Final Exam Review PDF

[Final exam review]: [Pre and post-op care]: a\) Nursing assessment pre-op: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b\) Nurse's role post-op -- monitor for complications: - - - - -...

[Final exam review]: [Pre and post-op care]: a\) Nursing assessment pre-op: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b\) Nurse's role post-op -- monitor for complications: - - - - - - - a. - - b. - - - - - - - - - c. - d. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [Fractures]: What is a fracture? - Risk factors: - - - - - - Clinical manifestations: - - - - - - - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \*big complication of a fracture to monitor = compartment syndrome Compartment syndrome: - - - - - 6 Ps of compartment syndrome: \*pay attention to these symptoms in area distal to the fracture site a\) Early symptoms: - - - - - b\) Late symptoms: - - - - - - Compartment syndrome interventions: - - - - - - - - [Decubitus ulcers]: What is a decubitus ulcer? - - - - - - Clinical manifestations: - - - - - - - a\) Stage 1: - - - b\) Stage 2: - - - - c\) Stage 3: - - - d\) Stage 4: - - e\) Unstageable: - f\) Deep tissue injury: - Risk factors: - - - - - - - - BRADEN scale: - - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - When to become alarmed: - - - [Venous thrombosis (VT)/ DVT]: What is venous thrombosis? - - Etiology -- Virchow's triad: a\) Venous stasis (i.e. circulatory stasis) - - b\) Endothelial/ vascular wall damage - - c\) Blood hypercoagulability - Risk factors: - - - - - - - - Clinical manifestations: - - - - - - Nursing interventions -- prevention: - - - - - Nursing interventions -- management: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Complications: - - - - [Obesity]: What is obesity? - - - - - - - - Causes: \*exact cause unknown, focus is on calories in \> calories out - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nursing assessment: - - - - - - Complications: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nursing interventions/ treatment: - - - - - - - - - a\) Gastric banding: b\) Sleeve gastrectomy:  c\) Roux en Y: - - - - - - - - - [Asthma]: What is asthma? - - - - - Prevention of airway remodeling: - - - - Asthma s/s: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - What happens during an asthma attack? - - - Acute asthma attack s/s: - - - - - - - - Risk factors: - - - - - - - Asthma triggers: - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asthma action plan: - - - - - - - Peak flow: - - - Assessment for asthma exacerbation: - - - - - - - - - Diagnostic tests for asthma/ asthma exacerbation: - - - - - - - Nursing interventions to treat asthma: - - - - - - - - - Patient education: - - - - - - - - - - - - - Patient goals: a\) Reduce impairment: - - - b\) Reduce risk: - - - - [Diabetes]: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Type 1 | Type 2 | +===================================+===================================+ | - | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Type 2 diabetes treatment: a\) Metformin: used to treat high BG levels -- decreases insulin resistance via... - - - b\) Glipizide: stimulates insulin release via... - Early vs. late signs/ symptoms of hypoglycemia: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Early | Late | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - - - - | - - - - - | | | | | | \*late signs are all neurological | | | -- late signs are a medical | | | emergency! | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Treatment of hypoglycemia: Patient can eat/ drink Patient cannot eat/ drink, but does have IV access Patient cannot eat/ drink; does not have IV access ------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- Glucose between 50 - 70 4 oz juice/ non-diet soda OR 8 oz milk D50 (dextrose) 12.5g Glucagon 1mg (IM injection) → then obtain IV access Glucose below 50 8 oz juice/ non-diet soda OR 16 oz milk D50 25g 15g of carbs (piece of bread) also helpful for raising BG \^check BG 15 minutes after administering hypoglycemia treatment Hyperglycemia symptoms: - - - - - - Insulin: a\) Basal insulin - - Long-acting insulin: NPH, glargine Short-acting insulin: aspart, lispro b\) Correctional insulin - - - c\) Nutritional insulin - - - - \*Correctional and nutritional insulin are given together right after their meal (correctional units ordered + nutritional units ordered = total units given) [Appendicitis]: Risk factors: - - - - - - - - - Etiology: - - - Clinical manifestations: - - - - - - - - - Diagnosis: - - Treatment: - - Nursing management: a\) Pre-op: - - - - b\) Post-op: - - - - - - - [Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)]: What is GERD? - - - Risk factors: - - - - Esophageal symptoms: - - - - - Extra-esophageal symptoms: - - - - - Complications of GERD: - - - - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)]: What is PUD? - - - - Risk factors: - - - - - - 2 types of peptic ulcers: a\) Duodenal (more common): - - b\) Gastric: - - Nursing management/ patient education: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nursing assessment: - - - - - [UTI]: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lower UTI | Upper UTI | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - - - | - - - - | | | | | - - - - - | | | | | | - | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ \*Untreated lower UTI can travel upward and turn into upper UTI (presenting with both lower and upper s/s) Risk factors: - - - - - - - - Nursing management: a\) Lower UTI - - - - - - - - - Patient education: - - - - - - - - [Pyelonephritis]: What is pyelonephritis? - Clinical manifestations: - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - [Renal calculi]: - - - - Risk factors: - - - - - - - Clinical manifestations: - - - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - - - - - - - Nursing assessment: - - - - - - - - [Hypertension]: What is HTN? - - What causes HTN? - - - Factors affecting HTN: - - - - - Risk factors: - - - - - - - - - - - - Clinical manifestations: a\) Primary HTN: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - White coat vs. masked HTN: - - - - - - [Cancer]: Risk factors: - - - - - - - - Clinical manifestation: a\) CAUTION symptoms (occur for 2+ weeks): - - - - - - - b\) Constitutional symptoms (vague): - - - - - - Esophageal cancer s/s: - - Gastric cancer s/s: - - - - Cancer prevention: a\) Primary (prevention via eliminating risk factors): - - - b\) Secondary (early detection, screening for cancer): - - c\) Tertiary (treatment of cancer -- reducing complications, improving quality of life): - - - - - - - - - - Nursing management: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Palliative care: - [Breast cancer]: HR+/ HER2- (luminal A) = most common subtype of breast cancer also best prognosis Risk factors: - - - - - - - - Breast cancer s/s: - - - - - - - Nursing management: a\) Post-op mastectomy/ lumpectomy: - - - - - b\) Post radiation: - - -