FDNY Forcible Entry Reference Guide PDF 2006

New York City Fire Department FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 2 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY R...

New York City Fire Department FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 2 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 3 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES DEDICATION The effort to complete this manual is dedicated to the sons of Captain John Vigiano, Firefighter John T. Vigiano II (Ladder Company 132) and Detective 2nd Grade Joseph V. Vigiano (NYPD- Emergency Services Truck 2) and all of the first responders who gave their lives on September 11, 2001 The first responders that fateful day, were true professionals who knew the risks and dangers that awaited them in those buildings. They never wavered or deviated from their assignments when they entered the towers. They provide inspiration to us as family members and as members of the FDNY. It is our hope that this manual will benefit other young professionals in their careers as firefighters. 4 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION The objective of this manual is to provide the reader a comprehensive study of forcible entry. Although it cannot cover every aspect or technique of this demanding skill, it does cover those techniques that have proven to be successful for members of the FDNY. The skill of forcible entry has been part of the fire service since its inception. The ingenuity and foresight of many talented people developed these techniques, which were then handed down through the generations of firefighters by “on-the-job training.” It is our privilege to honor these people for providing the motivation and drive to put this material together. The goal of this book is not to take credit for these techniques, but to bring them all together for the benefit of the current and future members of the FDNY. A program of training can be developed from using this manual, the forcible entry lock-board and the forcible entry training DVD that has been provided to the field. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manual was compiled by Captain John Vigiano (Ladder Company 176- Ret.) with the assistance of several experienced and knowledgeable members of the FDNY. They are Captain Robert Morris (Rescue Company 1), Lieutenant Mickey Conboy (Squad 41), Captain Bill Youngston (Ladder Company 133- Ret.), Captain Dennis Murphy (Squad Company 288-Ret.), BC Stephen Geraghty (Battalion 50), Firefighter Kenneth DiTata (Ladder Company 111), Firefighter James Cody (Ladder Company 24), and Firefighter John Faracco (Ladder Company 28- Ret.). Assistance with the illustrations were provided by Zack Herman (Bridgeport FD) and Joe Fisher. 5 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 6 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter Title of Section Page 1 Forcible Entry History.......................................................................13 2 The Beginning...................................................................................17 3 Responsibility....................................................................................23 4 Tools.................................................................................................27 A Conventional Tools 29 B Thru-the-Lock Tools 33 C Hydraulic Tools 35 D External Lock Tools 36 E Power Tools 37 F Specialty Tools 38 G Modified Tools 39 5 Types of Locks..................................................................................41 Key-in-the-Knob Lock 42 Tubular Lock 42 Rim Lock 43 Mortise Lock 44 Magnetic Lock 45 6 Types of Doors..................................................................................47 Wood and Glass Panel Door 48 Wood Door 48 Metal Door 49 Multi-Lock Door 50 Tempered Glass Door 51 7 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter Title of Section Page 6 Con’t Types of Doors...................................................................................... Aluminum Frame Glass Door 51 Replacement Door 52 Sliding Doors 52 Pocket Doors 52 7 Additional Security Devices.............................................................53 Sliding Bolt 54 Static Bar 54 Angle Iron 55 Cylinder Guards 56 Home-Made Locking Devices 56 Lock Box 58 8 Conventional Forcible Entry............................................................59 Definition 60 Entry Size-Up 60 Steps for Forcing a Door 61 Striking the Halligan Tool 64 Alternate Methods to “GAP” a Door 66 Halligan Tool Gets Stuck In a Door 69 Drive The Lock Off the Door 72 Angle Iron 73 Narrow Hallway / Recessed Door / Tight Spaces 74 Outward Opening Door 75 Difficulty Gaining a Purchase 77 Metal Strip On the Edge of Door 77 8 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter Title of Section Page 9 Hydraulic Forcible Entry Tools........................................................81 Steps For Forcing a Door 82 Alternative Methods of Forcing a Door 83 Angle Iron On Door 85 Magnetic Lock 85 Multi-Lock Door 86 10 Hinges................................................................................................87 Types of Hinges 88 Forcing Hinges 89 Batter the Door 89 Standard Hinge 90 Self-Closing Hinge 91 Pin Hinge 92 11 Chocking the Door............................................................................93 12 Thru-the-Lock Entry..........................................................................97 Introduction 98 Size-Up 98 Key-in-the-Knob Lock 99 Outward Swinging Door 100 Tubular Lock 100 Rim Locks 102 Forcing a Rim Lock 103 Special Type Rim Locks 105 Forcing Special Rim Locks 105 Mortise Locks 110 Forcing a Mortise Lock 111 9 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter Title of Section Page 12 Con’t Thru-the-Lock Entry…………………............................................... Pivoting Dead Bolt 112 Forcing the Pivoting Dead Bolt 112 13 Padlocks..........................................................................................117 Introduction 118 