Elshiekh Elbadri University First Aid Sheet PDF

Elshiekh Elbadri University First aid 11/1/2024 Asma **[\ ]** - **[بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم]** - **The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help.** - **When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the...

Elshiekh Elbadri University First aid 11/1/2024 Asma **[\ ]** - **[بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم]** - **The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help.** - **When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response** - **system** - **Emergency system dispatchers can guide you through the steps of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using an automated external defibrillator (AED), or delivering basic care until additional help arrives.** - **Whether you are at home, work, or school, know where the first aid kit and the AED are kept and be familiar with their contents. Know how to activate the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in your area.** - **Be aware of any policies in the workplace regarding medical emergencies.** - **After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to determine the responsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them: "Are you okay?" After determining responsiveness, yell for help. Look for any** - **medical identifications, such as a necklace or a bracelet. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause of the situation.** **[SCENE SAFETY]** **Assessing the safety of the surroundings is critical when approaching any scene. You do not want to become another person who is injured or ill so look for any potential dangers. Remove the person from any dangers, such as presence of water at the scene. Be especially alert to avoid danger from automobile traffic** **[FIRST AID KIT]** **Consider purchasing a commercially available first aid kit or making your own. Having one available around the house, in your car, and at your place of work is essential.** **Common items found in a first aid kit are:** ** Bandages, roller bandages, and tape** ** Sterile Gauze** ** Antiseptic wipes and swabs** ** Absorbent compresses** ** Antibiotic cream** ** Burn ointment** ** Mask for breathing (rescue breathing/CPR)** ** Chemical cold pack** ** Eye shield and eyewash** ** First aid reference guide that includes** **local phone numbers [\ \ cardio pulmonary resuscitation]** - Emergency procedure used to restart the heartbeat. - Breathing after one or both have stopped. This involves strong, rapid chest thrusts to keep blood flowing through the body. It also usually involves blowing air into the person\'s mouth to help with breathing and get oxygen into the lungs. - **Importance of CPR** -.Save alive -.Prevent brain death -.Make you confidently during medical emergencies -.Prevent worsening of any situation -.CPR training make you more valuable to the community - 1 Breathing stops - 2\. The heart stops - 3\. Unconsciousness with - no response - 4\. Drowning or electric - shock. - 5\. Choking leading to - stopped breathing - **The purpose of CPR** - is to maintain blood and oxygen flow to vital origins when the heart or breathing stops until medical help arrives - 1\. Speak loudly: Ask, \"Are you okay?\" - 2\. Gently shake: Press gently on their shoulder. - 3\. Look for signs of response: Such as movement or sound. - 4\. Check for breathing: If not breathing, call emergency services and start CPR. - 1\. \*Position the child\*: If the child is lying down, place the child on his or her back on a firm surface. - ٢. 2. \*Open the mouth\*: Gently open the child\'s mouth using two fingers. - ٣. 3. \*Lift the chin\*: Pull the chin up and out to open the airway. - ٤. 4. \*Check for breathing\*: Listen or look for normal breathing. - ٥. 5. \*CPR\*: If there is no breathing, begin CPR appropriate for the child\'s age. - **Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for infants** - is an emergency procedure used when the heart or breathing stops. It involves chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain oxygen in the bloodstream until help arrives. It must be performed with caution to avoid injuring the infant. - **the steps for infant CPR\ (under 1 year old) :** - 1\. Ensure safety. - 2\. Check for response; if none, call for help. - 3\. Open airway: Tilt the head back gently. - 4\. Rescue breaths: Give 2 gentle breaths, covering the infant's mouth and nose. - 5\. Chest compressions: Use 2 fingers to give 30 compressions in the center of the chest, at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. - 6\. Repeat: Continue cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths until help arrives or the infant breathes - **You should stop performing CPR in the following situations:** 1\. Return of Pulse: If the person\'s heart starts beating again and they resume normal breathing. - 2\. Fatigue: If you become too exhausted to continue. - 3\. Dangerous Conditions: If there are safety hazards, such as fire or rising water. - 4\. Arrival of Emergency Services: When emergency personnel arrive and take over