Final Exam Checklist of Key Terms and Images PDF

CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Final Exam: Checklist of Key Terms and Images Date: Friday, December 13, 8:00-11:00 a.m. in Foellinger Bring: a number 2 pencil, eraser and your student ID/icard. Tests & scantrons will be provided. Time: three hours Format: 150 multiple choice questions (a-d) Li...

CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Final Exam: Checklist of Key Terms and Images Date: Friday, December 13, 8:00-11:00 a.m. in Foellinger Bring: a number 2 pencil, eraser and your student ID/icard. Tests & scantrons will be provided. Time: three hours Format: 150 multiple choice questions (a-d) Listed below are key terms with brief identifications (including some terms from the first and second exams). All of this information can be found in Powell, Classical Myth, plus lecture slides. Most of the final exam focuses on material since the second exam listed below. There are a few questions about major figure and events from earlier (e.g., basic facts about the twelve Olympian gods and heroes important enough to have a chapter in Powell, like Theseus, Perseus and Oedipus). All are listed here. If you find an error on this page, please let me know ([email protected]). Divinities/demigods/monsters Aeetes (son of Helios, father of Medea) Aeneas (son of Anchises and Aphrodite, Trojan hero, journeys to found Rome, central figure in Aeneid) Aeolus (god of the winds, gives contrary winds to Odysseus in a bag so he can get home) Amazons (female warriors, defeated by Heracles, Theseus, Achilles) Aphrodite (= Roman Venus, goddess of love, mother of Aeneas) Apollo (god of disease, healing, poetry, music) Ares (= Roman Mars, god of war) Artemis (= Roman Diana, goddess of hunting, death of women) Athena (= Roman Minerva, goddess of cities, crafts, wisdom, war) Boars (= male pigs, mythical) ((1) Erymanthian, killed by Heracles, (2) Calydonian, killed by Atalanta and Meleager) Bulls (mythical) (1) Cretan bull/bull of Minos, stolen by Heracles, eventually killed by Theseus as the Bull of Marathon, (2) fire breathing bulls, owned by Aeetes, defeated by Jason with Medea’s help Calypso (“hider”, goddess who detains Odysseus for seven years before releasing him) Cattle, mythical ((1) of Helios, Odysseus’ men sacrifice one, punished; (2) of Geryon, stolen by Heracles, then stolen again by Cacus from Heracles) Centaurs (half man/half horse divinities, e.g., Chiron, teacher of heroes, Pholus, gives Heracles wine which starts a fight) Cerberus (three headed dog who guards the Underworld, stolen by Heracles and later returned) Chiron (kindly centaur who trains heroes in their youth, e.g., Achilles, Heracles, Jason) Circe (witch/goddess who turns Odysseus’ men into pigs, but then welcomes and helps them all) Cyclopes (mythical creatures who forge Zeus’s thunderbolts, later become one-eyed ogres) Demeter (= Roman Ceres, fertility goddess of crops, mother of Persephone) Dionysus (= Roman Bacchus or Liber, fertility god of wine, son of Zeus and Semele) Eros (= Roman Cupid, Love, son of Aphrodite) Furies (aka Eumenides, female deities who punish blood guilt, e.g., Orestes for killing his mother) Hades (= Roman Pluto or Dis, god of the dead) Helen (daughter of Zeus, marries Menelaus, then Paris; a hero, received cult honors at Sparta) Hephaestus (= Roman Vulcan, god of metalworking, crafts, husband of Aphrodite) Hera (= Roman Juno, goddess of marriage, wife of Zeus) Heracles (= Roman Hercules, son of Zeus & Alcmena, known for 12 labors) Hermes (= Roman Mercury, god of travelers, thieves, messengers, oratory)  CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Hestia (= Roman Vesta, goddess of the hearth) Hydra (from Lerna) (many headed snake who grows two heads for each cut off, killed by Heracles) Janus (Roman, two-headed god of bridges, beginnings, his gates at Rome when open = war) Lares (singular: Lar, Roman domestic gods associated with the home) Nymphs (minor goddesses of nature) Persephone (= Roman Proserpina, daughter of Persephone, stolen by Hades) Perseus (son of Danae and Zeus, kills Medusa and defeats a sea monster) Poseidon (= Roman Neptune, god of the oceans) Satyrs (= Roman fauns, goat/men divinities) Talos (bronze giant protecting Crete, disabled by Medea) Theseus (son of Poseidon/Aegeus, defeats the Minotaur and other heroic deeds) Thetis (Nereid, wife of Peleus, mother of Achilles) Zeus (= Roman Jupiter, storm god, king of the Olympians, enforces justice, hospitality) Mortals Aegeus (king of