Categories of Padlocks 118 Padlock Size-Up 118 Light Duty Padlocks 119 Heavy Duty Padlocks 119 Special Padlocks 120 Gate Locks 121 Associated Hardware 122 Power Tool Procedures for Forcing Padlocks 123 Other Tools for Forcing Padlocks 126 14 Roll-Down Security Gates..............................................................131 Introduction 132 Fire Ground Problems 132 Types of Gates 132 Sliding Scissor Gate 133 Manual Roll-Down Gate 134 Mechanical Roll-Down Gate 135 Electric Roll-Down Gate 137 Open Grill/Designer Gate 139 Locking Devices 140 Cutting the Roll-Down 144 Additional Locks/Shields 147 10 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter Title of Section Page 15 Miscellaneous Security Problems.................................................151 Window Bars 152 Window Gates 155 Iron Gates 158 Child Guard Gates 159 Window/Door Barriers (HUD Windows/Doors) 160 Plywood Covering Window/Door 162 Warehousing 163 Sidewalk Cellar Doors 165 Bulkhead Doors 166 16 Tips and Techniques......................................................................169 The Halligan Tool 170 The Axe 171 Modifying the Halligan Hook 171 17 Glossary of Terms 173 11 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 12 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 1 Forcible Entry History 13 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FORCIBLE ENTRY HISTORY Everyone associated with the fire service is familiar with the term “fire stories.” Whenever a group of firefighters come together, the stories begin to start. They may be about a fire they just fought or the firefighter who performed a daring rescue or simply, a critique of an operation. Whatever the topic may be, as the years go by the story seems to get a bit better every time it is re-told. In the New York City Fire Department (FDNY), most of these tales are centered around the kitchen table. They usually begin at the start of the tour when the members report in for duty. If a story is good, it will carry over to the lunch meal and sometimes into the evening meal. You know a story is exceptional when you begin to hear it from other units when you come together at an operation. In the Marine Corps we often called these tales, “sea stories.” No matter what they are called, they were usually entertaining and in most cases there was something to be learned from them. When I first became a member of the FDNY, I had the opportunity to work in a relatively busy ladder company in the East New York section of Brooklyn. As a new member, I was constantly trying to learn from the more senior members. Some of these men had been on the job for nearly twenty years and were quite willing to share their experiences and knowledge. This was especially true during the late watches, the “twelve-bye” (12 x 3) or the “three-bye” (3 x 6). It was during these lonely hours that I first heard of Chief Hugh Halligan. Hugh Halligan had been a member of the FDNY from 1916 to 1959. In a span of 43 years, he rose up from probationary firefighter to Deputy Chief. In 1941, Hugh Halligan was appointed to the rank of First Deputy Commissioner, a position he held for a few years before returning to the uniform ranks. During his tenure he worked in all eleven of the FDNY’s bureaus. As a young firefighter eager to learn about my job, I was not interested in the political or promotional achievements of Hugh Halligan, I was interested in a tool that carried his name; the Halligan Tool. Most tools or equipment used in the fire service are rarely designed specifically for the fire service. In fact, most start out in a different role. Usually a firefighter adapts or modifies a particular tool or device for use in firefighting. The “Halligan” was a tool designed by a firefighter and made specifically for the fire service; Hugh Halligan was the man that accomplished this. The Claw Tool Webster’s dictionary defines “folklore” as a noun meaning a popular superstition or legend, the study of traditional beliefs. In firematic folklore, there is a story about a fire in a bank somewhere in lower Manhattan back in the early years of the New York City Fire Department. As the story goes, the fire was set to cover the traces of a burglary. As the firefighters were “overhauling” (sifting through the rubble), they came upon a tool that was unusual in design. Further investigation determined this tool was used to force entry into the bank. The men reasoned that any tool that was efficient enough to gain entry into a bank would be ideal for the fire service. (Note, banks back then were not the fortified fortresses we have today.) 14 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES The chief requested permission to keep the tool and gave it to the Ladder Company to add to their inventory of equipment. This particular tool was approximately 36 inches long and weighed about 12 pounds. At one end it had a “hook” and the other end a “fork.” Because of its unique design, it was dubbed the “Claw Tool.” Soon, this tool reproduced many times over, became the main forcible entry tool for the New York City Fire Department. As effective as it was it was not designed correctly for the task it was given. To illustrate, if the driving head of an ordinary chisel was curved in the same manner as the corresponding part of the Claw Tool, a hammer blow would strike off center causing many craftsman to have to buy three fingered gloves. Since the main function of forcible entry at that time was to “jimmy” open a door by driving the fork end of the tool between the door and the doorframe with the aid of an axe, there was left little margin for error. Many firefighters who used this tool were left with sore and bruised elbows and arms. The Kelly Tool Throughout the years, many excellent forcible entry tools were introduced to the fire service. None were as progressive as the “Kelly Tool” which was designed by Captain John F. Kelly of the New York City Fire Department. Captain Kelly, while assigned to Ladder Company 163, took the first step in making a tool that