the situation. - 5\. No Improvement: If the person remains unresponsive after a prolonged period of resuscitation. - Always remember to continue CPR until professional help arrives. **[The wounds and bleeding]:** First aids: is immediate care provided to save a life or alleviate suffering before professional medical help arrives. Introduction: Wounds and bleeding are common health issues that can affect anyone and have different effects on public health. In this seminar, we will discuss the types of wounds and the causes of bleeding. What is a wound? Wound a term referring to skin fracture injuries or body tissues the other. Type of wound : 1.Lacerations: result from sharp cuts 2\. Abrasions: occur when the skin is scraped usually less severe but require proper cleaning. 3. puncture wounds : caused by a sharp object penetrating the skin. can lead to infections if not treated properly.. 4. Deep wounds: Affect deeper tissues such as muscles.May require stitching.. 5. Burns: Range from minor to severe depending on severity.. To prevent wounds, the following procedures can be followed: 1\. Pay attention while using sharp tools: such as knives and scissors, and use them with caution. 2\. Wear protective clothing: such as gloves and goggles when performing manual or sports work. 3\. Maintain a safe environment: Ensure that there are no sharp or dangerous objects within children's reach. 4\. Handle glass and breakable objects with caution: avoid carrying them in an unsafe manner Following these tips can help significantly reduce the risk of wound infection. **[The Bleeding:]** Definition Bleeding is the loss of blood due to injury or disease and is divided into internal and external bleeding. Types of external bleeding: 1\. Arterial: Characterized by bright red blood and occurs from a cut in an artery. 2\. Venous: Darker red blood that flows continuously due to injury to veins. 3\. Capillary: Occurs in small blood vessels and appears as bruises. 4\. Mixed: Combines arterial and venous bleeding, often occurring in complex injuries. Each type requires appropriate medical response based on its severity and source To apply a tourniquet, do the following: 1\. Put on personal protective gear. 2\. Apply tourniquet approximately two inches above wound. 3\. Tighten until the bleeding stops. 4\. Record the time the tourniquet was applied. 5\. Call 911/EMS. 6\. Stay with the person and do not release tourniquet. Only a medical professional should remove a tourniquet. Certain situations may [Treatment] The treatment appraech for internal bleeding depends on the location, severity, and underlying cause severe cases, immediate medical intervention becomes necessary. Treatment options may include: 1/Iv fluids 2/Blood transfusion 3/surgical intervention: surgical lntervention may be necessary to stop the bleeding. 4/Medication: Doctors may prescribe medications to manage underlying conditions or control bleeding.for lnstance:Vitamin (K) it will help to stop it. proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics can help treat gastrointestinal bleeding caused by ulcers or infections. **[First aids for coma]** ***Introduction:*** ***Coma is a serious medical condition characterized by loss of consciousness and lack of response to external stimuli. It may result from various causes, such as: severe head injury, poisoning, or problems in the central nervous system. Coma can be temporary or permanent and requires urgent medical care. In cases of coma, there is an impact on brain functions, leading to loss of consciousness and lack of response to the senses.*** ***Tupes coma : *** ***There are different types of coma, including*** ***1 \_ Acute coma (Coma): It is a severe state of loss of consciousness, in which the patient is unable to respond to any external stimuli.*** ***٢. 2. 2\_ Vegetative stat: a state characterized by a lack of consciousness while maintaining cycles of sleep, wakefulness, breathing, and digestion.*** ***٣. 3. 3\_ Brain death: A condition characterized by a permanent lack of brain activity, which means the failure of all brain functions.*** ***4\_. Partial coma (Locked-In Syndrome): A condition in which the patient is able to perceive and interact but is unable to move or communicate due to almost complete paralysis*** ***5\_ Diabetic coma: reasulting from high or low blood sugar levels, and may require immediate medical intervention. The causes of coma can be multiple, including trauma, stroke, severe head injury or serious neurological disease.*** ***The causes of coma can be summarized in six points:*** ***\_1.Head injuries: Such as trauma or brain hemorrhage.\ \_2. Stroke: Due to a blockage or bleeding in brain vessels\ \_3. Infections: Like encephalitis or meningitis.\ \_4. Oxygen deprivation: Occurs in drowning or cardiac arrest.\ \_5. Metabolic disorders: Such as low or high blood sugar.\ \_6. Poisoning or drug overdose: From chemical poisoning or excessive drug use.***  ***prevention ::\ 1. Manage underlying medical conditions: Proper management of conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and seizures can help prevent complications that may lead to a coma.