Final Study Guide PDF

Module 4 -- The Pattern of Evolution -- about 8 pts =================================================== - Define microevolution and macroevolution and understand the relationship of microevolution, speciation, and macroevolution - - - Change through time - know one example of con...

Module 4 -- The Pattern of Evolution -- about 8 pts =================================================== - Define microevolution and macroevolution and understand the relationship of microevolution, speciation, and macroevolution - - - Change through time - know one example of contemporary evolution - - - Recognize examples of speciation - - - - - - Be able to give one example of transitional forms in the fossil record - - - - - - - - - Module 5 -- Darwinian Natural Selection and Adaptation -- about 12 pts ====================================================================== - Darwin's four postulates -- define, be able to explain how the following examples address each postulate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Define or explain the modern synthesis - how it restates Darwin's postulates - - - - - - - Define adaptation. Which force of evolution results in adaptations? - - - Explanation of why all adaptation hypotheses must be tested - - - - - - - - - - Caveats of adaptation hypotheses -- differences among populations not always adaptive, not every trait is an adaptation, adaptations are not perfect - Exaptation -- define, provide an example - - - Module 6 -- Estimating Evolutionary Trees -- about 8 pts ======================================================== - Be able to read a tree and spot the landmarks (node, branch, etc.) - - - - - - - - Limitations of phylogenies -- they are hypotheses, based on particular data and analysis - - - - - Ancestral vs. derived traits, homologous vs. analogous traits - - - Be able to identify synapomorphies for particular groups - - Groups: monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic -- define, be able to recognize, be able to give an example of each - - - - Define homoplasy, understand that mechanisms are convergent evolution and/or reversals - - Methods of estimating phylogenies -- how does each work (e.g. how choose optimal tree) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bootstrapping -- how does it work, which analysis methods is it used with - - - - Molecular clocks -- based on what types of (usually DNA) data, why useful with phylogenies, how to tie clocks to absolute time - Module 7 -- Variation -- about 6 pts ==================================== - Types -- genetic, environmental, genotype-by-environment interactions - - - - - - Mutations - - - - - - - - - - - - - Module 8 -- Population Genetics I: Selection and Mutation -- about 10 pts ========================================================================= *Note there are no calculations in the exam, and no need for a calculator* - HWE equilibrium assumptions - - - - - - - - Module 8 -- Population Genetics I: Selection and Mutation (continued) ===================================================================== - - - - - - - - - - - - Mutations - Module 9 -- Population Genetics II: Migration, Genetic Drift, and Non-random mating -- about 8 pts ================================================================================================== - Genetic drift - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nonrandom mating -- example of inbreeding (define) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Neutral theory of molecular evolution vs. selectionist theory -- define, know differences in expectations for importance of evolutionary forces and frequency of different types of mutations - - - - - - - - - - - Module 10 -- Evolution at Multiple Loci ======================================= Linkage -- about 4 pts ---------------------- - Be able to recognize and/or explain mechanisms causing linkage disequilibrium: - - - - What mechanism restores linkage equilibrium? - - Adaptive significance of sex -- about 4 pts ------------------------------------------- - Why sexual reproduction? - - - - - Mueller's ratchet- asexual populations accumulate deleterious mutations over generations. Forces: population size, mutation rate, selection coefficient of mutations. Population size is involved because it determines drift rate. - phone sex is beneficial in coevolution - sex is useful in evolutionary arms races the red queen has to run faster and faster in order to keep still where she is that is exactly what you all are doing if two or more loci are involved haplotype frequencies are going to shift, they're going to cycle for the same reasons as seen in a simple model wheres there's only one gene Quantitative Traits -- about 2 pts ---------------------------------- - Define quantitative traits and be able to give examples - - - - Module 11 -- Social Selection ============================= Sexual selection -- about 6 pts ------------------------------- - How is sexual selection a special case of natural selection? - - How do differences in parental investment relate to differences in selection on each parent? (i.e. Bateman's principle) - - - - - - - - - - - Recognize examples of animals that use each system below and the behaviors/traits involved - - - Female choice - - - - - - Social selection -- about 4 pts ------------------------------- - Define altruism -- we know it exists in nature, why is its persistence a paradox? - - Module 12 -- Speciation -- 8 pts ================================ - Define species concepts and discuss pros and cons of using them - - - - - - - - - - - - Speciation mechanisms -- define and recognize examples - - - - - - - - - - - Adaptive radiation -- define, recognize examples -