had a straight drive for impact. By removing the “hook” he lessened the possibility of hitting off-center, but did sacrifice the advantage of the “hook” of the Claw Tool. His tool, like the Claw Tool, was made of heavy steel approximately 24 inches long. One end had an “Adz” at 90 degrees to the shaft and the other end of the shaft had a chisel. The weight was also approximately 10 pounds. “The Irons” Since the Claw Tool had the desired features of the “hook” and the “fork” and also the fact that it had been around for quite some time, made it very popular with the firefighters. It was considered the primary forcible entry tool. The Kelly Tool (also known as the lock breaker) offered a straight drive with either the adz or the chisel. Together, these two tools could force just about any door or locking device. As the years went by, these two tools became known as “the irons” and were usually carried by the firefighter charged with the responsibility of forcible entry. This man usually connected these heavy tools with a short piece of rope and hung them over his shoulders…hence the term, “Irons man.” The Halligan Tool Since these tools were heavy and unwieldy, the tools often mastered the man. It was apparent that a lighter but equally efficient tool was needed. Chief Halligan recognized this problem and with the backing of Fire Commissioner John J. McElligott, he set upon a project to design such a tool. For the next couple of years he worked on designing a tool that he knew had to be perfect, for firefighters are not swayed very easily. When they have something that works, they generally do not like to change. They had to have faith in the tool for it to be accepted. His design gave the firefighters the solid feel they wanted at the three driving heads. The lightness (8 ¼ pounds) and 15 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES strength permitted the use of the tool for long periods without fatigue. One end of the tool had an adz and pike. The adz had a sweep to it that was an improvement over the Kelly Tool. The “pike” (at a 90-degree angle to the adz) replaced the hook of the Claw Tool. The other end of the shaft contained the fork, which was so popular with the old Claw Tool. It seems Chief Halligan was so pleased with his finished product he began his own mill to manufacture and distribute these tools. Soon he began to sell them to fire and emergency units nationwide. By 1950, every ladder company in the city of Boston was outfitted with the new “Halligan Tool,” but not New York City. Once again, folklore has it, that the city administration believed that since Chief Halligan worked for them (he was a deputy chief at the time) he should not be selling his tools to them at a profit…Chief Halligan felt otherwise. Not only would he not sell his tool to New York City, but also he had his design patented to protect his interest. He would however, sell the tool to individual firefighters or units, but not to the City of New York. In 1963 I purchased a Halligan Tool directly from Chief Halligan with monies collected from members of my company. At the same time, I bought a Halligan Hook, another of his patented tools, which we could not requisition through the Fire Department at the time. As the fire duty increased, so did the demand for more tools. By the time Chief Halligan’s patent had run out, similar tools in design began to appear. As expected, the City began purchasing and issuing these tools to units. Ironically, individual units still continued to buy their own Halligan Tools from anyone who would sell them. During New York City’s busiest times (mid 60’s to mid 70’s), not only did the fire duty exceed all expectations, but also security measures took on a new meaning. Private homes became as secure as banks. With a variety of alarms systems, security gates and an unbelievable assortment of lock and locking devices, forcible entry became an art as well as a skill. Through it all the Halligan Tool stood up. More and more units relied on this tool to overcome the daily challenges. Original Halligan Tools are no longer produced. The tools that have followed Chief Halligan’s design were at first not as good, but today they have improved on the original design and have made a better tool. Today there are small hydraulic assisted tools used to gain entry. Unfortunately, these devices are mechanical and mechanical tools break down. The firefighter must always know how to use the basic forcible entry tools, the axe and the Halligan Tool, to gain entry. As stated earlier, firefighters are a unique breed of people. Given a challenge, they will adapt, modify and do whatever it takes to overcome an obstacle. However, it is Hugh Halligan’s design that is the benchmark of the forcible entry tool. Chief Halligan passed away in 1987, but his legacy will live on forever in the “Halligan Tool.” From the tools available, to the types of doors they will encounter and the assortment of locks they will have to overcome, we the authors, have tried to give the firefighter a comprehensive look at forcible entry based on over 100 years experience. John T. Vigiano Captain FDNY (Retired) 1962-1998 16 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 2 THE BEGINNING 17 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE BEGINNING In the fire service, the term "forcible entry" is defined as the act of gaining entry into a building or occupancy via a door, window or even through a wall, by the use of force. Back through the years, the fire service has been charged with this responsibility of gaining entry into secured buildings and occupancies. Forcible entry has always been a primary goal of the fire service. Over the years, the types of tools used for this purpose have evolved quite a bit. How many people out there can recall a “Callahan” door opener, the Buster Bar, Hale, Detroit or Pirsch door openers; the past generations of the current Rabbit Tool, or Hydra-Ram? All of these tools had their place in the fire service. Technology and the imagination of skilled people designed lighter and more versatile tools. But the heart and soul of forcible entry usually comes down to two firefighters gaining entry through a door with a “Set of Irons.” The Claw Tool Where did this term “irons” originate? According to Hugh Halligan, the man who invented the Halligan Tool, many years ago firefighters responded to a fire in a bank. The fire was started to cover a burglary. In their haste to leave with the money, the thieves left behind a tool used to gain entry into the bank. This tool was a heavy length of steel with a fork on one end and a claw on the other end. The firefighters who extinguished the fire reasoned that any device efficient to break into a bank would be ideal for fire fighting. The firefighters adopted it as their own forcible entry tool. Many believe this was the first tool specifically designed for forcible entry. 