Final Exam Notes PDF

5 a Final Exam What is sterilization Completedestruction of elimination of microbial life what is disinfection control at destroyingpathogenicmaterial Antisepsis disinfection of living...

5 a Final Exam What is sterilization Completedestruction of elimination of microbial life what is disinfection control at destroyingpathogenicmaterial Antisepsis disinfection of livingtissue Degerming mechanicalremovalofmicrobes Sanitization microbialcounts to safelevels publichealthstandards Bacteriostasis Notkillbutinhibitsgrowth Asepsis Absence of significantmicrobial contamination ide to kill Death constantrate 90 reductioninpopulationperminute Effects of antimicrobial treatments of colonies Env influences Exposure time microbialcharacteristics Whathappens when Altermembranepermeability damagedcells lossof nutrients Damage tonucleicacid proteins lossof enzyme geneticinfo physicalcontrols ofmicrobes Heat Dessication osmoticpressure thinecows radiation Highpressure 1 19tnsiiPo nEntimedenaturation ThermalDeathPoint TDP lowest temp where all microorganisms will bekilledin 10min ThermalDeath Time TDT minimumamount oftime for all to bekilled at giventemp Decimal ReductionTime DRT time min at which 90 will be killed at given temp moistheat Kills via coagulation ofproteins vegetative mostvulnerable tolerance nonvegetative spore Einsvegetative pathogens within 10min Reliablesterilization Steamunderpressure Sterile Devoid oflife killedeverything ex Autoclave atm ispsi at 121 C will kill everything in 15minutes forproper sterilization steammustpenetrate all layers Pasteurization microbialcount eliminates pathogens HTST HighTemperature Short Time pasteurization DryHeat sterilization flaming heated to redglow not airsterilization heated in dryoven 170CFor 2ns  2 filtration microbialcontrol striveheat sensitive materials HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Airfilters membranefiltration 0.22 um required 3 LowTemperature microbialcontrol refrigeration bacteriostaticeffect psychotrophsgrowslowly maynotkill 4 HighPressure microbialc ontrol rapidinactivationofvegetativecells endosporesmoreresistant 5 Dessication microbialcontrol reproduction ceases growth viabilityremains 6 Osmotic P ressure microbialcontrol hypertonic environmentusing salt sugar used in foodpreservation 7 Radiation microbial control Effects dependent on wavelength intensity duration ionizing or nonionizing  IonizingRadiation gamma Xrays highenergy ebeams sufficientm utationsto causelethality nonionizizing longerwavelengths UV damageDNA thyminedimersinhibitreplication mostlethalwavelength 260um UV controlssurfacecontamination from air Exama mostcommons urfacedisinfection ExamQwhyis uvantimicrobial modify breakDNAmolecules microwaveradiation littledirecteffect heatkillsmostvegetativestate 8 Chemical microbialc ontrol used onlivingtissue inanimate objects to safelevels concentration affectsaction contacttime important to achievehighestsafety Disinfectant solutiontested w̅ 3bacteria salmonella choleraesuis G Staphylococcus aureus a 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ot ma DiskDiffusionmethod Therapeuticindex toxic E filterpaper containing iontrolagents antibiotics TherapeuticDose placed on again L effective clinical monitored forzones of innipition treatment pf go Stresses 5 b Disinfectant Types 1 phenol carbolicacid effective above it Phenolics derivatives of phenol injureplasmamembrane 2 Bisphenols Derivatives of phenols with twophenolicgroups ex Hexachlorophene inhibits lot 3 Biguanides biocidalof mostvegetative cells broad manyorganisms narrow target specific 4 Halogens iodine chlorine a H2o Hypochiours acid strongoxidizingagent 5 Alcohols Killbacteria fungi butnotendospores proteindenaturation 6 Heavymetals antimicrobial activity oligodynamic action 7 silvernitrate antiseptic morebut nodescription Antimicrobial Drugs antibiotic substancefrommicroorganisms that inhibit others narrow onetarget egpenicillinG Broad manytargets eg inhibitboth Gtt Avoid as it takesoutsomeof thegood modes ofaction inhibitcell wall synthesis stopspeptidoglycan growth inhibitprotein synthesis disruptplasmamembrane affectpermeability metabolicloss inhibitnucleicacidsynthesis interfere