\ 2. Take prescribed medications: Ensure that you take medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider to manage any existing health conditions effectively.\ 3. Avoid substance abuse: Refrain from using illicit drugs or excessive alcohol consumption, as these substances can lead to conditions that may result in a coma.\ 4. Protect your head: Wear appropriate safety gear during activities that may pose a risk of head injuries, such as sports or work-related tasks.\ \ 5. Regular health check-ups: Stay on top of your health by scheduling routine check-ups with your healthcare provider to address any potential issues early.\ 6. Healthy lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, engage in regular exercise, and get an adequate amount of sleep to support overall health and well-being.*** ***Sick coma :*** ***A person in a coma may show some signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of a coma, including:*** 1. ***Complete lack of awareness.*** 2. ***Lack of response to movement.*** 3. ***Lack of eye contact*** 4. ***Disappearance of voluntary movements.*** 5. ***Changes in body functions*** ***In the event of a coma, the following measures must be taken*** ***A. Call emergency services*** ***B. Ensure safety*** ***C. Identify possible causes*** ***D. Do not attempt to feed or drop liquids into the mouth*** ***E. Stay close to him until emergency services arrive*** ***F. Provide comfort***  **[First aids for convulsions]** Cramps are a condition that occurs when muscles contract suddenly and frequently, and these contractions cause movements or tremors in the body. Convulsions may occur as a result of several reasons such as lack of sleep, stress, stress, lack of certain nutrients such as magnesium or potassium, or due to certain diseases such as epilepsy or nervous system disorders.\ There are different types of convulsive disease that can occur for different reasons. Among these types:\ 1. Motor spasms: These are convulsions that lead to sudden physical movements such as muscle contractions and tremors.\ 2. Nubian seizures: These are spastic attacks that occur frequently and may be a symptom of a health condition such as epilepsy.\ 3. Thermosamps: They occur as a result of a high temperature in the body, and may appear in children during high fever.\ 4. Psychological convulsions: These are convulsions that occur as a result of psychological stress or psychological stress, and may be a symptom of psychological disorders such as anxiety.\ 5. Cramps caused by a lack of nutrients: such as a lack of magnesium or potassium, which can cause muscle spasms.\ There are several possible causes of convulsive disease, including:\ 1. Brain disorders: such as epilepsy, brain tumour, encephalitis, and stroke, may cause convulsions.\ \ 2. Lack of nutrients: such as lack of potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which can lead to muscle spasms.\ \ 3. Medications: Some medications such as antidepressants, antibiotics, and some heart medications may cause cramps as part of their side effects.\ \ 4. Vertical injury: Head injury may cause cramps caused by brain damage.\ \ 5. Independent diseases: such as hepatitis, kidney failure, diabetes, and high temperature, can be the cause of convulsions.\ \ Convulsions are shown with various symptoms, including:\ \ 1. Sudden and strong muscle contractions.\ \ 2. Loss of movement control, as involuntary movements may occur in the body.\ \ 3. Loss of consciousness or temporary consciousness.\ \ 4. Spasms that last for a short or long time, depending on the type of spasm.\ \ 5. Changes in breathing, such as difficulty breathing or short-term apnea.\ First aid for the convulsive patient includes several important steps to ensure the patient\'s safety and provide the necessary assistance. Here\'s what you can do:\ 1. \*\*Stay calm\*\*: It\'s important to stay calm to be able to help effectively.\ 2. \*\*Patient protection\*\*: Try to remove any sharp or dangerous objects around the patient to avoid injuries.\ 3. \*\*Put the patient in a safe position\*\*: If the patient is on the floor, try placing him on his side to facilitate breathing and prevent suffocation.\ 4. \*\*Do not try to restrict the patient\*\*: Do not try to restrict the patient\'s movements by force, let the convulsions take their course.\ 5. \*\*Head protection\*\*: Place something soft under the patient\'s head to protect him from injury.\ 6. \*\*Time monitoring\*\*: Record the time of the start and end of the convulsions. If the convulsions last for more than five minutes, you should contact the ambulance immediately.\ 7. \*\*Do not put anything in the patient\'s mouth\*\*: Do not attempt to open the patient\'s mouth or put anything in it, as this may cause serious injuries.