Field Methods in Psychology Midterms PDF

FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (Midterms) PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW POSTPOSITIVIST  It is sometimes called the scientific method or doing science research.  Science – objective, empirical data, scientific thinking, systematic, falsifiable.  “post”positivism represents the thinking “after positivism” w...

FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (Midterms) PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW POSTPOSITIVIST  It is sometimes called the scientific method or doing science research.  Science – objective, empirical data, scientific thinking, systematic, falsifiable.  “post”positivism represents the thinking “after positivism” which means that we cannot absolutely positive about our claims of knowledge when studying behaviour and actions of humans.  It holds a deterministic philosophy in which causes effects or outcomes.  It is also reductionistic. With the intent to reduce the ideas into small, discrete set to test, such as variables that comprise hypotheses and research questions. CONSTRUCTIVIST  Social Constructivists believe that individuals seek understanding of the world in which they live and work by developing subjective meaning of their experiences toward things, objects or concepts.  The research rely as much as possible on the participant’s views of the situation being studied.  The questions are in general or broad so that the participants can construct the meaning of a situation.  The researcher’s intent is to make sense of the meanings others have about the world. TRANSFORMATIVE  Often deals with politics, and the state of society and its people.  Its purpose is to make advocacy to help marginalize people.  Adresses issue of power, social justice, discrimination and oppression. PRAGMATIC  Not committed to anyone system of philosophy and reality. This applies to mixed methods research in that inquiries draw deliberately from both quantitative and qualitative assumptions.  Is a worldview arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent conditions. DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH   It is the investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts , or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. The formal and systematic application of scholarship, disciplined inquiry, and most often the scientific method to study of problems. FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (Midterms) RESEARCH APPROACHES QUANTITATIVE  Often deals with NUMBERS and STATISTICS.  Objective  Questions are in close-ended form.  Majorly utilized from 19th to 20th century. QUALITATIVE  Often deals with WORDS, and MEANING.  Subjective  Questions are in open-ended form.  Only emerged after 20th century. MIXED METHODS  Utilizes both methods of Research  Questions are in open and close ended form.  Is an approach to integrate the quantitative and qualitative data to yield additional insights beyond the information provided by either the quantitative and qualitative data alone.  Only emerged after 20th century. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. FIELD RESEARCH METHOD IN PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGY INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS: Pakapa-kapa (groping) is an approach characterized by groping, searching and proving into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning and directions for research. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob – level of mutual trust, understanding and rapport. Pakikiramdam (sensitivity) is figuring out how the research method will work most effectively. It is a special kind of sensitivity to cues which will guide them in their interaction. It is through pakikiramdam that a researcher will know when to ask personal questions and when not to pursue them; when it is time to leave; or how to interpret “yes” or a “no”. Patanong-tanong - improvised informal, unstructured interview. Pakikipagkwentuhan – informal conversations Ginagayang talakayan – collective indigenous discussion Nakikiugaling pagmamasig – participant observation Pakikisama – getting along with Pagdalaw-dalaw -visiting Panunuluyan – residing in the research setting TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. Narrative - Explores situation, scenarios and process. 2. Case Study - Examination of episodic events 3. Grounded Theory - Investigates procedures 4. Historical - Description of past events 5. Phenomenological - Understand or explain experiences 6. Ethnographic - Describes and interprets social grouping or cultural situation FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (Midterms) OBSERVATION METHODS NON-REACTIVE (Unobtrusive)  Physical Traces: dealing with things, objects, or remnants of past behaviour that can be observed  Archival Research: utilized compiled public or private documents, records, or anecdotes of group or individuals to answer research questions.  Content Analysis: systematic process of coding and analysing retrieved data (archives)  Participants are no longer present REACTIVE (Obtrusive)  Naturalistic observation: a.k.a fieldwork, field study, or field observation, the researcher makes observation of individuals in their natural environments (the field). The researcher makes no manipulation of variables or take effort in controlling the activities of people or things being observed.  Systematic Observation: involves specification of the exact actions, attributes or other variables that are to be recorded precisely how they are to be recorded. The intent of this is to ensure that under the same or similar circumstances, all observers will obtain same results  Ethnography (Participant Observation): In this type, the researcher is observing from the inside, he or she may be able to experience events in the same way as the natural applicants. 4 ROLES IN OBSERVATION  COMPLETE OBSERVER This is a detached observer where the researcher is neither seen nor noticed by participants.  OBSERVER AS PARTICIPANT known and recognized by the participants and in many cases, the participants know the research goals of the observer. There is some interaction with the participants but the interaction is limited.  PARTICIPANT AS OBSERVER Here the researcher is fully engaged with the participants. She is more of a friend or colleague than a neutral third party. While there is full interaction with participants, they still known that this is a researcher.  COMPLETE PARTICIPANT This is a fully embedded researcher, almost like a spy. Here the observer fully engages with the participants and partakes in their activities. Participants aren’t aware that observation and research is being conducted, even though they fully interact with the researcher. FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (Midterms) SURVEY METHODS    A good research can be replicated. A good research design reduces the risk of bias in the conclusion. Each approach and design has its strength and pitfalls. SURVEY (Pagsisiyasat)  It a way of collecting mass data from people regarding their profile, behaviour, perceptions, preferences and or opinions.  one of the most common types of quantitative, social science research.  Often uses the approach of questionnaires, and interviews.  A method of collecting data from people about who they are (education, finances, etc.); how they think (motivation, belief etc.); and what they do (behaviour). CRITIQUING A SURVEY (Questionnaire or Interview)  Content validitiy  Manner of questioning (double-barrelled, value-laden, vagueness)  Do not ask leading questions LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (Midterms) SAMPLING METHODS PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS 1. Simple Random Sampling 2. Cluster Sampling 3. Systematic Sampling 4. Stratified Random Sampling NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS 1. Convenience Sampling 2. Purposive Sampling 3. Snowball Sampling 4. Quota Sampling TYPES OF VALIDITIY Construct validity: Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure? Content validity: Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure? Face validity: Does the content of the test appear to be suitable to its aims? Criterion validity: Do the results accurately measure the concrete outcome they are designed to measure? Internal Validity: The extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying. Changes in the DV conditions due to the IV. External Validity: Examines whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts.