BIOL 109 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Summary

This document is a study guide for a Biology final exam. It covers various topics in anatomy and physiology, including the introduction, chemical level of organization, cellular level of organization, tissue level of organization. The guide also includes sections on the nervous system, brain, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, special senses, endocrine system, bones, and muscle tissue.

Full Transcript

BIOL 109 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Format: 2-hour cumulative exam covering lecture material only (though recalling what you saw and did in lab can help!), worth 15% of the final grade. Seventy-five 2- point questions. Lecture Topics: Focus your study on these concepts. 1. Introduction (5 question...

BIOL 109 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Format: 2-hour cumulative exam covering lecture material only (though recalling what you saw and did in lab can help!), worth 15% of the final grade. Seventy-five 2- point questions. Lecture Topics: Focus your study on these concepts. 1. Introduction (5 questions)- Subdivisions of anatomy & physiology, body systems, directional terms, body cavities, planes/sections, homeostasis, positive & negative feedback. 2. Chemical Level of Organization (4 questions)- dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis, pH, structures and functions of the different types of organic macromolecules, role of enzymes. 3. Cellular Level of Organization (3 questions)- roles of organelles, membrane transport mechanisms, basics of cell cycle and mitosis. 4. Tissue Level of Organization (5 questions)- Structure and functions of epithelium types, characteristics of the 3 muscle types, functions of the connective tissues we discussed (adipose, areolar, cartilages, blood, etc., etc.), epithelial membranes. 5. Integumentary System (2 questions)- layers of skin, accessory structures. 6. Nervous Tissue/Electrophysiology (9 questions)- Breakdown of nervous system and basic terminology, neuron types and anatomy, role of myelin, neuroglial cells, resting potential, depolarization and hyperpolarization, events of an action potential and its propagation, activity at chemical synapses, EPSPs and IPSPs. 7. Brain/Cranial Nerves** (6 questions)- overall brain anatomy; functions of major cortical regions we discussed; major functions of structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, brainstem, and cerebellum, the 3 cranial meninges, functions of cranial nerves (except glossopharyngheal, accessory, and hypoglossal). 8. Spine/Spinal Nerves** (8 questions)- anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord (horns, roots, rami, etc.), sensory and motor funiculi, nerve plexuses and the peripheral nerves we discussed, types of sensory receptors, reflex mechanisms and the types of reflexes we studied. 9. Autonomic nervous system (5 questions)- comparison to somatic nervous system, roles of parasympathetic vs. sympathetic divisions, roles of neurotransmitters and major receptors (nicotinic, adrenergic, alpha, beta), concept of dual innervation. 10. Special senses (7 questions)- Basic anatomy and physiology for olfaction, gustation, vision and hearing. No equilibrium. 11. Endocrine System (8 questions)- Major functions, origins, and control of release for the major hormones we discussed. Concept of second messengers and why they’re needed, nothing after endocrine pancreas on this lecture topic. 12. Bones and Osseous Tissue (7 questions)- bone anatomy, basics of endochondral vs. intramembranous ossification (purposes, starting material and end products). 13. Articulations (2 questions)- basic movements allowed at joints that were discussed in lab (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, etc). 14. Muscle Tissue (4 questions)- skeletal muscle and muscle cell (fiber) anatomy, connective tissue layers, 3 stages of contraction: excitation, coupling, crossbridge cycle. **Note: Remember that Lecture Topics 7 and 8 presented the material in a significantly different order from your textbook. Both Topics contain sections of Chapters 12 & 13. To follow along with those Topics in your textbook, use the textbook reading references at the beginning of each Topic.

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