18 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES The Kelly Tool Whether or not the story is true, the Claw Tool was used by the fire service for many years. Over the years, other tools were introduced to the fire service. Many were excellent, but were limited in their application. Then along came the Kelly Tool which received its name from the inventor, Captain John F. Kelly of H&L 163 (FDNY). His tool had a chisel at one end and an adz at the opposite end. The advantage of this tool over the Claw Tool was the striking area, which was in direct line with the bar. This tool was also known as the “Lock Breaker.” It was designed as an alternate forcible entry tool to the Claw Tool. The “Irons” The Claw Tool was still very popular with firefighters, especially its hook feature which gave quite a bit of leverage for forcing padlocks and scuttles. The Kelly Tool found its place by offering the straight drive of the adz and chisel. Together these tools could force just about any door or locking device. As the years went by, these tools became known as the “Irons” and were carried by the firefighter charged with the responsibility of forcible entry. Since they were usually carried connected by a short length of rope (hose strap) and hung over the shoulder of the member carrying them, he became known as the “Irons Man.” The Halligan Tool Since these tools were quite heavy and unwieldy, the tools often “mastered the man.” A lighter but equally efficient tool was needed. Along came Chief Hugh Halligan, FDNY, who took the design features of both tools and incorporated them into one hand tool. This tool had three driving heads. It was light (8 ¼ pounds) and incorporated the fork at one end and the adz and a slightly curved pike (instead of the claw) at the other end. Chief Hugh Halligan With, The “HALLIGAN TOOL” 19 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES The Ziamatic Tool In the early sixties, fire duty began to increase in New York City. At that time, the only tools the FDNY was issuing to its units were the Claw and Kelly Tools. (Folklore has it that Chief Halligan would not sell his tool to New York City.) Today we have many variations to the Halligan Tool. Some are even better than the original. Some manufacturers took this good tool and made it better, others just copied the original design. One such company, the Ziamatic Tool Company began reproducing a similar tool. This was one of the many variations to the original Halligan Tool. It was quickly purchased by the New York City Fire Department to augment their limited supply of forcible entry tools. The Pro-Bar This tool has quickly become the FDNY’s primary forcible entry tool. Many young firefighters consider this “the Halligan Tool,” but it is just one of many copies of the original design. 20 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES This particular tool was also the brainchild of former New York City firefighters. They took the original tool and combined the better features of the Claw and Kelly into a better designed tool; hence the “Pro-Bar.” Comparing the “Original” with the “Pro-Bar” The original Halligan Tool was unique to forcible entry. Combining many tools into one compact, hand tool took a keen mind. Chief Halligan did indeed make a revolutionary tool. However, there were some shortcomings with the original design. The blunt fork and short narrow adz may have been effective in the early years, but due to new security technology, the original tool became inefficient. A simple modification to the original design proved to be quite effective. To this day, the modifications produced have proven to be most effective for a hand tool. The fire service had been challenged to find other methods of gaining entry. At times it may require a different technique, more skill and stronger tools to accomplish this. This manual will attempt to: Outline principles, methods and techniques that will insure the effective use of forcible entry in training and in fire operations. Promote uniformity in training. Provide a handbook for the teaching and learning of forcible entry. 21 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 22 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 3 RESPONSIBILITY 23 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES RESPONSIBILITY Again it is important to understand that the fire cannot be extinguished, searches cannot be made, and extension of fire cannot be checked until entry is made. The fire fighter assigned the job of gaining entry is given that responsibility. To accomplish this task, there are an assortment of tools and techniques, which this text will introduce to you. Some techniques are basic, others are more difficult, but all are achievable. Proficiency: Why all firefighters should be proficient in the basic forcible entry skills. The need for speed in gaining entry. It is important to realize that most fire and emergency operations start at the front door or main entrance. Before any tactical moves can be made, e.g. search, rescue or the stretching of a hand line to the seat of the fire , the entry door has to be opened. Reduce damage resulting in improper