Athens, father to Theseus, gives Medea a refuge after Corinth) Aegisthus (son of Thyestes, sleeps with Clytemnestra and helps kill Agamemnon) Agamemnon (commander in chief at Troy, killed on return home by Aegisthus and Clytemnestra) Ajax (son of Telamon, best fighter after Achilles, loses the contest for his armor) Alcinous and Arete (king and queen on Phaeacia, parents to Nausicaa, hosts to Odysseus) Alcmena (wife of Amphitryon, mother of Heracles by Zeus) Amphitryon (Theban general, husband to Alcmena, resents her apparent adultery) Anchises (Trojan, sleeps with Aphrodite, father of Aeneas) Andromache (wife of Hector, mother of Astyanax) Argonauts (sailors on the Argo with Jason, incl. Heracles, Orpheus, Polydeuces, Peleus, Meleager) Argus ((1) Odysseus’ dog, welcomes him home and then dies), (2) builder of the Argo Atalanta (a hunter, first to wound the Calydonian boar and given the hide in honor) Augean stables (filthy, Heracles cleaned them by diverting a river) Briseis (Trojan, given to Achilles as a prize, taken away by Agamemnon) Brutus (Lucius Iunius Brutus, helped avenge the death of Lucretia by killing Sextus Tarquinius) Calchas (prophet on Greek side, Trojan war, tells Agamemnon to sacrifice Iphigeneia, given up Chryseis) Castor and Polydeuces (= Roman Pollux) (brothers of Helen & Clytemnestra, they sail with Jason) Clytemnestra (wife to Agamemnon, kills him as punishment for sacrificing their daughter) Coriolanus, early Roman aristocrat, turns against Rome, his wife/mother convince him not to attack) Deianeira (daughter of Meleager, wife of Heracles, kills him by accident with a poisoned shirt) Dido (queen of Carthage, delays Aeneas from his quest in a love affair like Calypso/Circe) Etruscans (a people north of Rome with a large cultural impact, provided the first Roman kings) Eurystheus (king of Mycenae, Heracles is forced to perform the labors he dictates) Hecabe (= Roman Hecuba) (queen of Troy, wife of Priam, mother of Hector) Hector (son of Priam and Hecuba, main fighter on the Trojan side, killed by Achilles) Helen (wife of (1) Menelaus, (2) Paris, (3) Deiphobus, her leaving Menelaus caused for the Trojan War) Hylas (Argonaut and youth beloved of Heracles, stolen by water nymphs) Iphigeneia (daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, sacrificed for winds so the Greek fleet could sail) Jason (son of Aeson, leader of the Argonauts, gets the golden fleece plus Medea but their marriage fails) Laestrygonians (cannibal ogres who destroy all but one of Odysseus’ ships) Laocoon (Trojan priest who recognizes the wooden horse as a trap, killed by sea serpents)  CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Lavinia (daughter of king Latinus, Aeneas’ eventual bride, fought over in Aeneid) Leda (wife of Tyndareus, mother of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux by Zeus as a swan)| Lemnian women (murdered their husbands, later slept with the Argonauts) Lotus Eaters (inhabitants of a “death island”, Odysseus has to drag his crew away, once they eat the lotus) Lucretia (Roman aristocrat, raped by Sextus Tarquinius, binds her husband to vengeance and kills herself) Medea (Colchian princess and witch, helps Jason retrieve the golden fleece, later kills their children) Meleager (heroic figure, hunts the Calydonian boar, kills his uncles in a rage, dies when his life log burns) Nausicaa (Phaeacian princess, finds and clothes Odysseus and brings to her parents) Nemean lion (beast with impenetrable skin and claws that cut anything, killed be Heracles) Neoptolemus (son of Achilles who slaughters Priam before an altar, later killed by Orestes) Nessus (centaur who tries to abduct Deianira, gives his blood as a love potion when killed by Heracles) Oedipus (son of Laius and Jocasta, accidentally kills his father and marries his mother) Orestes (son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra who avenges his father by killing his mother) Paris (Trojan prince, marries Helen, poor fighter in Iliad but major in the Trojan tradition, kills Achilles) Patroclus (close friend of Achilles, wears his armor and dies at the hands of Hector) Peleus (mortal, marries Thetis, father of Achilles) Pelias (Jason’s evil uncle, killed by his daughters when Medea dupes them into chopping him up) Pelops (son of Tantalus, wins a wife by cheating in a chariot race, later killed and served to the gods) Phaeacians (kindly hosts of Odysseus, known for escorting travelers) Phrixus and Helle (plotted against by step-mother Ino, escape sacrifice by riding