutral PH environment. Heliophytes: Plants that adapted to a habitat with a very intensive solar exposure.  Plant life forms Plants can be classified according to the place where the growth point (Bud) is located during the less favorable seasons, to maintain the capability to survive these difficult conditions. 1. Phanerophytes 7. Therophytes 2. Chamaephytes 8. Parasites 3. Hemicryptophytes 9. Epiphytes 10. Succulents 4. Geophytes 5. Helophytes 6. Hydrophytes  Plant life forms Phanerophytes The plants whose stem, bearing the buds which are to form new shoots (renewal (Visible) buds), projects- freely into the air. Chamaephytes The plants which have surviving buds situated close to the ground (about 30 (Dwarf) cms.). Hemicryptophytes The plants whose shoot apices survive the unfavourable season situated in the (Half-hidden) soil surface.  Plant life forms (Cont.) The land plants whose surviving buds or Cryptophytes shoot apices are borne on subterranean shoots at a distance from the surface of (Geophytes) the ground. The plants exclusively growing in soil Helophytes saturated with water or in water itself but then with leaves and flowers emerging (Marsh) from the water. The plants surviving the unfavourable season by means of buds which lie at the Hydrophytes bottom of the water. The vegetative shoots are sunk in the water, and only the flowers rise above the water surface.  Plant life forms (Cont.) The plants which climing to another Epiphytes plants for support, but are not attached to the soil. The plants which live on or in the host Parasites which provides them with nutrients. (= Stem succulents): The plants which Succulents have succulent stems without proper foliage leaves. The plants which complete their life- Therophytes cycle within a single favorable season.