Fish Food PDF

ADD- ON COURSE ON FISH REARING AND CARE Topic: FISH FOOD DR. RAVINDRA PAWARA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SATHAYE COLLEGE, VILE PARLE  Fishes are cold-blooded vertebrate aquatic animals. They Prefer to feed various types of food due to their different food and feeding habits. Among them...

ADD- ON COURSE ON FISH REARING AND CARE Topic: FISH FOOD DR. RAVINDRA PAWARA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SATHAYE COLLEGE, VILE PARLE  Fishes are cold-blooded vertebrate aquatic animals. They Prefer to feed various types of food due to their different food and feeding habits. Among them, Some feed on plant based food and Some like to eat animals – based food while many fish Species take both Plants and animals based food and they are known as omnivorous. In this case, live fish food play an important role in aqua culture. Some fishes only prefer food as phytoplankton and Zooplankton and called plankton feeders. The most important zooplankton are various types of protozoans crustaceans, rotifers, microscopic invertebrates, insect larvae, fish eggs, etc. Fish also feed on comparatively larger animals such as different oligochaetes, mollusks, Small-Sized fishes, tadpole and frogs.  Many plant materials are also consumed by fishes including different types of algae(both unicellular and filamentous), Some feed on portions of higher aquatic plants. Such as Azola, water hyacinth, Hydrilla, Spirogyra, etc. Besides these, Some fish Species also take a very Small amount of Sand and mud with their other foods. Types of feed are divided into two types, namely natural feed and artificial feed. All natural food consists of phyto plankton and zooplankton. Natural feed has a high fiber content which is generally good for the digestion. Natural feed has an important role in the fish farming chain, especially in hatcheries, while artificial feed is made from a mixture of natural ingredients and artificial ingredients that contain nutrients which are then processed and shaped. Artificial food has an important factor is fish culture, especially in the nursery and rearing process. Food Types Fish food can be divided into two main types: 1. Natural food and 2. Supplementary food or artificial food. Natural Fish food Different types of food are produced Naturally in ponds or reservoirs. These are called Natural foods. They are very small and their movements depend on the direction of the water current that helps goes towards them. They are know as plankton. plankton can be seen in all types of reservoirs, except for high flowing rivers. Plankton is one of the Small flora and fauna whose movement capacity is So limited that they cannot cross the Stream. Therefore, in the most aquatic environments, movements of a large number of plankton species are controlled by wave and water currents. Most Plankton (phytoplankton and Zooplankton can control vertical expansion through a slight movement. Some animal plankton or zooplankton can be more active and move more distances than their microbial bodies. However, their Size is so small that their movement is greatly controlled through the water current Natural food benefits and deficiency Natural food has the advantage that it is easier to digest, the price is relatively cheaper. it has more complete and high nutrition and the level of pollution in culture water is lower. However, natural feed also has drawbacks, namely it takes a longer time to prepare it according to needs, besides that natural feed is more at risk of disease transmission go that it can interfere with the culture process carried out. Artificial food benefits and deficiency. In artificial food, the nutritional content can be adjusted to the needs, easily obtained or found and can reduce the risk of disease transmission because the food is confirmed to have passed the fest at the production site. just like natural food, artificial food also has drawbacks such as relatively higher costs compared to natural food and lower water quality because it is more difficult to decompose.  CHOOSE FOOD FOR AQUARIUM FISH Fish flakes. This is the most popular type of fish food. Fish pellets. Ideal for mid-water feeders and fish feeding at the bottom of the aquarium. Tablets for fish. Fish sticks.  Fish wafers. Fish chips. Freeze-dried fish food. Natural foods. Why require the feed? 1. To enhance the growth 2. To improve or enhancing the immunity 3. For maintenance 4. To fulfill the nutritional requirement 5. To produce energy,  Healthy food. The label should also contain a Guaranteed Analysis. Fish food container labels showing the nutritional content of the food. Herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous fish. Store your fish food in a cool place to maintain its vitamin value and ensure your fish get the maximum nutritional value from the feedings. It's also best to buy small amounts, a month's supply at a time, to prevent the food from losing its nutritional value before being used up feeding your fish. Overfeeding Easy homemade food recipes for the fish.  