a golden ram) Polyphemus (one-eyed ogre, son of Poseidon, defeated by Odysseus) Rhea Silvia (daughter of deposed king Numitor, mother of Romulus and Remus by Mars) Romulus and Remus (children of Mars and Rhea Silvia, found Rome, Romulus kills Remus) Sabine Women (from a tribe near Rome, stolen to provide early Roman settlers with wives) Scylla and Charybdis (multi-headed monster who eats Odysseus’ men, whirlpool that drowns everything) Sextus Tarquinius (last Etruscan king of Rome, raped Lucretia and killed for it, end of the monarchy) Sirens (monsters with alluring voices who lure sailors to their death, Odysseus defeats) Tantalus (evil king who fed his son Pelops to the gods, condemned to hunger/thirst in Underworld) Tarquin the Proud (= Tarquinius Superbus) (first Etruscan king of Rome) Telemachus (son of Odysseus and Penelope, helps his father kill the suitors) Theseus (son of Poseidon/Aegeus, kills the Minotaur) Turnus (leader of an Italic tribe (Rutulians), plays the role of Hector in the Aeneid, killed by Aeneas) Concepts/Items/Events Abduction of Helen ((1) by Theseus, retrieved by her Brothers, (2) by Paris, taken to Troy) Amorous goddess (folk tale type, e.g., Ishtar and Gilgamesh, Circe inviting Odysseus to sleep with her) Anthropomorphism (giving human traits to gods/other nonhumans) Apotheosis (deification or becoming a god, e.g., Romulus, many Roman emperors) Apple of Discord (“for the fairest,” thrown at wedding of Peleus and Thetis) Argo (first ship ever built, carried Jason and the Argonauts on their quest) Argonautica material in Odyssey (some borrowed, e.g., Clashing rocks, Scylla & Charybdis) Armor of Achilles (made by Hephaestus, contested after his death, Odysseus wins, Ajax commits suicide) Blinded Ogre (a story type that may lie behind the Polyphemus episode in Odyssey) Bow of Heracles (has toxic arrows, given to warrior Philoctetes, needed for Troy to fall) Cannibalism (rare, e.g., Tantalus serves Pelops to gods, Atreus serves Thyestes his own kids) Clashing rocks (Jason and Argonauts get through, Odysseus declines) Contest of the bow (set by Penelope to choose a husband, Odysseus wins)  CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Curses, inherited (e.g., on the descendants of Tantalus until Orestes is acquitted) Death islands (impossible to leave, e.g., Lotus Eaters, Laestrygonians, Calypso’s island) Descent to the underworld story (katabasis, e.g., Aeneas, Aeneid Book 6) Divine visit (theoxeny) story (e.g., Zeus visits Tantalus, is served Pelops) Dragon chariot (gift of Helios to Medea, enables her escape from Corinth, sign of divine ancestry) Dragon slaying (defining feat of Indo-European heroes = defeating chaos/death, e.g., Heracles and Hydra, Jason and golden fleece protecting dragon) Elysium (good part of the Underworld, to reward the virtuous) Embassy to Achilles (Iliad, bk 9, sent by Agamemnon to compensate for loss of Briseis, Achilles refuses) Eponymous ancestor (the origin of a name, e.g., Romulus and Rome) Etiological story (explains how something came to be, e.g., origin of the Tarpeian rock at Rome) Folk tale (stories about ordinary people, talking animals) Girl’s tragedy (story type of rape by god, illegitimate child, punishment, etc., e.g., Rhea Silvia) Golden fleece (from the ram sent to rescue Phrixus and Helle, owned by Aeetes, stolen by Jason) Hero (= heros, Greek concept) (mixed parentage, brought up in wild, divine protectors/opponents) Hero’s friend (close partner, sometimes double who dies in his place, e, e.g., Enkidu, to Gilgamesh, Patroclus, to Achilles, (reduced version), Iolaus or Hylas, to Heracles) Hesperides’ apples (wedding gift to Hera, guarded by nymphs/dragon, Heracles steals but returns) Hippolyta’s belt (aka girdle) (won by Heracles in combat with the Amazons) Hospitality (xenia) (obligations of courteous treatment between guests and hosts) Human sacrifice (rare in Greek myth, e.g., of Iphigeneia (Agamemnon), Polyxena (Neoptolemus)) Justice (dikê, proper treatment of others, enforced by Zeus) Legends (stories about human heroes, set in the past, e.g., Aeneas) Myth (a traditional story with collective importance, especially about gods) Oath of Tyndareus (Helen’s suitors agree to retrieve her, if stolen; why they fight at Troy) Odysseus’ bed (built from a living tree by Odysseus, symbolic, contrasts Hephaestus’ trap bed) Ogre Blinded story (folk tale that probably lies behind Polyphemus story, Odyssey book 9) Nostos (return home, a story type, after long travels a returning king finds chaos