Human-Environment Systems PDF

**HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS** Human-Environment Systems is an interdisciplinary field that examines the complex interactions between human societies and their natural environments. This framework integrates insights from various disciplines, including ecology, sociology, geography, and economics, t...

**HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS** Human-Environment Systems is an interdisciplinary field that examines the complex interactions between human societies and their natural environments. This framework integrates insights from various disciplines, including ecology, sociology, geography, and economics, to understand how humans affect and are affected by their environments. It examines the interactions between human systems and environmental systems. **Human-Environment System** ***Human*** (David 2018)-Have the capacity to interact with their environment. -Humans and the environment have that "mutual" interaction with each other. -Have the capacity to change or influence the balance of society. (David 2018) ***Environment*** (David 2018)-A complex of many variables which surrounds man as well as the living organisms. -Includes water, air and land and the interrelation ships which exists among and between water, air and land. ***System***-It may be described as a complex of interacting components together withthe relationships among them that permit the identification of aboundary- maintaining entity or process. (David 2018) ***Human-Environment Systems*** (David 2018) -Also known as CHANS (coupled human and natural system) -Dynamical two-way interactions between human systems (e.g. economic, social) and natural (e.g. hydrologic, atmospheric, biological, geological) systems. -Social and natural systems are inseparable. -Tackle broader investigations into the complex nature of reciprocating interactions and feedbacks humans on the environment and the effect of the environment on humans. Landscape (Berroya 2017) \- The visible features of an area of land of countryside or land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. \- Part of the Earth's surface that can be viewed at one time from one place. \- Continually changing under the influence of many different factors. Landscape (Berroya 2017) \- The visible features of an area of land of countryside or land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. \- Part of the Earth's surface that can be viewed at one time from one place. \- Continually changing under the influence of many different factors. Landscape (Berroya 2017) \- The visible features of an area of land of countryside or land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. \- Part of the Earth's surface that can be viewed at one time from one place. \- Continually changing under the influence of many different factors. Landscape (Berroya 2017) -The visible features of an area of land of countryside or land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. -Part of the Earth's surface that can be viewed at one time from one place. -Continually changing under the influence of many different factors. 2 Types of Landscape (David 2018) 1. Natural Landscape -- Original landscapes that exists before it is acted upon by human culture. 2. Cultural Landscape -- Cultural properties \[that\] represent the combined works of nature and of man (World Heritage Committee) -- Designed and created intentionally by man -- An organically evolved landscape which may be relict landscape **2 TYPES OF LANDSCAPE** (David 2018) ***1.Natural Landscape***--Original landscapes that exists before it is acted upon by human culture. **2.Cultural Landscape--**Cultural properties \[that\] represent the combined works of nature and of man (World Heritage Committee) --Designed and created intentionally by man--An organically evolved landscape which may be relict landscape. **Thematic Map-**Focuses on a specific theme or subject area such as physical phenomena like temperature variation, rainfall distribution, and population density in an area (Berroya 2017). **Mental Map** (Berroya 2017) -First-person perspective of an area and how they interact with it -The image you have of your neighborhood. Your mental map of where you live allows you to know how to get to your favorite coffee shop. -It is what you use to plan activities and routes to travel. **Spatial Distribution** (Berroya 2017) -The arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth's surface and graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics. -Describes how spread out a population is (what area it occurs in), while population density describes how many individuals are found in a given area. **Spatial Analysis** -A type of geographical analysis which seeks to explain patterns of human behavior and its spatial expression in terms of mathematics, and geometry, that is, locational analysis. (Berroya 2017) **ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION AND EFFECTS)** Many of the environmental issues today relate to humans over use of finite resources for economic development. As a species, humans tend to regard the environment as a never-ending source of materials and energy. Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms. Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmental resources management, environmental protection, and environmentally friendly chemical engineering (David 2018). The Philippines faces several pressing human-environment system issues due to its unique geography, biodiversity, and socio-economic dynamics. Here are some key issues: **1. Climate Change and Extreme Weather** The Philippines is highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing more frequent and intense typhoons, rising sea levels, and changing rainfall patterns. These changes threaten livelihoods, infrastructure, and food security. **2. Deforestation and Habitat Loss** Rapid deforestation due to logging, agriculture, and urbanization leads to loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems. This also contributes to soil erosion and increased vulnerability to landslides. **3. Coastal Degradation** Coastal communities face issues such as coral reef destruction, mangrove deforestation, and pollution. Overfishing and unsustainable tourism practices further threaten marine ecosystems, impacting food security and livelihoods. **4. Water Scarcity and Pollution** Increasing demand for water due to population growth and industrialization, combined with pollution from agricultural runoff and urban waste, leads to water scarcity and compromised water quality. **5. Urbanization and Land Use Change** Rapid urbanization results in the conversion of agricultural and natural lands into residential and commercial areas, leading to habitat fragmentation and loss of green spaces. Informal settlements often develop in vulnerable areas, exacerbating risks. **6. Poverty and Environmental Degradation** Many communities rely on natural resources for their livelihoods. Poverty often drives unsustainable practices, such as illegal logging and overfishing, which further degrade the environment and threaten long-term sustainability. **7. Disaster Risk Management** The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, and inadequate disaster preparedness and response systems can lead to significant human and economic losses. Strengthening community resilience is essential. **8. Biodiversity Loss** The country is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, yet it faces significant threats from habitat destruction, invasive species, and climate change. Conservation efforts are critical to protect endemic species. **9. Agricultural Sustainability** The agricultural sector faces challenges such as soil degradation, reliance on chemical fertilizers, and vulnerability to climate impacts. Promoting sustainable practices is vital for food security. **10. Cultural Heritage and Environmental Impact** The intersection of cultural heritage and environmental management is significant, especially in indigenous communities where traditional practices contribute to sustainable resource management. ***Addressing these human-environment system issues*** requires integrated approaches that consider socio-economic factors, environmental sustainability, and community engagement. Collaborative efforts among government, civil society, and local communities are crucial to developing effective policies and practices that enhance resilience and promote sustainable development in the Philippines. **FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS** Learning Objectives: The learners shall be able to: Know the different Filipino Social Thinkers and their famous works Appreciate the works of these Filipino Social Thinkers. **Filipino Social Thinkers** Here are some notable Filipino social thinkers who have significantly contributed to various fields such as sociology, psychology, philosophy, and nationalism: **1. José Rizal** Contributions: A national hero known for his writings that inspired the Philippine revolution against Spanish colonization. His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, critique social injustices and advocate for reform. **2. Andres Bonifacio** Contributions: Often called the \"Father of the Philippine Revolution,\" Bonifacio emphasized the importance of collective action and national identity in his writings, particularly in his own work, Huling Paalam. **3. Emilio Jacinto** Contributions: A key figure in the Katipunan, Jacinto wrote essays that articulated the ideals of democracy and social justice, including his influential piece, A La Patria. **4. Carlos Bulosan** Contributions: An author and labor activist, Bulosan's writings, such as America Is in the Heart, reflect the struggles of Filipino immigrants and critique social inequality. **5. Francisco Benitez** Contributions: An educator and advocate for Philippine literature, Benitez emphasized the role of education in nation-building and contributed to the development of Filipino literary criticism. **6. Zeus Salazar** Contributions: A historian and proponent of Pantayong Pananaw, Salazar advocates for a Filipino perspective in historical studies, emphasizing the need to understand Philippine history from a local viewpoint. **7. Maria Rosario M. S. Alonzo** Contributions: A sociologist known for her work on social stratification and gender issues in the Philippines, contributing to discussions on development and social change. **8. Emerito R. S. Quito** Contributions: A philosopher and scholar who focused on Filipino philosophy and cultural identity, promoting the idea of sikolohiyang Pilipino and indigenous knowledge. **9. Benedict Anderson** Contributions: While not Filipino by birth, Anderson's work on nationalism, particularly in Imagined Communities, has influenced Filipino studies and understanding of national identity. **10. Carmen Concha** Contributions: A prominent feminist thinker, she has focused on women's rights and empowerment in the Philippines, contributing to social movements advocating for gender equality. **11. Ramon Magsaysay** Contributions: As a former president, Magsaysay was known for his populist policies and emphasis on social justice, rural development, and the importance of listening to the voices of ordinary Filipinos. **12. Lualhati Bautista** Contributions: A renowned author and feminist, Bautista's works address social issues, gender roles, and the complexities of Filipino identity, particularly in her novel Bata, Bata\... Pa\'no Ka Ginawa?. **13. Rolando Gripaldo** Contributions: A scholar known for his work in Philippine philosophy and ethics, focusing on the relevance of Filipino cultural values in modern society. **14. Gina Apostol** Contributions: A novelist and essayist whose works explore themes of identity, history, and the Filipino experience, contributing to contemporary Philippine literature. **15. Pilar P. S. De Leon** Contributions: A notable educator and advocate for women's rights, her work has centered on gender issues in education and the empowerment of women in Filipino society. These thinkers have laid the groundwork for understanding Philippine society and culture, emphasizing the importance of local perspectives