\ 8. \*\*After the convulsions are over\*: Make sure the patient breathes well and stay with him until he regains full consciousness. **[FAINTING]** Fainting is a common reaction to a variety of conditions. Individuals may faint at the sight of blood or during periods of intense emotional stress. More serious conditions, such as an abnormal or erratic heart rhythm, can also cause fainting. Also, severely dehydrated persons may faint when standing up suddenly. The body's reaction to the decreased blood flow to the brain causes the person to pass out. By lying down, blood flow to the brain is improved. When caring for a fainting person, do the following: 1\. Ensure safety of the scene. 2\. Help the person lie down. 3\. Elevate their legs if possible. 4\. If there is no rapid improvement or the person becomes unresponsive, call emergency services. A person can also faint while seated in a chair. In this case, help them to the floor. Be aware of the potential for injury if the person has fallen. If the person does not quickly regain consciousness, immediately call emergency services. Keep in mind that fainting can be caused by a wide range of problems, some of which can be life-threatening. If you are unsure of the cause of fainting, call emergency services [shock] **Definition of Shock:** **A condition resulting in inadequate perfusion of tissue with impaired tissue oxygenation.** **Physiology of Hypoperfusion:** **Inadequate tissue perfusion** **Inadequate delivery of O2 and nutrients to the body tissues** **Inadequate elimination of metabolic wastes** **Stages of Shock:** **Compensated \-\-\-- body is able to compensate and maintain tissue perfusion** **Progressive \-\-\-- body begins to lose its ability to compensate\-\--inadequate perfusion begins** **Irreversible\-\--cell and tissue damage result in multi-system organ failure** **Types of Shock:** **1. Hypovolemic.** **2. Obstructive.** **3.Cardiogenic.** **4.Distributive.** **Anaphylactic.** **Septic.** **Neurogenic Shock** 1. **Causes of Hypovolemic Shock** **Hemorrhage** **Severe diarrhea** **Vomiting** **Excessive perspiration** **Third Spacing** **Peritonitis** **Intestinal obstruction** **Interventions for Hypovolemic Shock** **Stop the fluid loss -- direct pressure, surgery.** **Replace fluids -- blood and blood products, plasma, crystalloid fluids Colloids (albumin).** **Use low dose inotropics** **Cardiogenic Shock:** **Heart pump failure (40% of myocardium damaged by an MI)** **Cardiac trauma** **Cardiomyopathy** **Congestive heart failure** **Cardiac dysrhythmias** **Signs and Symptoms:** **Interventions for Cardiogenic Shock:** **Hemodynamic monitoring** **IV fluids** **Intra-aortic balloon pump** **Inotropics/cardio tonics** **Vasodilators** **Diuretics** **If from obstructive may need surgical repair, chest tube, pacemaker, needle aspiration of fluid** **Obstructive Shock** **Can be classed as a type of cardiogenic** **shock** **Signs and Symptoms:** **Mental status: anxiety, feeling of impending doom.** **Skin: pallor to cyanosis around the mouth and the nose** **Other: chest pain, lung sounds may be clear, possible syncope, cardiac dysrhythmias can lead to sudden cardiac arrest** **Distributive Shock** **Anaphylactic Shock** **Treatment of Anaphylactic Shock** **Maintain airway** **Ice to site of injection or sting** **Gastric lavage** **Isotonic IV fluids -- D5W, NACL, LR** **Epinephrine and theophylline** **Antihistamines (H2 blockers)** **Steroids** **Vasopressors to constrict blood vessels and raise BP** **Distributive Shock** **Septic shock** **Treatment for Septic Shock** **Care for infective site** **IV fluids with NS** **Medications and other treatment** **Distributive Shock** **Neurogenic Shock** **Treatment of Neurogenic Shock** **Hed of bed flat with feet elevated** **IV normal saline** **Atropine for bradycardia** **Vasopressors to raise BP** **Analgesics for pain** **[SHOCK]** Shock can be caused by overwhelming infection, blood loss, severe allergic reaction, severe dehydration, or heart problems. When blood flow is significantly reduced, the body does not receive an adequate supply of oxygen, and shock occurs. Victims experiencing shock may lose consciousness or fail to respond. Signs and symptoms of shock include: Poor skin color that is pale, gray, or bluish Dizziness and lightheadedness Nausea or vomiting Behavior change such as agitation, confusion, or unresponsiveness Clammy skin When confronted with a victim in shock, do the following: 1\. Activate the emergency response system. 2\. Help the victim lie down and elevate their legs. 3\. Cover the victim with blankets to keep warm. 4\. Be prepared to perform CPR. 5\. Stay with the victim until the medical services arrives [HEAD INJURIES] Head injuries can accompany any traumatic event. Signs and symptoms of a head injury or traumatic brain injury include the following: Confusion Headache Nausea and vomiting Memory loss Loss of balance and coordination Seizure Loss of consciousness A person demonstrating any of the above should be further evaluated by a physician. Head injuries can be devastating and have lifelong consequences resulting in loss of function and decreased productivity. Permanent disability can occur in more severe cases. Protect the person from further injury by stabilizing the head and neck manually and prepare them for transport to advanced medical care. Observe closely for changes in condition. Be prepared to start CPR if the person becomes unconscious. [BONE AND JOINT INJURIES] Bone and joint injuries are common occurrences in daily life. Physically active people such as those participating in sports are more likely to suffer these types of injuries. The elderly and the disabled are also at high risk for fall-related sprains, strains, and breaks. Sprains occur when excessive force or abnormal motion stretches a joint beyond a normal degree. The result of a sprain is pain, swelling, and even bruising. It is impossible to rule out a fracture without an x-ray. The first aid care for both sprains and broken bones includes the following: 1\. Ensure the scene is safe and wear personal protective equipment. 