techniques. Most people given tools can gain entry. A door can be “battered” down with an axe (the movie version). However, until we take into account what is behind that door, we want to ensure the door’s integrity. Why destroy a perfectly good door for a non-fire emergency? With the proper training, most firefighters will be able to open a door with minimal damage. Professionalism. This is the benchmark of a good firefighter. The firefighter represents the department and ultimately the city or hamlet. Pride in our work will reflect pride in the department. By reducing the damage to a minimum we ensure the safety of the people we serve. Remember that when we leave the fire scene, the doors we destroy leave the occupants vulnerable to further loss from vandalism. The people we are sworn to serve rely on our good judgement. Jimmying A Door: The old technique of "jimmying a door” (the spreading of the door away from the jamb without damaging the lock) can seldom be accomplished today. This is due to stronger doors, more formidable locks and multiple locks on a single door. The primary motivation should be professionalism. As a firefighter, you have an obligation to get the job done safely, efficiently and with the least amount of damage. At times, brute force must be combined with skill, technique and knowledge. You control that action. For situations such as: water leaks, steam leaks, lock-ins, etc, consider the least damaging means of gaining entry. In some instances, you may be able to enter through a window or by using a “Thru- the-Lock method of entry. Always use common sense when forcing your way into any premises; you never know what is behind that door or window. You must also consider what will happen once your job is done. Who will provide security for the occupancy after you leave? In order to become proficient in the skill of forcible entry, you should have a mixture of: Hands on training- this is the primary way to sharpen your skills. 24 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Experience- by going to fires and emergencies and actually "forcing the door.” Knowledge- may be gained by experience, reading, observing, attending training seminars and also by exchanging information and ideas with other firefighters. Finally, using some common sense and trusting your instincts; they are usually correct. “Why Are You There?” What are the reasons for entry? Is it a Tactical Response? That is, for a fire and/or life-threatening emergency, or is it a Routine Response for a non-life-threatening emergency? In either situation, control, speed and effectiveness of access to the area of operations will justify the amount of damage done by the firefighter. Remember, the goal is to: save life, extinguish fire and control all hazards. Size-Up: This is the ongoing evaluation of the problems confronted within a fire situation. As you get off the apparatus, you should be asking the following questions: Where is the fire? How many floors? What type of occupancy? What type of building? Size-up starts with the receipt of an alarm and continues until the fire is under control. This process may be carried out many times and by many different individuals during a fire or an emergency. 25 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES In conducting a size-up we should consider the following: Occupancy: Knowing you are responding to a residential or commercial occupancy will help determine the type of doors and locks you may encounter. This will help determine what specialized tools may be required. Door: Knowledge of the type of door and its components may guide you as to proper tool placement and method of entry. This would include: 1. Direction of door opening: most residential doors open into the occupancy. They are considered inward opening (away from you). Whereas in commercial occupancies, the door opens out of the occupancy. They are considered outward opening (toward you). 2. Door Frame: A structural case or boarder into which a door is hung. Also referred to as a Door Buck, Door Jamb or simply, the “Frame.” They can be made of metal or wood. 3. Hinges: There are many types of hinges used today. The types we discuss here will be known as (a) standard, (b) self-closing, and (c) pin type. 4. Replacement Door: A new pre-hung door and jamb installed into an existing doorframe. Locks: To determine the degree of difficulty in forcible entry you should have a working knowledge of the various types of locks as well as a basic understanding of how they operate and how they are installed. One should also take notice of how many locks are present and where they are located on the door. And finally, you should always TRY THE DOOR KNOB - “is the door open?” 26 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 4 TOOLS 27 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TOOLS The success of any job resides in the knowledge of the tools and their correct application. Listed here, within categories, are many of the tools used in forcible entry: Conventional Tools Axe (6 and 8 pound) Halligan Tool Maul (10 pound) Halligan Hook (steel shaft) Thru-the-Lock Tools K-Tool and Key Tools Lock Puller (Officer’s Tool) Shove Tool Vice Grips (may be used for Padlocks, Thru-the-Lock) Hydraulic Tools Hydra-Ram Rabbit Tool External Lock Tools Bam-Bam Tool Duckbill Lock Breaker Bolt Cutter Pipe Wrench with Cheater Bar Power Tools Power Saw Cordless Drill/Cordless Sawzall Specialty Tools (Limited use) Torch Battering Ram Vice Grips (may be used for Padlocks, Thru-the-Lock) Modified Tools – Standard tools/devices that have been modified for use in the fire service. Channel Lock Pliers Key Tools Padlock Tool 8-Pound Axe 28 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES The following are brief descriptions and reasons we chose the above tools for Forcible Entry. There may be firefighters that have a different approach or use different tools to accomplish the same end, but these are the tools we have used and are most familiar with. CONVENTIONAL TOOLS Axe (6 and 8 pound): This should be a FLAT HEAD type axe and not a pike head axe. The purpose of this axe is to drive (SET) the Halligan Tool. There are two sizes available and choice is up to the unit. The 6-pound axe can easily be “married” to the Halligan Tool for carrying. The 8-pound axe may not “marry” up due to its blade size. However, notching the blade can modify this. (See “Tips and Techniques” Chapter 16.) The 8-pound axe will deliver more power to the Halligan Tool. Either axe should be “dressed,” e.g. the striking part of the axe should be filed and kept square. Avoid having the crown of the axe from “mushrooming” over. The axe with the Halligan Tool form the “Irons” which are the basic forcible entry tools. The axe can also be used to: “Chock open” the door. Be a backstop for the Halligan or hydraulic tool (Hydra-Ram). 