BIOL 109 Final Exam Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of myelin in the nervous system?

  • Myelin supports neuronal cell bodies.
  • Myelin prevents the leakage of neurotransmitters.
  • Myelin increases the speed of action potentials. (correct)
  • Myelin conducts electrical signals to muscle cells.

    • What distinguishes the three types of muscle tissues in terms of structure?

  • Smooth muscle is striated and involuntary.
  • Cardiac muscle is voluntary and non-striated.
  • Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated. (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle is involuntary and striated.

    • Which statement accurately characterizes negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?

  • It amplifies the deviation from a set point.
  • It consistently initiates a response to increase a physiological measure.
  • It has no impact on maintaining homeostasis.
  • It reduces the intensity of a physiological response. (correct)

    • In which part of the neuron does the action potential begin?

    <p>Axon hillock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cranial meninges?

    <p>To protect and support the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?

    <p>The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of enzymes in biological processes?

    <p>To speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about epithelial tissues is correct?

    <p>Epithelial tissues are avascular and rely on diffusion for nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Flashcards

    Homeostasis

    The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

    Dehydration Synthesis

    A chemical reaction where monomers join to form polymers, releasing a water molecule.

    Roles of Organelles

    Each organelle has a specialized function, working together to maintain cell structure and function.

    Epithelial Tissue

    Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; characterized by tightly packed cells.

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    Neuron Anatomy

    A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites (receiving signals), and an axon (transmitting signals).

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    Resting Potential

    The electrical difference across a neuron's membrane when it's not transmitting a signal.

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    Major Brain Regions

    The brain has specialized regions for functions such as perception, movement, thinking, and emotion.

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    Sensory Receptors

    Specialized cells that detect stimuli in the environment and convert them into signals the nervous system can understand.

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    Study Notes

    BIOL 109 Final Exam Study Guide

    • Format: 2-hour cumulative exam, 15% of final grade, 75 multiple-choice questions. Focus on lecture material. Lab experience may be helpful.
    • Lecture Topics:
      • Introduction: Anatomy & physiology, directional terms, body cavities, homeostasis, positive and negative feedback.
      • Chemical Level of Organization: Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, pH, organic macromolecules, and enzymes.
      • Cellular Level of Organization: Organelles, membrane transport, cell cycle, mitosis.
      • Tissue Level of Organization: Epithelial types, muscle tissues, connective tissues, membranes.
      • Integumentary System: Skin layers, accessory structures.
      • Nervous Tissue/Electrophysiology: Nervous system terminology, neuron types, myelin, neuroglia, resting potential, depolarization, hyperpolarization, action potential propagation.
      • Brain/Cranial Nerves: Brain anatomy, cortical regions, diencephalon, midbrain, brainstem, cerebellum, cranial meninges, cranial nerves (excluding glossopharyngeal, accessory, and hypoglossal).
      • Spine/Spinal Nerves: Spinal cord anatomy, sensory and motor functions, nerve plexuses, peripheral nerves, sensory receptors, reflex mechanisms.
      • Autonomic Nervous System: Autonomic vs. somatic systems, parasympathetic vs. sympathetic divisions, neurotransmitters, receptors (nicotinic, adrenergic), dual innervation.
      • Special Senses: Anatomy/physiology of olfaction, gustation, vision, hearing.
      • Endocrine System: Major hormones, second messengers, release mechanisms.
      • Bones and Osseous Tissue: Anatomy, endochondral vs. intramembranous ossification.
      • Articulations: Joint movements (flexion, extension, etc.)
      • Muscle Tissue: Muscle cell (fiber) anatomy, connective tissue layers, muscle contraction stages (excitation, coupling, cross-bridge cycle).

    Note:

    • Lecture order differs from textbook order for topics 7 and 8.
    • Use textbook reading references for guidance.

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    BIOL 109 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your BIOL 109 final exam with this comprehensive study guide. Covering critical topics such as anatomy, physiology, cell biology, and nervous tissue, this guide will help you master the material needed for the 75 multiple-choice questions. Utilize your lab experiences to augment your understanding of the lecture content.

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