2\. Apply gauze to any open wounds. 3\. Apply an ice pack to the injured area for up to 20 minutes. 4\. Encourage further evaluation by a health care provider and avoid use of the injured part. Call medical services if any of the following are present: Open wound over a joint Abnormal position or bent extremity Obvious joint dislocation Consider the following as special circumstances that should be discussed: An open or compound fracture occurs when the bone breaks through the skin. Do not attempt to push the bone back in and/or straighten the extremity. Bones that are in an abnormal position or bent should be splinted in place. Do not attempt to manipulate or correct an abnormally positioned bone or joint. A splint can protect an injured extremity. A splint can be made by using magazines, wood, or rolled-up towels. Pad the injured extremity, if possible, by using a towel or cloth. Place splint material on either side of the injured extremity and secure in place using tape or gauze. Make sure that the splint is not too tight. The fingertips or toes in a splinted extremity should remain warm and pink. Seek immediate care in a medical facility. Amputations occur when part of the body is accidentally cut off. Because surgeons may be able to reattach an amputated part, it should always be transported to the hospital with the person. When dealing with an amputation, do the following: 1\. Ensure scene safety, get the first aid kit, and put on personal protective equipment. 2\. Activate the emergency response system by calling emergency services. 3\. Apply direct pressure to the bleeding area using gauze. 4\. Locate the amputated body part and care for it as instructed below. 5\. Stay with the person until more advanced care arrives. To care for an amputated part, do the following: 1\. Wear personal protective equipment. 2\. Locate the amputated part. 3\. Gently rinse the amputated part with clean water. 4\. Wrap the amputated part in gauze and place it in a plastic bag. Seal the plastic bag. 5\. Fill up another bag with ice, and place the first bag with the amputated part in the ice bag. Seal the ice bag. 6\. Write the person's name on the bag. 7\. The amputated part and the person should be transported together to the hospital. [BURNS AND ELECTRICAL INJURIES] Burns can occur from direct contact with any heat source, electricity, or certain chemicals. Burns can vary from minor superficial burns to very deep burns that damage muscles, tendons, nerves, and even bones. High-voltage electrical injuries can produce devastating injuries and can be fatal. Any person sustaining an electrical injury requires an evaluation in the emergency department. Small burns can be treated with first aid by doing the following: 1\. Ensure that the source of the burn has been dealt with, and the scene is safe. 2\. Wear personal protective equipment, and get the first aid kit. 3\. Rinse the burn in cool or cold water. 4\. Apply antibiotic or burn cream if no allergies exist. 5\. Cover with a clean, dry non-stick dressing. 6\. Have the person follow up with a health care provider. Do not apply ice to a burn. This technique will result in a cold injury on top of a burn and cause further tissue damage. Call emergency services when the following occur: A large burn Burns on face, hands, or genitals (Burns to skin over joints, such as the backs of the knees, also require special treatment as constant motion will make healing more complicated.) Difficulty breathing A fire Possibility of carbon monoxide exposure Stop, drop, and roll is the best way to put a fire out from the person. You can also smother the person with a wet blanket to extinguish the flames. Remove the blanket after the fire is out. When caring for a person with a large burn, do the following: 1\. Ensure that the scene is safe. 2\. call emergency services 3\. Put on personal protective equipment and get the first aid kit. 4\. Remove any part of the clothing which is not stuck, and if you have suitable alternative coverings, i.e., a clean plastic film, sheet, blanket, etc., cover them with these. Do not remove clothing that is attached to their skin as it may tear the injury further. [SPINE INJURIES] Spine injuries can occur from a fall, diving, car accident, sporting event, or almost any other physical activity. Head injuries may accompany spine injuries. A