Final Epidemiology PDF

( ‫) ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﺪ اﻷول واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻓﯿﮫ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ وﻻ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﺑ ًﺪا‬ 1st assessment Chapter 1 : MCQ , T&F Epidemiology is (Study of a speci c disease in a speci c population and using this study to control it). The Objectives Of Epidemiology ARHPT. 1- To identify the aetiology. 2- To identify the risk factor...

( ‫) ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﺪ اﻷول واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻓﯿﮫ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ وﻻ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﺑ ًﺪا‬ 1st assessment Chapter 1 : MCQ , T&F Epidemiology is (Study of a speci c disease in a speci c population and using this study to control it). The Objectives Of Epidemiology ARHPT. 1- To identify the aetiology. 2- To identify the risk factors. 3- To identify the history. 4- To identify the prognosis 5- To identify the treatment. 6- To Change the health problems ( To control the disease ). ⬆ Major role = Important = Great = Most Common. ❌ Minor = Less important =Small = Less common Infection ⬆ *2 Major role in 1900,2009 *2 Minor role in 1900,2009 Risk Group : group of people can get infection more than others ( They can’t resist the attack of infection ) Why Should We Identify Such High Risk Group 1- To identify the high risk factors. 2- To modify those risk factors. 3- Preventive measures. - Characteristics ( not modi able) such as age, sex, and race , gender - Characteristics (modi able) such as obesity, diet, and other lifestyle factor The Way While Epidemiologic Work To Change The Health Problems? The rst step is to determine whether an association exists between exposure to a factor or a characteristic of a person and the development of the disease. ( nd the relation between the external factor (disease) and the person) The second step is to try to derive appropriate inferences about a possible causal relationship from the patterns of the associations that have been found. ( nd reason for previous link) and destroy it if possible. Chapter 2 part A Human disease(Infection disease) does not arise from nothing. T&F Disease de ned as:- disorder of structure or function in a human body due to an interaction ( written , complete) MCQ , T&F ⬇ -External factors Ex. (infection, humidity, temperature, air pollution). - Internal factors Ex. (autoimmune diseases, age, sex, race). MCQ , T&F ⬇ 1: Direct , Indirect is main mode transmission. 2: Contact is direct transmission while the indirect transmission Host. 3: The common vehicle: Water , Food. 4: Clinical Characteristics: Symptoms, signs 5: Clinical Characteristics or Symptoms & Signs depends on ? 1- Site of entry 2- Nature of invader ( power of organisms) Nonclinical Disease (Unapparent) may includes the following: 1. Preclinical Disease not yet clinically apparent. 2. Subclinical Disease has no recognizable clinical ndings. 3. Persistent (Chronic) Disease persists for years. 4. Latent Disease. infection but no active( inactive) multiplication. A carrier: is an individual who harbors the organism, he can infect others but he hasn’t symptoms or signs. Characteristics of carrier? 1-Person. 2-Carry the disease. 3-Has not sign&symptoms. 4-Infect others. MCQ , T&F Endemic is de ned as:- the presence of the disease within a geographical area. Epidemic is de ned as:- the rapid spread of disease to a large number of patients within an area in a short time. Pandemic is de ned as:- a worldwide epidemic. MCQ , T&F The amount of disease in a population depends on a balance between: the number of people in that population who are susceptible(at risk), and the number of people who are immune (not at risk). If the entire population is immunized, no epidemic will develop. T&F Spread of disease depends on the balance between Immune ( not at risk ) , Susceptible ( at risk ). Herd immunity : the resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease or infection. Incubation Period De ned as:- the time between entry of an infection and appearance of clinical illness. MCQ , T&F During this time, the incubation period, you feel completely well and show no signs of the disease. 9Q:Why doesn’t disease develop immediately at the time of infection?. 10Q: Why incubation period is sometimes different?. 1-Time needed for multiplication. 2-Site of entry. 3-The dose of infection ( organism). 11Q : How long would we want to isolate a person? until end of incubation period. Note:- in the incubation period isolate the infected or susceptible infected person to prevent the spread of the disease to the others.(Quarantine) Isolate = Quarantine ❌ Release. 2nd assessment (mcq ,t&f ‫)ﻣﺎ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ Attack rate : The number of people at risk who got the disease in a speci c population at a speci c time divided by the number of people at risk in the population at that time. (At risk with disease / A risk) Surveillance used to monitor changes in disease frequency or changes in the risk factors. What is the importance of Surveillance? Developing the best strategies for disease prevention and control. Incidence rate :The number of new cases in a speci c population at a speci c time divided by the number of people at risk in the population at that time (All cases / At risk ) The incidence rate is the measure of risk people. Prevalence rate :the number of new cases in a speci c population at a speci c time divided by the number of people in the population at that time ( All cases / All ppl ) The prevalence rate is the measure of total event Why do we have to estimate prevalence rate even if it is not a measure of risk? Prevalence is an important measure of (the total event) or disease occurrence in a community. Why prevalence estimate is signi cantly affected? set of criteria that used in the diagnoses are different. Why mortality rate measurement is of high priority? Why mortality rate calculation is very important? - Mortality rate serves as a measure of disease severity. - Mortality rate determines the effectiveness of treatment. Mortality rate : the number of deaths from all cases in a speci c population at a speci c time divided by the number of people in the population at that time ( All deaths/All ppl ) Case fatality rate : number of deaths from speci c disease in a speci c population at a speci c time divided by the number of people with the same disease in the population at that time ( Death with disease / All cases ) Introduction to Biostatistics : ‫ﻣﮭﻤﻤﻢ‬ Mcq/T&F Biostatistics: as collection, analysis ,presentation of the data and making decisions based on that analysis Bio statistics means biology and statistics Role of Statisticians Survey guidance , Data analyzer , Results Presenter Methods Of Presenting Data Numerical presentation Graphical presentation Mathematical presentation Written 👇 Numerical presentation Line Graph Histogram  Bar chart Pie chart Mcq /T&F Mathematical presentation Summery statistics Summarize and provide values and information about sample data. Scenario: Bar chart During your clinical course you start to record the newborn In the day number one the male 15 and the female 20 and the day number two the male is 30 and the female 14 , day number three male 60 female 50 , day four male 23 female 17 , day ve male 18 female 34 , day six male 20 female 12