and addressing social issues through their work. **INSTITUTE OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE'S STUDY ON FILIPINO VALUES** The Institute of Philippine Culture (IPC) at Ateneo de Manila University has conducted extensive research on Filipino values. One of their notable studies identifies three key values: social acceptance, economic security and social mobility, and reciprocity. ***Social acceptance*** involves the desire to be liked and accepted by others, often leading to behaviors that promote harmony and avoid conflict. ***Economic security and social mobility*** reflect the importance of financial stability and the aspiration to improve one's social status. ***Reciprocity*** includes concepts like utang na loob (debt of gratitude), which emphasizes mutual support and the importance of returning favors1. These values are deeply ingrained in Filipino culture and influence various aspects of social interactions and community life. The IPC's research helps in understanding how these values shape behaviors and societal norms in the Philippines. **What is Culture?** Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. **VALUES** - Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a guide for human behavior. Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values that they are raised with. People also tend to believe that those values are "right" because they are the values of their particular culture. - standards used in making a decision, can be classified as goals towards something that an individual must strive for. A culture\'s values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. Sociologists disagree, however, on how to conceptualize values. Conflict theory focuses on how values differ between groups within a culture, while functionalism focuses on the shared values within a culture. **FILIPINO VALUES-** refers to the set of values or the value system that majority of the Filipinos have historically held important in their lives. Filipino values are deeply rooted in the country\'s history, culture, and social norms. **1. Bayanihan** Meaning: The spirit of communal unity and cooperation, where people help each other, especially during times of need, such as moving a house or during disasters. **2. Pakikipagkapwa** Meaning: This concept emphasizes shared identity and connection with others, highlighting empathy, respect, and understanding in relationships. **3. Utang na Loob** Meaning: A sense of gratitude and debt of gratitude that binds individuals to those who have helped them, fostering a strong sense of loyalty and reciprocity. **4. Hiya** Meaning: A sense of shame or modesty that encourages individuals to act appropriately in social situations, promoting respect and consideration for others. **5. Respect for Elders (Paggalang)** Meaning: Deep respect for older generations, often demonstrated through gestures such as "mano," where younger individuals take the hand of an elder and place it on their forehead as a sign of respect. **6. Family Orientation** Meaning: Strong emphasis on family ties and loyalty, with extended families often living close to one another and providing mutual support. **7. Religious Faith** Meaning: A significant aspect of life for many Filipinos, with faith providing moral guidance and a sense of community through shared beliefs and practices. **8. Hospitality** Meaning: A warm welcome to guests, characterized by a willingness to offer food and comfort, reflecting the importance of social connections. **9. Simplicity and Contentment** Meaning: Valuing simple pleasures and being content with what one has, often seen in the appreciation of nature, family gatherings, and community events. **10. Resilience** Meaning: The ability to adapt and bounce back from adversity, often seen in the Filipino spirit during challenges such as natural disasters. **11. Pagkakaisa** Meaning: The value of unity and togetherness, stressing the importance of working as a community towards common goals. **12. Personalism** Meaning: Emphasizing personal relationships and face-to-face interactions, which often take precedence over formal structures and processes. **13. Kapit-Bisig** Meaning: Literally translating to \"linking arms,\" this value signifies solidarity and collective action, particularly in times of crisis or community efforts. **14. Malasakit** Meaning: A sense of compassion and care for others, emphasizing the importance of looking out for the welfare of friends, family, and community members. **15. Paghahalaga sa Edukasyon** Meaning: A strong emphasis on education as a pathway to success, with families often investing heavily in their children\'s schooling to provide better opportunities. **16. Ating Pagsisikhay** Meaning: The value of hard work and diligence, encouraging perseverance and the pursuit of goals despite challenges. **17. Tradition and Heritage** Meaning: A deep appreciation for cultural traditions, customs, and rituals, which are often celebrated through festivals and family gatherings. **18. Sikaping Maging Matatag** Meaning: Striving to be strong and resilient, often reflected in the determination to overcome obstacles and improve one's situation. **19. Bahalang Bahay** Meaning: A value that suggests an acceptance of life\'s unpredictability, encouraging a flexible approach to challenges and a focus on enjoying the moment. **20. Pagtutulungan** Meaning: The value of mutual assistance, highlighting the importance of helping one another in both small and large ways, reinforcing community bonds. **21. Laging Handa** Meaning: The principle of being prepared, especially in the face of natural disasters or emergencies, reflecting a proactive attitude toward safety and resilience. **22. Paghahangad ng Katiwasayan** Meaning: The aspiration for peace and stability, whether in the home, community, or nation, underscoring the importance of harmony in relationships. **23. Maka-Diyos** Meaning: A value reflecting the Filipino\'s strong spiritual and religious beliefs, emphasizing the role of faith in daily life and decision-making. **24. Pagkilala sa Sarili** Meaning: Recognizing one's