high index of suspicion must be maintained and efforts must be made to protect against further injury to the spine and the spinal cord. The following increases the risk of a spine injury: Age greater than 65 years Bicycle or motorcycle crash Car accident Fall from heights Pain in the midline of the neck or back overlying the bony prominences Numbness, tingling, or weakness Intoxication or substance use Other distracting painful injuries Injuries to the spine can be unstable. Unnecessary movement of the person can result in spinal cord injury and permanent paralysis. When performing first aid on a person with a suspected spine injury, avoid bending, flexing, or twisting the person's head or neck. If they begin to vomit, stabilize their head and neck by placing both hands on the side of the head and neck and assist them to their side. Maintain stabilization until a medical center is reached [BITES AND STINGS] Insect bites and stings are a common and annoying occurrence. Most bites are minor but the potential for a serious allergic reaction does exist. Be alert for any signs or symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, as this must prompt Bites and stings caused by insects such as spiders, scorpions, and fire ants can cause local reactions Signs and symptoms that suggest a more serious reaction include: Nausea or vomiting Severe pain at the site Abdominal pain Difficulty breathing Muscle rigidity Headache Decreased responsiveness The black widow spider bite is known to cause severe abdominal pain that can mimic appendicitis in children. Ticks carry a variety of diseases, and one must be vigilant for signs and symptoms for up to one month after exposure. Signs of a tick-borne disease include fever, headache, joint pain, and skin rash. To remove an attached tick, grasp it by the head with tweezers and pull straight out. Clean the area with soap and water or an alcohol swab. If the tick bite occurred in a geographic area where tick-borne disease occurs, seek medical treatment for possible prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Seek medical treatment. If visible, remove a bee stinger by scraping it away. Wash the area with cold water and apply ice. Stay with the person for at least 30 minutes as some allergic reactions can be delayed in onset. A bite from an animal such as a raccoon, bat, skunk, fox, or coyote carries the highest risk of rabies. Always make sure the scene is safe when giving first aid to any person with an animal bite. Contact the emergency response system as an animal control officer may be able to capture the animal and determine the risk of rabies. Clean the wound with soap and water and control bleeding by applying direct pressure. Animal bites are prone to infection and can cause further injury due to the puncture nature of the wound. Seek medical care by a qualified health care professional for any bite that breaks the skin, or if there is concern about rabies or other infection. Snakebites require medical attention. If the pain is getting worse, swelling occurs, bruising develops, or systemic signs (nausea and vomiting) develop, a venomous snakebite has occurred. call emergency services and do not delay medical attention. Make sure the scene is safe, and the snake is no longer a threat. Keep the person calm and try to avoid moving the extremity that was bitten. Remove any constricting clothing and jewelry from the affected area. Gently wash the affected area with soap and water if available. Additional care is required in a hospital setting. Do not apply a tourniquet. [TEMPERATURE RELATED ILLNESSES] Heat-related illnesses can occur due to extremes of temperature, particularly in the elderly, and during vigorous exercise. Illnesses include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. Heat cramps result in painful muscle spasms of the extremities, the back, and the stomach. Sweating and headache may accompany the cramps. Symptoms most often resolve with resting, cooling-off, and drinking water, a sports drink, or a similar electrolyte solution. Light stretching and massage can also be helpful. Heat exhaustion is more serious. Signs of heat exhaustion include dizziness, vomiting, muscle cramps, fatigue, increased sweating, and lightheadedness. Immediately move the person to a cooler environment if possible. Have the person lie down and loosen or remove as much clothing as possible. Use cool water to spray them and fan if available. A cool damp cloth can be used as an alternative. Encourage them to drink water or a sports drink. Remain with them until the emergency medical response arrives. Heatstroke is life-threatening, and immediate action is required. Signs and symptoms of heatstroke include confusion, loss of consciousness, dizziness, muscle cramps, vomiting, and seizures. If you think the person is having a heatstroke, immediately call emergency services When treating a person with heat stroke, immediately do the following: 1\. Assess scene safety, wear protective equipment, and obtain first aid kit and AED. 2\. Use a spray bottle with cold water and a fan, if available, as rapid cooling is imperative. Immerse them in a cool bath or shower if available. 