Nola J. Pender - Health Promotion Model (HPM) PDF

Nola J. Pender - Health Promotion Model (HPM) Background: Education: ○ Baccalaureate in Nursing, MSU ○ Master of Arts in Growth and Development ○ PhD in Psychology and Education Influences: ○ During her doctoral program, Pender noted it was “introdu...

Nola J. Pender - Health Promotion Model (HPM) Background: Education: ○ Baccalaureate in Nursing, MSU ○ Master of Arts in Growth and Development ○ PhD in Psychology and Education Influences: ○ During her doctoral program, Pender noted it was “introducing me to considerations of how people think and how a person’s thoughts motivate behavior.” Publication: ○ In 1975, Pender published “A Conceptual Model for Preventive Health Behavior,” focusing on how individuals make decisions about their health care. ○ This article highlighted factors influencing decision-making and actions in disease prevention. ————————————————————————————————————————— Sources and Theoretical Basis Social Learning Theory (now Social Cognitive Theory) includes: ○ Self-attribution, self-evaluation, and self-efficacy. ○ Self-efficacy is central to the HPM. Comparison to Health Belief Model: ○ Both models address disease prevention behavior. ○ The Health Belief Model uses fear or threat as motivation, while HPM emphasizes self-motivation. —————————————————————————————————————————— Concepts in HPM 1. Prior Related Behavior: ○ Frequency of the same or similar behavior in the past. 2. Personal Factors: ○ Predictive of a given behavior, shaped by the nature of the target behavior. ○ Categorized as: Biological (Age, gender, genetics) Psychological (Self-esteem, motivation) Sociocultural (Ethnicity, social class) 3. Perceived Benefits of Action: ○ Anticipated positive outcomes that will result from health behavior. 4. Perceived Barriers to Action: ○ Anticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs of undertaking a given behavior. 5. Perceived Self-Efficacy: ○ Influences perceived barriers to action. ○ Higher self-efficacy lowers perceptions of barriers to the performance of the behavior. 6. Activity-Related Affect: ○ Influences perceived self-efficacy. ○ The more positive the subjective feeling, the greater the feeling of efficacy.  7. Interpersonal Influences: ○ Cognitions concerning behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of others. 8. Situational Influences: ○ Includes perceptions of available options, demand characteristics, and aesthetic features of the environment where health-promoting behavior is proposed. 9. Commitment to a Plan of Action: ○ Intention and identification of a planned strategy that leads to the implementation of health behavior. 10. Immediate Competing Demands and Preferences: ○ Alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control, due to environmental contingencies (e.g., work, family care responsibilities). 11. Health-Promoting Behavior: ○ The endpoint or action outcome aimed at positive health outcomes like optimal well-being, personal fulfillment, and productive living. Purpose of the Health Promotion Model Description: ○ Describes the multidimensional nature of humans interacting with the environment in the pursuit of health. ○ Personal characteristics and experiences (e.g., previous related behaviors, personal factors) affect behavior-related cognitions and emotions. ○ Behavioral outcomes include health-promoting behaviors and are influenced by these cognitions and emotions. Nursing Focus: ○ Target is cognition and emotion related to behavior. —————————————————————————————————————————— Major Assumptions of the HPM 1. Persons seek to create conditions of living through which they can express their unique human health potential. Reflects a behavioral science perspective emphasizing patients’ active role in managing health behaviors by modifying the environmental context. 2. Persons have the capacity for reflective self-awareness, including assessing their own competencies. 3. Persons value growth in positive directions and attempt to achieve a balance between change and stability. 4. Individuals actively regulate their behavior. 5. Individuals in their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment, transforming it and being transformed over time. 6. Health professionals are part of the interpersonal environment that influences individuals throughout their lifespan. 7. Self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment patterns is essential to behavioral change. Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer - Theory of Nursing as Caring Basic Premise: All humans are caring persons. Nurses should focus on nurturing persons living and growing in caring. Caring is a moral imperative. Nursing is a response to a unique social call. Core Belief: To be human is to be called to live one’s innate caring nature. Key Assumptions 1. Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness: ○ Caring is an innate quality in all humans and a growth process. 2. Persons live their caring moment to moment. 3. Persons are whole or complete in the moment. 4. Personhood is living life grounded in caring. 5. Personhood is enhanced through nurturing relationships with caring others: ○ The nursing situation is a shared lived experience where the caring interaction between nurse and patient enhances personhood. 6. Nursing is both a discipline and a profession. Guiding Principles for Nurses Caring as Identity: ○ Nurses should embrace caring not just as a task but as a central part of their being and nursing identity. ○ This identity develops through building relationships with those being cared for, understanding their needs, and supporting their unique growth in caring. Self-Reflection: ○ The nurse’s relationship with self is crucial. ○ Nurses must commit to recognizing and actualizing caring consistently. ○ Belief in the value of caring to each individual and relationship is essential. Harmony in Nursing:  ○ Nurses should work together, putting differences aside, to provide individualized care by listening to each patient’s needs. Key Concepts in Practice 1. Concern 2. Participation 3. Open-mindedness These concepts should be actively integrated into nursing practice. Practical Steps for Showing Care Know yourself as a caring person first, then learn to care for your patients. Simple gestures, such as: ○ Making eye contact ○ Listening to patients’ stories ○ Sharing your own story, help express a caring spirit. Respect and Non-judgmental Attitude One of the essential roles of a caring nurse is to respect the patient’s values and desires without judgment. Being non-judgmental fosters a caring relationship, as it avoids giving the impression that one person is superior to another. Going the Extra Mile in Practice Demonstrate love, respect, and mutual interaction with patients. Avoid talking over patients as though they were not present, and include what is important to them in their care planning. Teamwork and Communication  Listen to patients and collaborate with the healthcare team to provide well-rounded, optimal care. Teamwork should aim for excellent care that maximizes patient satisfaction. Guidelines for Excellent Nursing Care To achieve high standards of care, Boykin and Schoenhofer suggest: Diligent attention to patient needs Prompt caring response Keeping patients and families informed Maintaining excellent nursing skills Showing respect and compassion Human connection Growing in caring