29 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Hold the purchase when repositioning the Halligan Tool. Halligan Tool: There are many models of this popular tool. The one illustrated here is approximately thirty inches long with a beveled fork, a tapered adz and pike. For more details refer to “Conventional Forcible Entry,” Chapter 8. Pro-Bar Halligan Tool Notch in Axe Blade By filing a notch into an 8-pound axe, a Halligan Tool may be “married” to it allowing the member to carry both tools in one hand. There are straps that are sold commercially to join the two tools, but it just adds to more equipment to carry and be responsible for. 30 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Maintenance of the Irons Proper maintenance of tools and equipment is the first step in tool safety. Tools should be inspected and cleaned on a regular basis. Always check for wear and damage. If equipment is found damaged it should be removed from service until repaired or replaced. Proper care of forcible entry tools will increase their serviceability. Metal parts Remove any dirt or rust with steel wool or emery cloth. Use a metal file to maintain the proper profile and cutting edge. Sharpen edges and remove any burrs with a file. Do not keep the blade edge too sharp as this may cause it to chip when in use. Do not grind the blade as this may overheat the metal and cause it to lose the temper. Do not paint the metal parts, but keep them lightly oiled if desired. Never apply oil to the striking surface of a striking tool (axe or Halligan). “Dress” the edges to keep square and free of burrs which may splinter off when striking tool. Wood and Fiberglass Handles Clean with soap and water; rinse and dry completely. Check for damage and sand off any splinters. Do not paint or varnish the handle. A small band of paint or brand may be used to identify the tool. Ensure the head of the tool is securely fastened. Use tape to mark off a narrow stripe on handle to identify unit. 31 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Maul (10 pound): This tool comes in a variety of sizes, but the most common and versatile is the 10 pound model. This tool may be used in place of the axe to form the “Irons.” Other uses would be to “batter” a door or to remove cinder block from a window or door of a vacant and sealed occupancy. Halligan Hook (steel shaft): This tool is a six foot, steel shaft hook, with a distinct shaped head and is commonly referred to as a “Halligan Hook.” These are primarily “pulling tools,” e.g. for pulling ceilings. For entry, the steel shaft can be used to set the Halligan Tool into a tight doorframe (such as a bulkhead type door) by “toeing” on the end of the shaft and driving the Halligan Tool with the shaft. Metal Halligan Hook Fiberglass Halligan Hook 32 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THRU-THE-LOCK TOOLS K-Tool: This tool was developed for pulling a lock cylinder (Thru-the-Lock entry) on a door. It is used with an axe and Halligan Tool. The K-Tool is forced behind the ring and face of the cylinder until the wedging blades take a bite into the cylinder body. Light blows with the axe set the K-Tool. The Halligan Tool’s adz is placed into the slot on the face of the K-Tool and pried upwards, pulling the cylinder from the door. Lock Puller: It is a device developed from a modified nail puller called the “Sunilla Tool,” named after its inventor, Captain Sunilla (FDNY). This is one of the first tools designed to pull cylinders out of locks. It is also useful for opening automobile trunks. There are various designs and shapes being sold throughout the country. They have a wide variety of names and uses. In certain parts of the country, this tool may be carried by the officer (hence the Officer’s Tool). Sunilla Tool Officer’s Tool FDNY 33 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Shove Tool: It started out as a device to slip the latch on a door. Many were first produced by enterprising firefighters from old hand saw blades or similar materials. Today, tool manufacturers are producing them. It is flexible, 10 gauge sheet steel, approximately eight inches long by one and half inches wide. The device is slid between the door and the doorframe above the spring latch. Once the “hook” end catches the latch, the tool is pulled toward the operator which depresses the spring latch opening the door. It only works on outward swinging doors. Vice Grips: A very useful tool for any firefighter’s tool box. This locking pliers can be used to “unscrew” a mortise lock cylinder from the lock housing or to simply hold a padlock while it is being cut with a power saw.. 34 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES HYDRAULIC TOOLS These tools are used for forcing inward swinging doors. They work best on doors mounted in metal frames. They have also been used to force sliding doors found on passenger elevators. More information will be found in Chapter 9, Hydraulic Forcible Entry Tools. Rabbit Tool: One of the first hydraulic forcible entry tools to be introduced in the FDNY. It is a two-piece unit connected by a high-pressure hose. The large jaw will spread force over a greater area. It exerts over four tons of force with a jaw spread of approximately six inches. The weight of the tool is 25 lbs. The pump is designed to be operated in the horizontal position, but may be used vertically if the hose is facing down. Hydra-Ram: The second generation hydraulic forcible entry tool to be introduced to FDNY. This is a one-piece unit weighting 12 lbs. The maximum force the tool will exert is five tons with a jaw spread of approximately four inches. 