3\. If the person is able, encourage them to drink water, a sports drink, or an electrolyte solution. 4\. Continue to cool the person until their behavior returns to normal or until advanced help arrives. [SUNBURN] Exposure to the UV radiation from sunlight can result in sunburn. Sunburn can be minor or result in blistering and sloughing of skin. Avoidance of additional sun exposure is key. Encourage hydration and drinking of extra fluids. Topical aloe vera can provide symptomatic relief. If not allergic, ibuprofen can also help alleviate some of the discomforts. [FROSTBITE] Exposure to cold can result in frostbite and is most common in extremities such as ears, nose, fingers, and toes. Wind chill increases the risk of frostbite. In severe frostbite cases, ice crystals form in the tissues and destroy cells resulting in permanent damage. The skin will appear waxy and white or yellow-gray. The area will be cold and numb and may feel like a block of wood. The tissue will be firm and will not move or compress easily when squeezed. To provide first aid for frostbite, do the following: 1\. Get the person to a warm place. 2\. call emergency services. 3\. Remove any constricting clothing and all jewelry from the affected body part. 4\. Remove all wet clothing. 5\. Redress in dry, warm clothing and cover with a heavy blanket. 6\. Put the areas affected by frostbite in warm---not hot---water (the temperature should be comfortable to the touch for unaffected parts of the body). Do not rub, squeeze, or slap the affected extremity as this may increase tissue damage. Do not rewarm a frozen extremity if there is a risk of refreezing. Seek further care from a health care professional. [HYPOTHERMIA] Hypothermia is a potentially life-threatening condition when the body temperature falls dangerously low. Hypothermia can even develop in non-freezing temperatures. Signs and symptoms of hypothermia are: Behavior change (confusion or lethargy) Paradoxical undressing Shivering (but stops as hypothermia worsens) Muscle stiffness Cold skin Decreased respiratory effort Progression to unresponsiveness and death Rapid action is required to care for a hypothermic person. call emergency services immediately and do the following: 1\. Remove the person from the cold and get them to a warm environment. 2\. Remove any wet clothing and dry the person. 3\. Redress in dry, warm clothing and cover with a blanket. 4\. Cover the head as it is a source of significant heat loss. 5\. Be prepared to perform CPR. Stay with the person until advanced help arrives. **[Triaging of cases in emergency department]** **[emergency department]** (Trauma Room) (Cardiac Room) Medical room Surgical room Gynecology room Pediatrics room **[How to triage cases]** Emergency cases 1. Resuscitation : These cases needs immediate assessment and intervention any delay patient may die: Airway compromise Cardiac arrest Severe shock Cervical spine injury Multisystem trauma Altered level of consciousness (LOC) -- unconsciousness Eclampsia 2. [Emergent :] These cases needs assessment and intervention with in 15 minutes Head injuries إ Severe trauma Lethargy or agitation Conscious overdose Severe allergic reaction Chemical exposure to the eyes Back & Chest pain GI bleed with unstable vital signs Stroke with deficit Severe asthma Abdominal pain in patients older than age 50 Vomiting and diarrhea with dehydration Fever in infants younger than 3 months Acute psychotic episode Severe headache Any pain greater than 7 on a scale of 10 Any sexual assault 3. Urgent cases: head injury with vomiting Moderate asthma أ Moderate trauma Abuse or neglect إ GI bleed with stable vital signs History of seizure 4. Less Urgent head injury without vomiting Minor trauma إ Vomiting and diarrhea in patient older than age 2 without dehydration Earache Minor allergic reaction Corneal foreign body Chronic back pain 5. Non urgent Sore throat Minor symptoms Chronic abdominal pain **Dressing and wound care** ***Wound*** **Is break or disruption in the normal integrity of the skin and tissues.** ***Wound Classification*** **Intentional wounds** **Result of planned invasive therapy or treatment.** ***[Example →]* Result from surgery- T.V therapy or treatment- lumber puncture.** **Open and closed wound:** **Open:** **Occur from intentional or unintentional trauma.** ***[Characteristic→]* Skin surface broken, portal of entry for microorganisms, bleeding, tissue damage. Increase infection, and delayed heeling.** **Closed** **Result of blow, force, or strain caused by trauma such as fall, motor crash.** ***[Characteristic →]*Skin surface not broken, but soft tissue is damaged. Internal injury and hemorrhage may occur.** **Acute and Chronic wounds:** **Acute** **As surgical incisions usually heal with days to weeks.** ***[Characteristic→]* the edge are well approximated and the risk of infection is lessened.** ***Factor affecting wound healing*** **Age** **Children and health adults heal more rapidly than older adlts.