Dev Psych Final Exam PDF

[Dev Psych Final Exam] **23) Is adolescence a time in your life that is typically filled with turmoil? What do most**\ **adolescents typically experience during adolescence?** -most pass through adolescence with little turmoil -some try out different roles and do things parents object to -most e...

[Dev Psych Final Exam] **23) Is adolescence a time in your life that is typically filled with turmoil? What do most**\ **adolescents typically experience during adolescence?** -most pass through adolescence with little turmoil -some try out different roles and do things parents object to -most experience: exciting times, intimate relationships develop, deepening sense of self **24) What is self-concept? What is self-esteem? How are they related to each other? What**\ **are upward and downward comparisons and how do they relate to self-esteem?** -self concept: knowledge of oneself -self esteem: overall emotional reaction to self concept **25) How does self-concept change during adolescence?** -more organized and coherent, view broadens **26) How is self-esteem related to gender during adolescence?** -early adolescence: girls self-esteem tends to be lower and more vulnerable (girls tend to worry more about physical appearance and social status, boys may feel incompetent and miserable) **27) How is SES related to self-esteem in adolescence? Why does this relationship exist?** -higher socioeconomic status (SES) leads to more self esteem -trendy expensive clothes, nice car (nicer things=higher status) **28) How are self-esteem and race related? What does traditional (older) research suggest?**\ **What does more recent research suggest? When taking race and gender into**\ **consideration, which two groups have the highest self-esteem?** -traditional research: prejudice is incorporated into minority adolescents self concepts -recent: African American adolescents have same levels of self esteem as Caucasians -strong racial identity is related to higher self esteem levels in African americans and hispanics **29) Explain Erikson's identity vs. identity confusion stage of development.** -trying on different roles to figure self out -Identity: approapriate identity that sets foundation for future psychosocial development -Confusion: sense of self is diffuse with adoption of socially unacceptable roles -may adopt socially unacceptable roles to express who they do not want to become **30) What does Gilligan suggest is the large component to identity development in females?** -women develop identity through establishment of relationships **31) List and explain Marcia's four categories of adolescent identity development. Which is considered worst case scenario and which is considered best case scenario?** -Identity achievement: successfully explored (crisis) and decided who they are and what they wish to do (committed) BEST ONE -identity foreclosure: committed to an identity without period of crisis in which they explored (accepted what people thought best for them) -Identity diffusion: neither explore nor commit to various alternatives (shift from one thing to next), appear carefree (lack of commitment impairs ability to form close relationships WORSE OFF -Moratorium: explored but have not committed, high anxiety and psychological conflict, also lively and appealing, seek intimacy with others **32) What are the three models that could be used to create a color blind society and decrease prejudice and discrimination?** -Cultural Assimilation model: individual cultures should be assimilated into unfied culture (melting pot) -Pluralistic society model: co-equal cultural groups should preserve their individual identities -Bicultural identity (middle ground): draw from one own culture and integrate into dominant culture (hold 2 different identities without having to prefer one over the other) **33) What is the incidence of depression during adolescence? What are the likely causes of depression during adolescence? Which gender is more likely to experience depression?** -1/4 report periods of sadness and hopelessness for 2 weeks or more (3% experience major depressions) -causes: genetic predisposition, death of loved one, depressed parent, unpopular, few close friends, rejection -girls have higher incidences but cause is not clear **34) What is the incidence of suicide during adolescence? How many attempts are there for every successful suicide? Who is more likely to attempt suicide (males/females)? Who is more likely to succeed with suicide (male/female)?** -triples in last 30 years (3^rd^ most common cause of death in this age group) -200 attempts for every succesful one -more girls attempt, more boys succeed **35) List 8 out of the 10 things you can do to help prevent suicide.** -listen without judging, talk about suicidal thoughts, evaluate situation, be supportive (let person know you care), take charge of finding help, make environment safe, do not keep talk/threats secret, do not challenge dare or use verbal shock treatment, make contract with person, don't be overly reassured by sudden improvement of mood **36) With regards to family relationships, why do adolescents question their parents' views? What role do they begin taking? What are the cultural differences in the shift to**\ **autonomy and away from being obligated to family duties and support?** -seek autonomy, role shifts (no longer children) -western sees earlier shift, eastern is not as pronounced -males allowed more autonomy at earlier age **37) What is the Myth of the Generation Gap? What is known about the relationship between parents' and adolescents' attitudes and values?