Food: is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It may be of either plant origin or animal origin. It contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Feed:- feed is defined as the mixture or compound of various ingredients which accomplish the nutritional requirement of any organism. a. Moist feed: - These feed contains the level of moisture is 35 - 75 %. b. Semi moist feed:- This type of feed contains 12-35 % moisture level. c. Dry feed:- The moisture level in these type of feed 4-12 % but not zero.  Most fish require 16 to 24 hours to fully digest the food they eat, so a once-a-day feeding is quite sufficient. However, some fish keepers to feed their fish very lightly twice a day. Whether you feed one or two times per day, the key is to keep the feedings very small.  Healthy adult fish can go for a week without feeding. However, young fish don't have the fat stores of adult fish and they cannot go without eating very long. That doesn't mean you should routinely skip feedings, but your fish can safely be left without food over a long holiday weekend. It is very important that your fish get healthy food and remain healthy. Easy homemade food recipes for the fish. You can make them with easily available ingredients and in simple steps. The best part is you can give these to all breeds of fish without any second thoughts. Here we have shared recipes for herbivorous, omnivorous as well as carnivorous fish. So, if you know what type of food your fish love to eat, it will be easy to prepare the best recipe for them.  Fish need all basic categories of nutrients to lead long, healthy lives. Unfortunately, many fish keepers don't read or understand the fish food container labels showing the nutritional content of the food and may not be providing food that contains the appropriate nutrition. It is important to know what the information on the label means and if the food includes what your fish needs to stay healthy. Live foods are an even bigger unknown, as living flies, crickets and worms do not come with nutritional information. Live foods themselves must be fed a good diet if they are to be a complete source of nutrition for carnivorous fish. However, feeding your fish the right live foods will improve their health and are great for stimulating breeding activity. Ingredients The label on fish food containers will list the ingredients that are used to make the food. They are listed in order of highest concentration in the food first. Look for food that has the first few ingredients listed as fish, shrimp, or other seafood for carnivorous fishes, and algae or vegetables for herbivores. There should be minimal amounts of grains used in aquarium fish food. The label should also contain a Guaranteed Analysis, which the lists the percentages of protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, vitamins and minerals in the food. A good quality food contains a high percentage of digestible protein, plus essential amino acids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. The price of food mainly depends on its ingredients. It is cheaper to produce food with fishmeal as the main protein, and a high content of cereals and a low content of fish oils, than it is to produce high quality food using fresh fish or other whole seafood (such as shrimp, squid, clams, krill) as main ingredients. But the price of a high quality food does not necessarily mean that feeding fish is more expensive, as the amount of food to be used may be less as it is more digestible Fat Fish diets should be low in fat. Even meat-eating fish (carnivores) require a limit of no more than 8-10 percent fat in their diet. Plant eaters (herbivores) need no more than 3-5 percent fat. Excessive fat will damage the liver​ and can result in disease and early death.  How Much and How Often Should You Feed Your Fish? Keep your fish healthy by not overfeeding them Overfeeding is the most common mistake new fish owners make. When you give fish too much food, the remnants can clog your filter and break down into toxins that are harmful to fish. Hence the warnings on fish food packages not to overfeed the fish.  Understand How Fish Eat In nature, fish eat whenever they are hungry and food is available. If food sources are plentiful, they will eat several times a day. On the other hand, if food sources are scarce, they might go for days between meals. For this reason, fish are very opportunistic and will eat whenever they have a chance. That means that if you offer them food, they will usually gobble it up, even if they aren't starving. Keep that in mind the next time your fish "beg" for food. Fish quickly learn who brings the food to the tank and will jump at the chance to be fed, even if they are not in dire need of food.  