w DNA rep transer inhibit metabolite synthesis Penicillin inhibit cellwall synthesis prevents crosslinkingofpeptidoglycanlayers weakens can wait NaturalPenicillin extra n int Iaiiii targetscot SemisyntheticPenicillins removereplacesidechainsofnaturalpenicillin Broad spectrum G Got Carbapenems inhibit cell wall synthesis broadspectrum Monobactums lowtoxicity singleving effects specific G bacteria Cephalosporins inhibitcell wall synthesis effect Co many Polypeptide antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis Antimycobacterialantibiotics isoniazid inhibitssynthesisof myfolic acids Chloramphenicol and Aminoglycosides broadspectrum inhibitsproteinsynthesis Tetracyclines broadspectrum inhibitsproteinsynthesis penetrate bodytissues well Macrolides inhibitprotein synthesis effective against Gt Streptococcal staphylococcal Polymyxin B against G injuresplasma membrane Rifamycins inhibit mRNA synthesis penetrates tissue Quinolones Fluoroquinolones inhibits DNAgyrase Sulfonamides inhibitssynthesis of essentialmetabolites DrugResistance 1 destructioninactivation of drug 2 preventionof target site penetration targetsite tie 6 genome geneticinto in a cell Bb genotype geneticmakeupcontainingpotential properties DNA gyrase Brown Phenotype actualexpressedproperties superooived genomics sequencing molecular characterization ofgenomes Bacteria DNAgyrase Archaea reversegyrase 3 stages of molecular informationflow 1 Replication duplication ofDNA 2 Transcription DNA participation inproteinsynthesis 3 Translation determineAAsequence Replication itDNAreplicates ii daughter cell recievesidenticalchromosome iiil DNAreplicated from 3 end iiii sometimesbidirectional Transcription it synthesisofRNAfromDNA 3 types messenger mRNA ribosomal rRNA transfer tRNA ii RNA hasuracil not thymine transports AA iii requires RNApolymerase Translation it proteinsynthesis by determining AAsequence codons onmRNA sensecodons codeforAA AUG nonsensecodons stopcodons Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression Induction processthatturnsontranscription of a gene inducedby an inducer  Operon model of expression structuralgenesregulatedtogether operon siteof operator andpromoter sites structural genes mutation change inDNAbase sequence simplesilent maynot bereflected basepoint single base is replaced missense amino acid sub based on nonsense stop codon in middleofmRNAmorecure frameshift nucleotides inserted deleted shiftingframe Spontaneous absence ofmutagen mutagens environmentalagentsdirectly indirectly causemutations chemicalmutagens nitrous acid Radiation Xrays gammaraysionize atoms morecures UV nonionizing creates thymine dimers lightrepair enzymes photolysasesuselight toseparatethedimer darkrepair nucleotideexcisionrepair Frequency ofMutation mutation rate probabilitycell will mutate after a cell divides Spontaneous rates are low mutagens increase spontaneous rate by 10100 times Identifying Mutants detection throughalteredphenotype positive directselection through rejectedunmutatedparentcells negative indirectselection cellsthat cannot performcertainfunction Auxotroph hasnutritional requirement notinparent Carcinogens mutagensthatcausecancer 7 phylogeny studyof evolutionary history oforganisms microbial Classification based on ribosomal RNA sequencing membrane lipid structure tRNA and antibioticsensitivity Bacteria Archaea pathogenicprokaryotes methanogens soil water nonpathogens Halogens photoautotrophs hyperthermophiles prokaryotic species population of cells withsimilarcharacteristics pure culture clone population ofcellsderived from singleparentcell Strain groupfrom samespecies butnot identicletoothergroups Biochemical tests separate on enzyme capabilities provide new nicheinsights can use either selective differentialmedia serological Tests antigenicnaturebased positivewhen agglutination occurs Serotypes antigenetically differentstrains Other Procedures phasetyping Ribosomal RNA sequencing FattyAcidprofiling polymerase chain reaction PCR flowcytometry nucleic acidhybridization DNA base composition DNA fingerprinting  DomainBacteria phylum 1 Proteobacteria ALLGramnegative metabolicallydiverse significance in medical industrial and agriculturalsectors α