** -divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations and worldviews -social political and religion issues tend to be same, dress music and friends are known to have differences -tend to share same major values **38) How does the amount of time a child/adolescent spends with their parents fluctuate as they get older?** -remains remarkably stable across adolescence (most teens have deep love, affection and respect for parents) **39) When conflicts arise between parents and adolescents, what is typically the primary**\ **reason for this? What cultural differences emerge when looking at conflict with parents?** -different definitions and rationals for appropriate conduct -less conflict in 'traditional' unindustrialized countries than in developed -adolescents expect more independence and individualism in industrialized countries **40) Why are peer relationships critical for adolescents? What are reference groups and**\ **norms and how do they influence adolescents?** -critical during adolescence, provide opportunity for social comparison and information, adults provide inadequate sources of knowledge -Reference groups: people with whom one compares oneself -Norms: standards/averages by which success can be judged **41) What cliques and groups? What determines membership in cliques and groups? What is sex cleavage? When does it disappear and why?** -cliques: 2-12 people who have frequent interaction -crowds (groups): larger groups where people share some characteristic but often don't interact with each other -membership determined by degree of similarity with members in a group -Sex cleavage: characteristic of early adolescence where girls play with girls and boys with boys (at end of adolescence, cliques become less powerful and male-female relationships become focus) **42) With regards to popularity and rejection, a teen's popularity can fall into one of four**\ **categories. List and explain each of the four categories. What categories are considered**\ **high status? Which categories are considered low status? What are the consequences of**\ **low and high status categories?** -High status: popular adolescents (most liked) and controversial adolescents (liked by some, disliked by others) -Low Status: Rejected (uniformly disliked), neglected (neither liked or disliked) -popularity related to difference in status, behaviour and adjustment **43) What determines high status in high school? What are the differences that exist between the perceptions of males and females?** -popularity related to status, behaviour and adjustment -largest difference in perception is college men saying high school girls high in status is physical attractiveness, while college women ranked grades/intelligence as \#1 and attractiveness as 4 **44) What is peer pressure? Does peer pressure rise during adolescence? Why not? What**\ **empirical findings do we have regarding peer pressure?** -susceptibility and conformity (some teens highly susceptible to peer pressure, the influence of ones peers to conform to their behaviour and attitudes) -susceptability to peer pressure does not rise in adolescence (conformity decreases as adolescents increase their own autonomy -conform less to both peers and adults -1/3 identify peer pressure as one of hardest things to face (stronger for females) **45) Who are juvenile delinquents? What is the difference between socialized and**\ **undersocialized juvenile delinquents? What types of crimes does each group tend to**\ **commit?** -overall violent crimes by juveniles decreasing (16% of arrests for serious crimes involve juveniles) -under socialized: raised with little discipline or by harsh uncaring parents (have not been appropriately socialized, shown appropriate social behaviour/how to regulate own behaviour) -socialized: larger group of offenders, know and subscribe to norms of society, usually influenced by group and criminal behaviour committed by group, crimes by this group tend to be minors **46) What is the current status of traditional dating? What is hooking up and how does it**\ **differ from traditional dating? What is the most common perspective on relationships**\ **with the opposite sex?** -until recently exclusive dating was cultural ideal, exploring relationships that might lead to marriage -today view dating as outmoded and limiting (hooking up seen as more appropriate) -dating still dominant form of social interaction, learning to establish intimacy, engage in entertainment and shaping identity **Chapter 6**\ **1) What part of the brain is continuing to grow during early adulthood that contributes to**\ **growth in brain size and weight?** -frontal lobe **2) What is senescence and how does it relate to the mosquito ringtone? What did the in-**\ **class demonstration reveal about different pitches (e.g., did all people hear all of the**\ **different pitches? If not, who was first one out and why?).** -senescence: natural physical decline -ears can be damaged at younger ages 'aging' hearing **3) When are most athletes considered to be "over the hill?"** -age 30 (at peak during early adulthood, swimmers by late teens and gymnastics even younger) **4) What are the benefits of exercise in early adulthood?** -longevity (living longer) **5) How is longevity and fitness related to each other? What levels of fitness are required in order to live longer?** -higher fitness=longer longevity -at least level 2 fitness drops death rate by 20% for women and 40% for men **6) What is the leading cause of death during early adulthood and at what age does this**\ **change? What takes over as the leading cause of death?** -accidents leading cause of death -changed at 35 to illness and disease **7) Define and explain what is meant by "secondary aging."