at home) Palladium (small statue of Athena, stolen by Odysseus, so Troy will fall) Penelope’s web (the shroud she pretends to weave, to buy time from the suitors) Pietas (Roman concept, a sense of duty/responsibility towards family, country and gods) Quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles (Iliad, book 1, over a captive woman, Briseis) Ransom of Hector (Iliad, book 24, Priam convinces Achilles, end of the wrath story) Recklessness (theme of the Odyssey, prevents a return home or nostos) Roman government (753-510 BCE monarchy, 510-27 BCE republic, 527 BCE -fall, empire) Schliemann, Heinrich (19th century businessman who discovered and excavated Troy) Stoic ideals (emphasis on performing one’s duty, self sacrifice, self control; one reading of the Aeneid) Syncretism (“blending,” Greco-Roman practice of identifying foreign gods with their own, stories about local heroes transferred to Heracles) Twelve Labors of Heracles (initially hunting/beast killing, then travel/monster killing) Wedding in a cave (semblance, but not reality, of a real wedding, will fail, e.g., Medea and Jason, Calypso and Odysseus, Dido and Aeneas) Witch in the woods (folk tale type, e.g., Circe turning Odysseus’ men into pigs) Wooden horse (device built by Odysseus to infiltrate and sack Troy) Wrath Story (story type, offense against a god, anger, destruction, appeasement, new ritual, e.g., Apollo (Iliad, Book 1), Achilles (the rest of the Iliad) Places (be able to identify them on a map)  CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Argos and Argive plain (in Peloponnese, Greece, original home of Heracles) Athens (Athena’s city, Greece) Colchis (city on the eastern edge of the Black Sea, home to Medea and golden fleece) Crete (home of Minos and the Minotaur, bronze age inhabitants known as Minoans) Greece (Mediterranean country) Italy (Mediterranean country) Ithaca (small island on the west coast of Greece, home of Odysseus) Rome (center of Roman empire, in Italy) Sparta (home of Menelaus and Helen, in Peloponnese, Greece) Troy (in modern Turkey, near the Hellespont) Source Texts Aeschylus, Oresteia (= Agamemnon, Libation Bearers, Eumenides) Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica (= Jason and the Argonauts) Euripides, Medea Homer, The Iliad Homer, The Odyssey Livy, A History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita) Virgil, The Aeneid Images You should recognize the iconography (who is shown, doing what, any identifying objects or clothing, the story being illustrated), but you do not need to know the medium, vase shape, provenance, date, painter, etc. You only need to know the images below, not the others on the lecture slides. Powell has additional information on many of these (noted below). Heracles & the cup of Helios (red fig. kylix c. 480 BCE) (Powell fig. 15.5) CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Heracles kills the Nemean lion Black fig. amphora, c. 525 BCE (similar to Powell fig. 15.1) Heracles, Erymanthian Boar, Eurystheus and Athena black fig. c. 510 BCE (Powell fig. 15.3) Young Heracles strangles snakes sent by Hera Pompeian fresco, c. 65 CE (Powell fig. 15.1) CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Heracles and Cerberus, Caeretan black fig. hydria, ca 530 BCE Dragon, Jason, golden fleece (hanging up behind dragon), Athena Attic red fig. kylix, c. 470 BCE (Powell fig. 19.5 Medea stabbing her child S. Italian water jug, c. 330 BCE (Powell fig. 19.8) CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Attendant (throwing a rock), Leda and Zeus as a swan, Sleep (god) S. Italian water jug, c. 330 BCE (Powell fig. 20.2) Sacrifice of Iphigeneia and rescue by Artemis (Agamemnon, Odysseus, Iphigeneia, Diomedes, Calchas, Upper level: Artemis bringing a deer) (fresco, Pompeii, 1st c. CE, Powell fig. 20.6) Hephaestus, Thetis and the new armor he mad for Achilles Attic red fig. kylix c. 490-80 BCE CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Servants, Priam, Achilles and Hector’s corpse (under the bed) Attic red fig. cup c. 480 BCE (Powell fig. 20.9) Death of Trojan priest Laocoon and sons by sea snakes Greek sculpture, 2nd – 1st cent. BCE (Powell fig. 21.4) Odysseus, Athena, Nausicaa Attic red fig. amphora 450-440 BCE CLCV 111 + 115 A. Traill Fall 2024 Telemachus, Penelope and the shroud for Odysseus’ father (on loom) Attic red fig. cup, c. 440 BCE (Powell fig. 22.5) Dido & Aeneas taking refuge in a cave where they ‘marry’, other figures sheltering from the rain Vergilius Romanus MS (5th c. CE)