proteobacteria many can grow in lownutrients alpha bacteria nitrogenfixing plant humanpathogens B proteobacteria Bet y proteobacteria most abundant gamm can survive in contaminated water some 5 proteobacteria pett E proteobacteria Proteobacteria significant metabolicgroups 1 purplephototrophicbacteria anoxygenicphotosynthesis bacteriochlorophylls carotenoid pigments purplesulfur non sulfurbacteria 2 Nitrification NH4 Noz no nitri nitrogen compounds nitrification from ammonia oxidizers nitrate oxidizers 3 sulfur ironoxidizingbacteria Thiobacillus grow on reduced sulfur compounds two classes neutralPH acidpH 4 Hydrogen oxidizingbacteria He is e donor to 02 can be both Gramnegative positive microaerobic 5 10 Oz is optimal It hydrogenaseenzyme 5 Pseudomonas Pseudomonas straight curved rods uses organic compounds as carbon energysource manypathogens 6 Acetic AcidBacteria α proteobacterial Gramnegative rods aerobic highacidtolerance incomplete oxidation of alcohols andsugars  7 FreeLiving aerobic nitrogenfixing bacteria x and y proteobacteria inhabit soil nonsymbiotic nitrogenfixing obligate aerobe 8 Enteric Bacteria Gramnegative non sporulatingrods facultative aerobe pathogenicstrains non motive motive in peritrionous flagella 9 Vibrio and Photobacterium fermentative metabolism Aquatic mostly photobacteria are luminescence containluciferaseenzyme 10 Rickettsias obligate intracellular parasites 11 Spirilla motive spiral shaped some nitrogen fixers others magnetotactic 12 Sheathed proteobacteria FW habitats with rich organicmaterial flagenated swarmer cells within a longtube 13 Budding and stalkedbacteria prostherae bound bycellwall polar growth 14 Gliding Myxobacteria specialmotility S proteobacteria most complexbehavior t life cycle 15 Sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria act as e acceptors sulfide stinker spoilage in environments that are anoxicdueto microbial decomposition GramPositiveBacteria G Cbaseratio total of nucleic acid guanine cytosine basesineitherD NARNA High Gtc Ratio Low G CRatio Low Gtc Grampositivebacteria sporoformers endospore formingbacteria clostridialDiseases tetanus botulism primarily in anoxic soil environments Low G C GramPositive bacteria staphylococci can also be nonsporulatingbacteria pathogenic produce toxins enzymes Low Gtc Grampositivebacteria lactobacilli produce lactic acid inhibitsgrowthofcompetingorganisms lactobacilli used infoodproduction anaerobicgrowth Low Gtc Grampositivebacteria Streptococci acidic byproducts hemolyticreactions on blood agar Low Gtc Grampositivebacteria Listeria and Entercoccus survives refrigeration temperatures Listeria Psychrotrophs psychotorevant tolerates coldenvironments Enterococci Nosocomial Hospital Required Low Gtc Grampositivebacteria Mycoplasmas lack wall Pleomorphic changeshape environment willdictate organisms smallest selfreplicating High Gtc Grampositivebacteria Coryneform vodshape irregular arrangement animal andplantpathogens High Gtc Grampositivebacteria Propionic AcidBacteria ferment glucose topropionic acid High Gtc Grampositivebacteria Mycobacterium cell wall with my colicacids slow fast growing High Gtc Grampositivebacteria Actinomycetes filamentousbacteria at soil organisms greatwaytomemorize earthyodour streptomycesspp antibioticproducers Cyanobacteria Prochlorophytes bluegreenpigment oxygenicphototrophs oxygenicphotosynthesis contain chlorophyll at b Heterocysts N fixingcells 8 Domain Archaea highly diverse morphologically physiology canoccupy extreme environments Halophiles Have 5majorgroups methanogens Acidophiles thermo temp pyro fire highheat Euryarchacota environments mostdiverse physiologically manyinhibitextreme environments hightempsalt pH Groupsa extremehalophilicarchaea methanogenic archaea Thermoplasmatares Thermococcates and methanopyrus Archaeoglobares Nanoarchaeum and Aciduliprofundum Haloarchaea halo salt loving extremelyhalophilic require highsalt env atleast 1.5M 9 Nacl forgrowth found in salineenvironment extremehypersalineenvironmentsrare hotdryareas Binaryfission nonmotile obligate aerobes cellwall to glycoprotein to stabilize Na waterbalancein extremehalophiles needs topumplarge kamountsintocell internal kt externalNat positivewaterbalance