** -physical declines brought about by environmental factors or individuals behavioural choices (lifestyle decisions: alcohol, tobacco, drugs, unprotected sex can also increase secondary aging) **8) How does the US homicide rate compare to other developed countries?** \- **9) What does the "obesity and age curve" look like? What is suggested to decrease obesity rates?** -physical growth begins to decline so calorie reduction needed -increases at 45-64 years and then decreases at 74 years **10) What are the statistics related to physical disabilities? How does prejudice and**\ **discrimination influence the way physically handicapped people think about themselves?** -50+ million americans physically challenged (fewer than 10% people with major handicaps finish high school) -less than 25% disabled men and 15% disabled women work full time -adults with handicap often unemployed, stuck in routine, with low paying jobs -prejudice and discrimination affects way disabled people think of themselves (pity, avoidance, treating adults as children, seeing disabled person as category rather than individual) **11) What is stress? What two factors influence whether or not someone will experience**\ **stress (i.e., what factors influence why one person will experience great stress and** **another person will experience low stress when facing the exact same situation)? List**\ **and explain the four different types of coping.** -stress: physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge an individual (process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges, arises less by events but by how we appraise and cope with the events) -long-term continuous exposure may result in reduction of bodies ability to deal with stress -problem focused coping: managing threatening situation by directly changing ti to make it less stressful -emotion focused coping: positive talk when experiencing stress -social support: presence of others' assistance and comfort (someone to talk to, borrowing money) -defense coping: unconscious strategies that distort or deny true nature of situation **12) What types of events can cause stress? What effect can long-term continuous exposure to stress have on your immune system? Describe the study conducted on stress levels and colds and what was concluded?** -negative emotions, uncontrollable/unpredictable situations, ambiguous/confusing situations, simultaneously completing many tasks-demands are all more likely to produce stress -people with higher life stress scores also most vulnerable to have colds (weakens immune system) **13) What is emotional insulation?** -people unconsciously block emotions and thereby avoid pain **14) What is hardiness and how is it related to stress? Why do hardy people experience less stress?** -personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress related illness (take charge people who revel in lifes challenges, respond to stress with optimism and confidence, threats become challenges that motivate them) **15) What is resilience?** -ability to withstand, overcome and actually thrive following profound adversity **16) List and explain the general guidelines to reduce stress.** -seek control over situation producing stress, redefine threat as challenge, find social support, use relaxation techniques **17) What is postformal thought and what characterizes postformal thought? How is it**\ **different from Piaget's model?** -relativistic thanking rather than pure logic (using practical experience, moral judgments and values) -acknowledges that world sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solution so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems -against Piaget model (ends in adolescence) **18) List and explain Schaie's 5 stages of cognitive development.** -acquisitive stage: acquisition of information (childhood and adolescence), information gathered and stored away for future use -achieving stage: young adults begin to apply intellifence to gain long term goals (careers, family, societal contributions) -responsible stage: middle aged adults are mainly concerned with protecting and nourishing their spouses, family and careers -executive stage: later middle aged adults take a broader perspective becoming more involved with the larger world (nourish and sustain societal institutions, not all make it to this stage) -reintegrative stage: late adulthood begin focusing more on things that personal meaning (focus on gaining knowledge on things that interest them) **19) List and explain the three components to Sternberg's Triarachic Theory of Intelligence.** -componential aspects: relates to mental components involved in analyzing data, solving problems (especially problems involving rational behaviour)-traditional IQ tests focus on this aspect -experiential components: refers to relationship between intellifence, peoples prior experience, ability to cope with new situations -contextual factors: involves degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday real world environments (more useful in predicting adult success than traditional IQ scores)\ **20) What is the strength of the relationship between traditional IQ and business success?** -success in business is only marginally related to IQ scores **21) What is practical/emotional intelligence?** -Practical: intelligence that's learned primarily by observing others and modeling them (contextual intelligence) -Emotional: set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions **22) What is creativity and when does it peak? Why are most breakthrough discoveries**\ **founded by younger professionals?