own identity and cultural background, promoting pride in being Filipino and understanding one's role in society. ***These values reflect the*** rich cultural heritage of the Philippines and continue to influence everyday life, interpersonal relationships, and community dynamics. They foster a sense of belonging, cooperation, and social responsibility among Filipinos **IMPORTANCE OF FILIPINO VALUES** Modern Filipino values serve as their guide not only on their performance in rendering direct patient care. They also added that it is important to be fueled by modern Filipino values because as a person it serves as one\'s mirror of personality. Values make people decide of what is best. ***Filipino Values can be divided into many themes:*** A.Smoothness of Interpersonal Relationships - Pakikisama - Euphimism or indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite B. Shame and Self-esteem - Hiya - Amor Propio or a sense of self-esteem or self-love that prevents a person from swallowing his or her pride. C. Economic Security and Social Mobility - Reciprocity -- it refers to a situation wherein Filipinos ensure that every favour asked must be returned - Contractual Reciprocity- refers to a voluntary agreement between 2 or more individuals to have in a particular manner in a specific time in the future. - Quasi-contractual Reciprocity- reciprocity is automatic and prior arrangements are not needed. Ex. Abuloy - Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude- generated when an exchange of goods and services take place between individuals coming from different groups. - Characterized by unequal repayment with no prior agreement whether implicit or explicit. **SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO -**Filipino **Psychology** Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology) is a framework that emerged in the Philippines to better understand the psychological experiences and behaviors of Filipinos within their cultural context. It was developed in response to the need for a psychology that reflects the values, beliefs, and social realities of the Filipino people, rather than relying solely on Western psychological theories. **Key Concepts of Sikolohiyang Pilipino:** Kahulugan (Meaning): Understanding psychological concepts through the lens of Filipino culture, incorporating indigenous terms and ideas. Buhay (Life): Emphasizes the lived experiences of Filipinos, focusing on how cultural factors influence psychological phenomena. Pakikipagkapwa (Interpersonal Relations): Highlights the importance of social relationships, community, and the concept of \"kapwa,\" which denotes shared identity and connection. Sama-samang Pag-iisip (Collective Thinking): Recognizes the influence of collectivism over individualism, emphasizing how group dynamics shape individual behaviors and attitudes. Pagsasarili (Selfhood): Explores the Filipino concept of self, which is often interconnected with others, contrasting with more Western notions of individualism. ***Importance of Sikolohiyang Pilipino:*** Cultural Relevance: Provides a framework that resonates with Filipino experiences, helping to address issues like identity, mental health, and social dynamics in a culturally appropriate manner. Empowerment: Encourages Filipinos to draw from their own cultural heritage when understanding psychological issues, fostering a sense of pride and ownership over their psychological knowledge. Research and Practice: Informs research methodologies and therapeutic practices that are culturally sensitive, leading to more effective interventions. **SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO** is a vital contribution to psychology, emphasizing the need for culturally grounded approaches that reflect the unique experiences of Filipinos. It advocates for a psychology that is not only scientifically rigorous but also deeply connected to the cultural and social fabric of the Filipino community. **PANTAYONG PANANAW** Pantayong Pananaw is a framework in Philippine studies that emphasizes a perspective that is \"from us\" (tayo) rather than an external or colonial viewpoint. Developed primarily by scholars like Zeus Salazar, this approach advocates for understanding Philippine history, culture, and society through the lens of Filipino experiences and interpretations. Key Concepts of Pantayong Pananaw: Filipino Perspective: Focuses on using indigenous concepts and narratives to interpret Philippine realities, promoting a sense of ownership over knowledge and cultural identity. Historical Contextualization: Emphasizes understanding historical events from the viewpoint of Filipinos, taking into account local contexts, experiences, and interpretations. Critique of Colonial Influences: Challenges the dominance of Western frameworks in understanding Philippine culture and history, aiming to decolonize knowledge and promote local scholarship. Interconnectedness of Knowledge: Highlights the importance of linking various fields of study (e.g., history, sociology, literature) to create a comprehensive understanding of Filipino identity and society. Collective Identity: Recognizes the significance of a shared national consciousness, encouraging unity and pride among Filipinos in their shared history and cultural heritage. ***Importance of Pantayong Pananaw:*** Cultural Reclamation: Provides a means for Filipinos to reclaim their narratives, fostering a stronger sense of identity and cultural pride. Empowerment in Scholarship: Encourages the development of local theories and methodologies that resonate with Filipino experiences, enhancing the relevance and applicability of research. Holistic Understanding: Promotes a more nuanced view of Philippine society, encouraging interdisciplinary approaches that account for the complexities of Filipino life. **PANTAYONG PANANAW** is a vital framework for understanding Philippine history and culture from a Filipino perspective. It fosters a critical consciousness that empowers scholars and citizens alike to engage with their heritage, contributing to a more authentic and meaningful discourse about the Filipino experience.