Advanced Research Methodology - First Lecture

Advanced Research Methodology By Asst. Prof. Dr. Hadi M Ismail BDS, MSc, PhD Introduction to the course Dr Ranjdar, Adham, Dr Sarhang Subject outline …..Telegram Group Introduction to Research Methodology (Book) Introduction to research What is research? Scie...

Advanced Research Methodology By Asst. Prof. Dr. Hadi M Ismail BDS, MSc, PhD Introduction to the course Dr Ranjdar, Adham, Dr Sarhang Subject outline …..Telegram Group Introduction to Research Methodology (Book) Introduction to research What is research? Scientific research is a rational approach that allows the examination of problems to be solved and the discovery or formulation of precise answers to questions. The purpose of the research Earn doctorates or masters degree Meet curiosity, Make discoveries, Provide innovative solutions to complex problems, Develop new products, Save costs, Advance science, Acquire new knowledge, Improve the well-being of society. Key characteristics of addressing a question? Organized, plan ,proposal Scientific reproducible, feasible, reliable Systematic, following cleared defined steps Overview of the research process: 1. Problem identification 2. Literature review 3. Research design 4. Data collection 5. Data analysis 6. Interpretation 7. Reporting Some Definition A "method" refers to a specific technique or procedure used to accomplish a task, conduct research, or solve a problem. It is a step-by- step approach to carrying out a particular activity "Methodology" is a broader term that encompasses the underlying principles, theoretical framework, and overall approach used in a particular field of study or research. - It provides a framework for how research is conducted, including the choice of methods. Methodology includes the philosophy and rationale behind the research and helps explain why certain methods are chosen over others. - In research, methodology guides the researcher in making decisions about data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Variable Is the measurable factor that can vary during research, can have more than one value, and is involved in answering the research question. Independent variable, the cause, risk factor, or the variable that can be manipulated in the research method. The dependent variable is the effect, outcome, or the variable that responds to changes and would be analyzed to meet the objective. Hypothesis Is a statement in response to the research question and should be stated based on the researcher experiences and the findings of previous studies. The null hypothesis (H0) usually predicts no difference between the control and the study group. The alternative hypothesis assumes a difference between groups or association among the variables. Participants/samples The participants/samples are drawn from a population with determined characteristics. As the population of interest is usually substantial, and it is impossible to work directly on all of them, most research studies involve observing a sample from a defined population. Sampling is the process of choosing portions of the population to observe and study. Researcher. The researcher is any person carrying out studies respecting a rigorous methodology to provide new knowledge. The researcher only deals with facts within a framework defined by the scientific community. Successful Researcher? A curious mind to find new facts. Integrity for the value of the scientific method. An analytical mind capable of practicing critical thinking. Receptivity to criticism at the professional level. Open-mindedness and the ability to see the meaning of unexpected observations. Objectivity. Types of Dental Research Exploratory Descriptive Experimental Correlational Qualitative Quantitative Based on time Based on the Location Systematic Review Meta Analysis Based on the Type of Data Based on the application Based on the main question or objectives Steps of exploratory research Problem recognition: not clearly defined problem at a preliminary stage. Carrying out methods to explore the problem: –– No hypothesis. –– No control groups. –– No intervention or manipulation of variables. –– Produces qualitative data. –– No conclusive result. –– Leads to further research. Descriptive Research The steps of descriptive research are: Recognizing the problem. Defining the hypothesis. Planning methods to answer the question. –– No control groups. –– No intervention. –– Uncontrolled variables. –– Produces quantitative data. –– Conclusive result. case-control Retrospective study Steps in the case-control research are as follows: 1. A clear statement of the inclusion, exclusion, and matching criteria to improve the validity of the results. 2. Selection of people with the disease of interest (case). 3. Selection of people without the disease of interest (control). 4. Measurement of the interested risk factor in the past of both groups (retrospective). 5. Data analysis to investigate the cause-and-effect relationship. Cohort Study Steps in the prospective cohort study are as follows 1. The population of interest is determined. 2. Disease-free samples are selected in this population. 3. Some individuals in the study population were in contact with the risk factor (exposed), and some were not exposed to the risk factor. 4. At different time points, the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the disease is examined in each group. Clinical Trial The steps in the experimental study are as follows: 1. Identifying the relevant population of interest. 2. Determining the study sample by random sampling. 3. Obtaining “informed consent” from each of the participants before submitting them to the experiments. 4. Samples are then randomly assigned to the different intervention factors and the control group. 5. Subjects in the control and experimental groups are then followed up under rigorous conditions for a specified period. 6. Appropriate statistical methods are used to compare the outcome measures of groups. Classification of research studies based on the main question of research (name of the studies in each category); RCT: randomized controlled trial The process from simple observation to carrying out experimental research Hierarchy of Research Design Thank You