** -creativity: combining ideas or responses in novel ways -peaks in early adulthood (most breakthrough discoveries have been discovered by young scientists, many professional problems are novel and are willing to take risks) **23) How do major life events lead to cognitive developments? What are some things**\ **considered to be major life events.** \- **24) What are the statistics related to who goes to college?** -60% high school graduates go to college -40% of those who start will graduate from college in 4 years (1/2 of dropouts will eventually finish) -133 degrees for women for every 100 men degrees -men have more job opportunities after high school and women have better grades in HS -40% college students are 25 or older -average age of community college student is 31 -69% of white high school graduates go to college, 61% African americans, 47% hispanics **25) What is the relationship between education and poverty? What are the statistics related to this relationship?** -3% college graduates live in poverty **26) What is "first year adjustment reaction" and what are the symptoms associated with it? Who does it typically effect? How long does it last for most people? Do a majority or**\ **minority of people have serious psychological consequences?** -cluster of psychological symptoms (loneliness, anxiety, depression, typically affects unually successful students in high school) -passes for most as friends made and integration into college life occurs (serious consequences for few) **27) What is the relationship between stress and age? What is the most stress age category based on the graph?** -decreases as we age (highest stress 18-19) **28) When is it suggested that college student seek professional help?** -psychological distress that lingers and interferes with persons sense of well being and ability to function, feelings one is unable to cope effectively with stress, hopeless or depressed feelings, inability to build close relationships with others, physical symptoms (headaches, stomach aches, rashes) **29) What are the common reasons that people who seek professional report for seeking**\ **professional help?** -report one significant psychological issue (depression main one) **30) What is hostile/benevolent sexism?** -hostile: overtly harmful treatment -benvolent: form of sexism where women are places and stereotyped and restrictive roles that may appear positive **31) What gender differences do we see in the distribution in classes?** -females: education and social sciences (women earn 22% of bachelor defrees in science and 13% of doctorates) -male: engineering, physical sciences, mathematics **32) What are some examples of stereotypes that lead to disidentification with school? Why does this happen?** -women lack ability in math and science (disidentify with these domains) -african amercians dotn do well in academic pursuits (standardized test scores slightly lower when starting elementary school, disidentification more general) -negative societal stereotypes produces state of stereotype threat (members of group fear behaviour will confirm the stereotype) **34) What do people's happiest/unhappiest memories typically consist of? How does culture influence the nature of happiest memories?** -happiest: psychological needs rather than material needs satisfied -unhappiest: basic psychological needs left unfulfilled -culture influences which psychological needs are most important in determining happiness (collectivist: happiness associated with experiences with other people Individualistic: associated with experiences related to self or self-esteem) **35) What are social clocks? What determines social clocks? How do they influence behavior (provide an example).** -psychological timepiece that records major milestones of ones life (culturally determined, more uniform until 1950s) -women focused on family first and then career (or vice versa) showed positive changes in personality compared to women who did not focus on one or the other remained unchanged or had negative shifts **36) Explain Helson's research related to social clocks and women.** **-** women focused on family first and then career (or vice versa) showed positive changes in personality compared to women who did not focus on one or the other remained unchanged or had negative shifts (focus on trajectory was important part) **37) Explain Erikson's intimacy vs. isolation stage.** -intimacy: close, intimate relationships with others (selflessness, sexuality, etc) -isolation: feelings of loneliness and fearful of relationships **38) What factors influence relationships (filters)?** -proximity, personal qualities, similar attitudes and values **39) Explain Murstein's Stimulus-Value-Role (SVR) Theory. What is a criticism of this**\ **theory?** -falling in love (stimulus: relationship built on physical characteristics, value: increase similarity of values and beliefs, role: relationship built on specific roles played by participants -NOT ALL RELATIONSHIPS FOLLOW THIS **40) With regards to Sternberg's Triangular Theory (Three Faces of Love), what are the threeaspects that influence the different types of love that one can experience? List and**\ **explain three of the eight types of love that can be experienced.** -Intimacy: feelings of closeness, affection, connectedness -Passion: motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness and romance -Decision/Commitment: initial cognition that one loves another person and commitment to maintain that love -NONLOVE: intimacy-absent, passion-absent, commitment-absent -LIKING: I-present, P-absent, C-absent -COMPASSIONATE: I-present, P-absent, C-present **41) What patterns are occurring with regards to living arrangements of people older than 15? What group is now in the minority (\