** **Circulation and oxygenation** **Adequate blood flow to deliver nutrients and oxygen and to remove local toxins, bacteria, and other debris is essential for wound healing.** **-Decrease circulation→ older adult, vascular disease.** **- Decrease circulation→ anemia, chronic respiratory disorder.** **- Decrease circulation→ smoke** ***Goal of wound care:*** **Is to promote tissue repair and regeneration so that skin integrity is restored.** ***[Providine iodine (Betadine)]*** ***[Indication:-]*** **1-Medical and surgical aseptic technique.** **2-Clean wound. 3-Septic wound.** **4-Vaginal douche.** **5-Mouth washes & gargle.** ***[Contraindication:-]*** **Patient sensitive to iodine** ***[Drug Interaction:-]*** **Alcohol & Hydrogen peroxide.** ***[Alcohol]*** ***[Indication:-]*** **1-Medical and Surgical Aseptic Technique.** **2-Clean Wound.** **3-Umbilical Cord Care** ***[Contraindication:-]*** **1-Septic Wound.** **2-Deep Wound.** ***[Drug Interaction:-]*** **Hydrogen peroxide & Providine Iodine.** ***[Hydrogen Peroxide]*** ***[Indication:-]*** **1-Mouth Wash. 2-Ear Wash.** **3-Septic Wound.** ***[Contraindication:-]*** **1-Deep Wound.** **2-Clean Wound.** ***[Side Effects:-]*** **1-Pulmonary embolism when used in deep wound.** **2-Tongue atrophy. [ ]** ***[Drug Interaction:-]*** **Alcohol & Providine Iodine.** ***[Nursing Intervention:-]*** **After using hydrogen peroxide rinse the wound using normal saline because hydrogen peroxide lead to delay wound healing.** **-Sterile Gloves. -Sterile Basin.** **-Gauze Dressings or Squares.** **-Clean Disposable gloves.** **-Sterile Dressing Set or Suture set (Contains scissors and forceps).** **- Plastic bag for Soiled Dressing.** **-Additional Dressing Supplies as needed or ordered.** **-Cleaning Solution.** Item Use ------------------------- ----------------------------- Oxygen source Giving o2 O2 masks Giving o2 Nasal cannula Giving o2 Suction machine Cleaning of air ways Suction tubes Cleaning of air ways Defibrillator Cardiac arrest ECG machine To detect heart function Pulse oximeter To measure o2 saturation Nebulizer To give inhalation drugs Monitors To check vital signs glucometer To check blood glucose **Electrodes** For monitors **Tracheostomy set** To use in ventilator **stretcher** To transport clients **wheel chair** To transport clients **cardiac bed** Cardiac and respiratory use **Laryngoscope** For intubation **Surgical sutures** For wound suture **Surgical equipment** Dressing and wound care **splint-plaster cast** For fractured patients Drugs +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Drug** | Use | +===================================+===================================+ | **Diazepam injection** | Convulsions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Hydrocortisone injection** | Allergy | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Adrenaline injection** | Allergy | | | | | **Anti histamine injection** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Lasix injections** | diuretic | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Aminophiline injections** | Respiratory problems | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **K+-chloride ampules** | Low K+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Na +-bicarbonate ampules** | Low Na + | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Ca +gluconate ampules** | Renal failure and low Ca+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Morphine injections** | Pain | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Pethidine injections** | Pain | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Dextrose 10%** | Hypoglycemia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Na+chloride drips** | Volume expander | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Ringer lactate drips** | dehydration | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Salbutamol solution** | bronchodilator | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Niphidipine s.l 10mg** | High Bp | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Isordil 5 mg(s.l)** | Myocardial infarction | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Aspirin 300mg** | Myocardial infarction | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Atropine ampules** | Analgesic | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Dopamine's ampules** | Hypotension | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Doputamine ampules** | Hypotension | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Dextrose5%** | Hypoglycemia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Dextrose in saline** | Volume expander | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Plasma expanders(e.g | Volume expander | | hemagel-)** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Activated charcoal** | poisoning | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Naloxone ampules** | Respiratory depression | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Dextrose 50%** | Hypoglycemia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Syrup of ipecac** | poisoning | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+