Fish Biology and Ecology.pdf

Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental...

Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental FISH BIOLOGY Prepared by: Emmanuel S. Delloro Jr. SMFT Faculty  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Fish Taxonomy/Anatomy Taxonomy Science * Science of identification of identification and and classification classification Identification * Association of specimen with the known facts Classification * Grouping of like things into a system ourmarinespecies.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Three classes of fish 1. Class Agnatha (Jawless) 2. Class Chondricthyes (Cartilaginous) 3. Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Class Agnatha (Jawless) Agnatha species, or jawless fish, are said to be the earliest vertebrates ever recorded, that are believed to be present during the Paleozoic era Hyperoarties (Hyperoartia) are jawless primitive fish commonly known as lampreys.  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental The hagfish (Myxini) are another extant class of agnatha or jawless fish. Like lampreys, hagfish have a long circular body covered with a mucousy layer. Their general appearance is very primitive. They do not have taste sensory organs, but do have receptive cells in their skin, as well as simple eyes. Hagfish feed on carrion and the viscera of larger animals, which they gnaw at. Hagfish species, despite having no jaw, have a rudimentary snout, in addition to a tongue capable of scraping away at skin animalwised.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fishes Representatives sharks skates rays chimaeras saveourseas.com sharksider.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Characteristics Ray Skate They are triangular or They are diamond- round-shaped and Shape shaped. have extended or pointy noses. They give birth to live They lay eggs known Reproduction pups. as mermaid purses. They have long whip-like They have Thick fleshy Tails tails that they use to tails. defend themselves. They have sharp They have two venomous spikes or thorns which Defense barbs That they use to run along the middle sting. of their tail and up their back. They have serrated plates They have small pointy Teeth which are designed more teeth. for crushing than biting. Availability They are more popular. They are less popular. They are larger in body They are comparatively Size size. smaller in body size. animaldifferences.com otlibrary.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Class Osteichthyes – Bony fishes Representatives: pelagic fishes benthic fishes reef fishes  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental madcrazygeo.blogspot.com worldoceanreview.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Scientific Names Binomial Nomenclature Composed of genus name and species name Genus The first word of the two words of the scientific name This is a group of closely related species in a particular family Species Also known as specific name Chanos chanos It is a group of individuals that can interbreed with each other , but not with other organisms  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental HOW TO IDENTIFY FISHES? Are there any other outstanding features such as horns or large eyes? What is the color of the fish? What is the behavior of the fish? What type of habitat is the fish in? creativemarket.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental slideserve.com quizlet.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental pinterest.com slideserve.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Taxonomic Methods A. Morphometric traits - any standard measurement that can be made on a fish i.e. snout length, total length, width of eye, length of jaw in body length, etc. B. Meristic traits - any trait that can be counted i.e. vertebrae, fin rays, scale rows, lateral line pores, brachiostegal rays  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental C. Anatomical/morphological characteristics - descriptions of morphological (external) and anatomical (internal) features (not measurements or counts) i.e. shape or lateral line, special features (lung, etc), secondary sexual characters, position of fins and barbels  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental D. Molecular phylogenetics - examination of traits at the molecular level 1. Karyotypes - number and shape (morphology) of chromosomes 2. Proteins - electrophoresis of different allozymes, etc. 3. mRNA - even more reliable, past without recombination from mother E. Cladogram - displays the inter-relatedness of taxonomic groups, divides them by shared or not- shared traits in a dichotomous manner, show transition from more primitive to more advanced chiangmaiplaces.net  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental F. Phylogenetic tree diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor plato.stanford.edu  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Fish Anatomy/Morphology A. Skeletal system *made of bones and cartilage *almost completely calcified. The vertebral column, cranium, jaw, ribs, and intramuscular bones make up the bony fish skeleton  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental B. Muscular system Tail and trunk muscles consist of myotomes which is separated by myosepta. slideserve.com Muscle blocks called myotomes are separated by connective tissue called myosepta  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental C. Nervous system poorly developed compared to that of higher vertebrates. spinal cord and a matrix of nerves serve the rest of the body. divided into three sections: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. ar.inspiredpencil.com Forebrain-responsible for sense of smell midbrain is responsible for vision, learning, and motor responses. hindbrain contains the medulla oblongata and cerebellum, which coordinates movement, muscle tone, and balance. schoolbag.info  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental D. Cardiovascular system Heart is made of two true chambers (atrium and ventricle). It has four sections: 1. Sinus venosus 2. Atrium 3. Ventricle 4. Bulbus arteriosus  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Sinus venosus: first chamber, preliminary collecting chamber Atrium: Largest chambers and weakly muscular Ventricle: well-muscled chamber, work horse of the heart Bulbus arteriosus: last chamber of the fish heart, reduce the pulse nature of the blood leaving the ventricle a more even, constant flow. slideshare.net  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental slideshare.net  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental F. Respiratory system. 1. Gill arches-supported by bony skeleton 2. Gill filament (Primary lamellae)-rows of long thin filaments 3. Secondary lamellae- exchange of gases Water is constantly moved across the gills: 1. RAM ventilation- fish swims forward with its mouth open, taking in water that passes over the gills. 2. Branchial pump – pumps water through its mouth and over its gills. tutorix.com pinterest.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental The maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations.  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental H. Electrical System -possess electroreceptor organs -electric eel, catfish, ray slideserve.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental I. Biolumination -self luminous or require symbiotic relationship with luminous bacteria fineartamerica.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental REPRODUCTION  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Reproductive strategies – Anatomical differences In males – 12% of the weight of fish In females – 30 – 70% of the weight of fish Hermaphrodite – ovotestes (part ovary, part testes)  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Sexual dimorphism Size – In territorial fishes, males are larger than females (as in salmon, tilapia) – In most fishes with sexual differences, females are larger than males (striped bass, sturgeon fish) Sexual dichromatism – bright colors (males) Structural modifications – Hooked mouths (kypes) and humps in salmon – Breeding tubercles and contact organs – Longer dorsal fins among males (snakeskined gourami)  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Reproductive Diversity in Fishes Parthenogenesis (Gynogenesis)- – Development without fertilization – Sperm just initiates development of the egg – Male does not contribute genetic material to the offspring Example: Amazon Molly, Poecilla formosa  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Types of Hermaphroditism Synchronous or simultaneous hermaphroditism – Functions both male and female at the same time – Ovotestis – eggs and sperm are produced Example: common in coral reef fishes  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Successive Hermaphroditism – Fish changes sex at some stage during its life Protandry (proto=first; andro=male) Protogyny (gynous=female) Ex. – Protandry – deep-sea fish, Gonostoma gracile -- Protogyny -- grouper  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Dioecious (di=two;oecious=house) Gonochoristic (gonos=seed;chorisis=Separate) Eggs and sperm develop in separate female and male sexes There is no sex change Sexual dimorphism is common  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Reproductive Modes Oviparity – Ovuliparous – eggs released prior to fertilization – Zygoparous – internal fertilization, then release of eggs Ovoviviparity – Fertilized egg is retained within the body of the female until hatch – Embryonic nutrition comes solely from the egg yolk – (Lecithothrophy)  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Viviparity – Fertilized egg is retained within the body of the female until hatch Nutrition come from both the egg yolk and maternal supplies (Matrotrophy) – Ovulated eggs (oophagy) – Slowly-developing siblings (embryophagy) – ‘uterine-milk’ (nutrient rich-fluid) – ‘yolk sac placenta’  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Frequency of reproduction Semelparity – spawn and then die - huge investment in egg reproduction Iteroparity – repeated reproduction - allows compensation for a “bad” year - more common in more unstable environments - may not spawn spawn every year (sturgeon)  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental bio.miami.edu  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Diadromous – truly migratory fishes that migrate between the sea and fresh water *Anadromous – sea to freshwater to breed (Salmon, Hisla. Lamprey) *Catadromous – freshwater to sea to breed (Anguilla spp.) Amphidromous – migration from freshwater to sea is not to breed! – stage of life Potamodromous – truly migratory fishes that migrate wholly within freshwater (carps, catfish) Oceanodromous – truly migratory fishes that live and migrate wholly in the sea (Tuna)  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental FISH ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENT  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Symbiosis -living together -close ecological relationship between individuals of two or more species Mutualism Both are benefited bio.libretexts.org  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Commensalism one species benefits and the other neither benefits or harms Often, the host species provides a home and/or transportation for the other species. bio.libretexts.org  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Parasitism an organism which lives at the expense of another reddit.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Competition Each species affected negatively Mimicry slideserve.com  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Negative Aspects ▪ Ichthyotoxin – generally, any poison originating from fishes ▪ Ichthyosarcotoxin – poison found in flesh of fishes, excluding poisons due to bacterial action ▪ Icthyohemotoxin –poison fond in blood of fishes ▪ Icthyootoxin –poison found only in roe of fishes  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental ▪ Icthyoacanthotoxin –poison secreted at the site of a venom apparatus such as spines, stings, or teeth of fishes ▪ Ciguatera – a particular icthyosarcotoxism caused by eating various marine fishes of tropical and subtropical areas. ▪ Scombroid poisoning – an icthyosarcotoxism caused by eating improperly preserved scombroid fishes. ▪ Tetrodotoxin – the poison in viscera of puffer fishes  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Positive Aspects ▪ Fishes as biological control ▪ Scientific uses of fishes ▪ Recreational fisheries ▪ The aquarium trade  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Fishes as biological control agents ▪ Gambusia affinis – to control mosquitoes ▪ African cichlids – to control snails ▪ Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)- aquatic plants ▪ Snakehead fish (Channa)- other fishes  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Scientific uses of Fishes ▪ Excellent subjects for study and demonstration of anatomy, physiology, ecology, evolution, and other aspects of science ▪ Favorite bioassay animals – bluegill, goldfish ▪ Study of embryology  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Aquarium trade  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Fishes as Items of Commerce ▪ Industrial uses ▪ Fish meal ▪ Manufacture of glue, source of leather, silver pigment (guanine) ▪ Food  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental Fish Culture ▪ Pond culture ▪ Tank culture ▪ Cage culture ▪ Raceway ▪ Rice-fish culture  Mindanao State University at Naawan School of Marine Fisheries and Technology Pedro Pagalan St., Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!