35 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES EXTERNAL LOCK TOOLS Bam-Bam Tool: Also known as a “Slap Hammer.” This tool was primarily used in body shops to pull dents out of automobiles. It has proven quite successful in pulling lock cylinders from many padlocks. It requires a good quality self-tapping screw. More on this in “Padlocks,” Chapter 13. Duckbill Lock Breaker: Another tool that was modified from a laborer tool, the “Pick-Axe.” It is used to drive the body of the padlock off the shackle. The long tapered head is placed into the shackle of the padlock and driven down with a flat head axe, maul or even the Halligan Tool. Bolt Cutter: Another tool used for cutting hasps, light-duty padlocks and chains. It is limited by the opening spread of the blades. It is not recommended for cutting case-hardened shackles since that may damage the cutting blades. If possible when cutting, try to cut the staple holding the padlock. If you have to cut the padlock, cut both sides of the shackle. 36 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES EXTERNAL LOCK TOOLS Pipe Wrench With a Cheater Bar: This is a large pipe wrench with a piece of pipe over the handle to give the operator more leverage. With a little initiative from the user this tool can be modified to gain additional leverage. POWER TOOLS Saw: The Power Saw improves forcible entry efficiency by facilitating cutting operations at fires, especially where roll-down security gates are present. These saws come in a variety of models. They require a metal cutting blade when cutting padlocks and/or roll-down security gates. The saw is usually run at low Rpm’s until a groove is made in the metal, the power is then increased to maximum speed to complete the cut. More in Chapter 14, Roll-Down Security Gates. 37 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES POWER TOOLS Cordless Drill: Relatively new to the fire service, it operates off of a battery. A method of Thru-the-Lock entry which causes minimal damage to the door. It is a convenient tool for gaining entry into high-rise office buildings. Cordless Sawzall: Relatively new to the fire service, it operates off of a battery. This tool is quickly becoming multi-versatile. Not only is it good for removing gates and bars, but it is also used in vehicle extrication. SPECIALTY TOOLS (Limited Use) Cutting Torch: Many torches used today utilize Mapp Gas and Oxygen for cutting steel and iron for the purpose of entry or rescue. This is a safer alternative to Oxy-Acetylene for cutting gates and locks. 38 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES SPECIALTY TOOLS (Limited Use) Battering Ram: There are quite a few models of this device used for breaching walls and forcing doors. It usually has handles on both sides and may be used by one or two firefighters. At one time this was used for forcible entry, today it has limited use in breaching walls. MODIFIED TOOLS Standard tools and/or devices that have been modified for use in the fire service. Some of the many types out there are shown below: Channel Lock Pliers: Modified commercial Channel Locks into two Key Tools for the Rim and Mortise type locks. Key Tools: Eyebolts and standard 10-Penney nails modified as Key Tools. Eyebolts 10-Penny Nails 39 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES MODIFIED TOOLS Padlock Key Tool: Field modified device using a threaded “eye” bolt welded to the “pin” from a previous pulled cylinder. Works mostly with the “American Series 2000” padlock. NOTE: This is not a complete list, as new tools and equipment are constantly being introduced. 40 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 5 TYPES OF LOCKS 41 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TYPES OF LOCKS KEY-IN-THE-KNOB LOCK - As the name implies, the locking mechanism is part of the knob. These locks are found on both residential and commercial doors. TUBULAR DEAD BOLT - This is a very popular locking device. It may be single or double key activated. It is a cross between a mortise lock, rim lock and a key-in-the-knob lock. 42 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES RIM LOCKS - These locks are usually installed as an add-on lock. They are installed on the inside surface of the door (with the cylinder extended through the door). Only the cylinder is visible from the outside of the door. Deadbolt - Unlike a spring latch, this device must be manually thrown to engage the bolt into the keeper. With the bolt extended, this lock cannot be engaged by slamming the door. Night Latch - The latch is beveled to allow the door to be slammed shut. Some of these spring latches have an inside button to prevent the latch from returning within the lock, e.g. sliding open. Vertical Dead Bolt (Segal Lock) - This rim lock has a bolt which drops down and through the keeper. This device must also be manually engaged. It is a “jimmy” proof lock. 43 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES MORTISE LOCKS - Are designed and manufactured to fit into a cavity in the edge of either a metal or solid wood door. They have a solid, threaded key cylinder, which is secured in place by set- screws. The two most common types are; Mortise/Latch Key and Mortise/Door Knob (see below). DEAD BOLT AND LATCH - One of the most popular locks in use today. It contains both a latch and a bolt in a single unit. It is distinguishable by the proximity of the lock cylinder and a door knob or latchkey. Below are examples of this type of lock. Mortise / Latch Key Deadbolt And Latch Mortise / Door Knob 44 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES MAGNETIC LOCK – A relatively new locking device that has been incorporated into occupancies for added security. Nail Note: Placing a common 8-10 penny nail over the magnet will prevent the door from re- locking. 