Determining the Right Amount of Food A good rule of thumb is to give your fish no more food than they will consume in less than five minutes. When in doubt, underfeed. You can always give them another small feeding if necessary. Also, keep in mind that the type of food is just as important as the amount. You want to ensure your fish are getting the proper nutrition they need to stay healthy. Also, if you have a community of fish, you'll need to consider every species' dietary needs and find food to balance that out. What can I use for fish food? Cooked vegetables (peas, cauliflower, pumpkin, carrots, etc.), boiled or steamed, are great food alternatives to fish food flakes once in a while for your omnivorous and herbivorous aquarium fish. You can even feed some fish (goldfish and koi in particular) cooked rice or oatmeal. Garlic powder- 1 tbsp or Peeled Garlic Clove- 1 Peas- 500 g Fresh Carrots- 300 g Fresh Spinach- 300 g Fresh Cucumber- 2 How to make: Cut carrots, spinach, and zucchini or cucumber into small pieces. Remove the pea pods from the shell. Boil 500 ml of water and add all the vegetables to the boiling water. Add garlic powder or the garlic clove. Let the ingredients simmer and soften in water for about 30-40 minutes. You can add more water is required.  Once the vegetables soften, strain the water and blend the boiled vegetables. Make a fine pulp in the blender and pour it into ice cube trays. Once the pulp freezes completely, the homemade fish food is ready. This recipe does not require any flavoring or oil. Store the freeze vegetable pulp inside the freezer in a container and use it whenever required. It is a perfect delight for your herbivorous and omnivorous fish.  Recipe 2- No Cook Fish Food Ingredients Required: Peas- 100 g Spinach- 100 g Cucumber- 100 g Shrimp- 100 g Gelatin- 300 g How to Make: Chop spinach, cucumber, and shrimp into small pieces. Remove the pea pods from the shell and add them to the chopped vegetables. Grind all the vegetables together and make a fine paste.  Add a small amount of water to make a smooth but thick paste. In a separate bowl, make the gelatin mix as written on the instructions. Add the vegetable paste to the gelatin and give it a good mix. Pour this mixture in ice cube trays and let them freeze. You can use these freeze cubes whenever required. The best thing about this recipe is you don’t have to cook it. Just grind the raw vegetables and mix the pulp with gelatin. It is the best feed for the breeds that love veggies or plant-based food.  Recipe 3- Vegetable and Oats Recipe Ingredients required: Spinach- 100 g Cucumber- 100 g Peas- 100 g Oats- 100 g Gelatin- 200 g How to make: Blanch the chopped vegetables by dipping them for a minute in boiling water and then immediately plunge them in ice-cold water. Blend the blanched vegetables in a blender and make a fine paste.  Add oats and blend it again. In a separate bowl, make the gelatin mixture. Now mix the vegetable paste with the gelatin and freeze in ice cube trays. You can use these cubes whenever required and feed the fish to make them healthy and happy. Oats is a fiber-rich ingredient and helps fish to remain active. Oatmeal suits almost every fish and provides them with some extra nutrients. So this is a healthy fish recipe that you may try.  Recipe 4- Standard food for all fish Ingredients required: Garlic powder- 1 tbsp or Peeled Garlic Cloves- 2 Spinach- 100 g Broccoli florets- 100 g Cauliflower- 100 g Carrots- 100 g Pea- 100 g Gelatin mix- 200 g Water- 1 cup Seafood (if available)- 100 g Fish vitamins – 1 drop How to make: Chop all the vegetables finely and bring them to boil in 1 cup of water. Once properly boiled, allow them to cool. Blend all the vegetables to make a fine paste. Add seafood and garlic powder or cloves and blend again. Make gelatin mixture in a separate bowl as per the instructions written on the packet. Now mix vegetable paste, seafood and garlic powder paste with gelatin. Add a drop of fish vitamin and give it a good mix. Transfer the mixture in ice cube trays and freeze them. You can use these ice cubes to feed the fish anytime. It is a standard fish feed that is loaded with almost every nutrient and minerals that fish require to remain healthy.  Recipe 5- Protein Rich Recipe Ingredients required: Salmon- 200 g Raw shrimp- 1000 g Peas- 200 g Spinach- 400 g Carrot- 200 g Garlic Cloves- 2 Gelatin- 500 g How to make: Chop all the vegetables finely and mix them with salmon and raw shrimp. Now blend the entire content and make a smooth paste.  Make gelatin mixture in a separate bowl and add the paste into it. Put a pan over the flame and cook the entire mixture for about 30 to 40 minutes in low flame. Once the food cooks completely, allow it to cool for some time. Transfer the cooled mixture in ice cube trays and let them freeze. This is a high protein diet that is perfect for the fish. This recipe has all protein-rich ingredients which make the feed high in protein. You can store these ice cubes in the freezer for a long time and give them to your fish whenever required. How to store homemade fish food? Once you prepare these homemade fish food, you have to freeze them. They can be stored in a frozen state for a long time. It is advised to transfer them in an airtight container and use it as per the requirement. If you follow all the cooking instructions and store the homemade food  Introduction ❖ Aquaculture feeds fall basically into two types - Dry and Non-dry Dry feeds- Dry feeds are generally made up of dry ingredients or from mixtures of dry and moist ingredients. Dry feeds are not completely free from moisture Moisture content usually about 7-13% depending on the environment. Dry feed are compacted into a definite shape generally by mechanical means called pellets. Depending on the formulation and compacting technique these diets are floating and non-floating or sinking in water  Dry feeds may be simple mixtures of dry ingredients, in which case they are called 'mashes' or meals'. Pellets can be made in a range of sizes Depending on the processing technique used, pellets may float or sink when placed in water. The non-floating type are often broken up and then sieved into a range of smaller sizes, called crumbles or granules, for small fish or shrimp. Non-dry feeds- are divided into two major categories - Wet and moist. Wet feeds- as those which are made entirely or almost entirely from high moisture ingredients, such as 'trash' fish, waste slaughterhouse products, undried forage, etc. Moisture contents of about 45-70% Moist feeds- are made from mixtures of Wet, or moist and dry raw materials, or from dry ingredients to which moisture has been added Usually moist feeds range from 18-45% moisture. There is no really clear division between 'moist' and 'wet' feeds. A third class of products - flaked feed - is designed for aquarium fish, fish fry and early post-larval shrimp  Types of Dry feed:- Pellet feed Flake Feed Powdered Feed Micro – Encapsulated Feed Micro – bound diet Micro – Coated diet Floating feed Sinking feed  PELLETS: They are produced by extruding. Feeds that are compacted into a defined shape, generally by a mechanical means. Pelleting can be defined, as the agglomeration of small particles into a larger solid with a given shape and texture, by means of a mechanical process in combination with moisture, heat and pressure. The quality of the pellets is expressed as hardness, durability, water stability, sinkability. Water stability is to be considered because of the leaching effect of water: loss of nutritive elements (soluble nitrogen, vitamins), and ponds eutrophication. Basically the raw ingredients are mixed and forced through small tubes (called extrusion). This creates a sausage-like tube of the mix. This is then heated with steam to harden the mix. The final stage it to cut the cooked mix into the desired length. And that’s how they make pellets. Pellets can be divided into- compressed, expanded and extruded pellets Compressed pellets: First step in the manufacture of compressed pellets is through grinding and mixing of ingredients Compressed pelleting involve exposing the steam for 5 to 20 second obtained 850C and 16% moisture followed by forcing the mix through a metal die, produces a dense pellet. Compressed pellets have high proportion of dust and fines in the finished feed, which affects feed wastage. Combination of heat, moisture and pressure compressed the mixture into compressed pellet in which starch gelatinized. This method is also known as steam pelleting  The quality of pellet influenced by level of moisture, lipid and humidity Very low(< 2%) and high level(> 10%) of fat level are not desirable Low fat level-make pellet hard High fat level- make pelleting difficult Excess moisture- pellet soft Insufficient moisture – result in crumble pellet Amount of lipid included in the pellet mix does not usually exceed 10%.Additional lipid can be sprayed onto the feed after pelleting, and lipid levels of 16-20% can be achieved. SINKING PELLET FEEDS: Sinking pellets also known as a hard pellet , are more economical. Sinking feed will have water stability of up to an hour, and will gradually sink and settle on the bottom if uneaten. Sinking pellets are sometimes used in water when the fish do not regularly surface and also by pelleting some feeds it can be avoided to harm some ingredients which do not like extrusion process. It is known as a hard pellet. They have high protein and fat contents, with a good water absorption rate and high water stability. Sink slowly in saline water. For preparation of sinking feed; % of starch should be 6% and moisture - >20-25 % Low temperature is given FLOATING FEED: Floating pellets have moderate protein and fat contents for feeding warm-water species such as tilapia, catfish, eels, etc. Floating pellets are more expensive to buy and more expensive for feed millers to manufacture. Floating pellets is also known as expanded or extruded pellets and require to go through an extrusion process during processing. This section of a feed mill is most of the time costly to set up and run than a standard pelleting section. It helps to adjust the amount of feed per day and avoid wasted feed and pond pollution problems. Floating on the surface of the water ( usually maintaining integrity in the water for several hours), the fish must come up to the surface to eat. For preparing floating feed the starch content should be greater than 20%, lipid