45 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 46 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 6 TYPES OF DOORS 47 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TYPES OF DOORS WOOD AND GLASS PANEL DOOR - This was a very popular door in older buildings. It provided light to the public hall in multiple dwellings. The original plain glass panels were changed to wire glass. Some wood and glass doors may contain plate glass. Today these are found in Brownstones and some older “Mom and Pop” stores. Note: Plate glass may be quite dangerous. When broken, it may fall in large sharp pieces. These pieces have significant weight and force to cause serious cuts or stabbing and dismembering injuries. WOOD DOOR - There are two types of wood doors; Hollow Core and Solid Core. Hollow Core: Made up of an assembly of wood strips formed into a grid. These strips are glued together within the frame forming a stiff and strong core. Over this framework and grid are layers of plywood veneer paneling. 48 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES WOOD DOOR Solid Core: The entire core of the door is constructed of solid material such as tongue and groove boards that are glued within the frame. Other solid core doors may be filled with a compressed material that is fire retarded. In either case, the door is sided with a plywood veneer covering. KALAMEINE DOOR The main problem with a wood door, especially in multiple dwellings, was the “burn-through” time. To overcome this problem and to increase the burn-through time, these doors were covered with metal. They were known as “Kalameine Doors.” METAL DOOR (Project Doors) Constructed of metal, these doors are usually set in hollow or filled metal doorframes. When set in a masonry wall, as well as a metal frame, they are quite formidable and will hold back considerable fire. Today a metal door is quite common even in private dwellings. 49 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES MULTI-LOCK DOOR One of the most advanced locking systems available that utilizes a key and multiple bolts and keepers. Built into the door, are four rods, which extend out from a keyway toward all four edges of the door. The throw of each rod is approximately an inch into the frame. It is designed to prevent any rod from moving separately. Originally built as a deterrent against terrorism, it is used today in occupancies where security is very important. MULTI-LOCK (Add-On) With the popularity of the multi-lock door came this less expensive version which is mounted on the inside surface of the door. Similar to a Rim lock, attached to the inside of the door are four bars, which extend out from a keyway toward all four edges of the door. The throw of each bar is approximately one inch into the frame or keeper. It is designed to prevent any rod from moving separately. When properly installed, it is equally as effective as the Multi-Lock door. 50 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TEMPERED GLASS DOOR Distinguishable by the lack of a full frame with little or no trim. The door handle is usually mounted through the glass. The lock may be installed in either the top or bottom stile usually the bottom one. Commonly known as a “Glass Door.” The breaking characteristics of Tempered Glass are quite different than ordinary Plate Glass. This is due to the heat treatment given to the glass during tempering. This results in high-tension stress in the center of the glass and high compression stress in the exterior surfaces. These tension and compression stresses balance each other. The heat treatment also increases the strength and flexibility as well as the resistance to shock, pressure and temperature increases. Approximately four times stronger than plate glass, when broken, tempered glass disintegrates into relatively small pieces. ALUMINUM FRAME GLASS DOOR These are the most popular doors in commercial occupancies, especially the taxpayer type. It is not uncommon to have the plate glass replaced with tempered glass, lexon or plexi-glass in some areas. 51 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES REPLACEMENT DOOR A relatively new situation where the existing doorframe is covered with a pre-hung steel door and a new metal pre-assembled doorframe is attached to it. This replacement assembly is screwed into the old frame. It may sound simple, but it is difficult to recognize and placement of the forcible entry tools must be between the new doorframe and the door and not between the old frame and the replacement doorframe. The door with the frame is laid in over the existing frame. Lip Of Replacement Frame Place Tool Here Replacement Door Lip of Replacement Frame Replacement Door Frame SLIDING DOORS These doors may travel either to the right or left of their opening or in the same plane. Sliding doors are usually supported upon a metal track and their side movement is made easier by small rollers or guide wheels. A bar may be placed between the fixed frame and the door or in Bar the track to prevent unlawful entry. POCKET DOORS These doors were quite popular many years ago and have found resurgence in today’s construction. They are interior sliding doors that slide into a partition or wall when pushed open and may be referred to as “pocket doors.” These doors may be forced similar to a swing door, except that they must be pried straight backward from the lock. A major drawback is the voids they create in a fire situation. 52 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 7 ADDITIONAL SECURITY DEVICES 53 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES ADDITIONAL SECURITY DEVICES SLIDING BOLT A device that travels in a track, which locks into a recessed hole or hardware. Padlocks may pass through rear of bolt and make the bolt secure. These slide bolts may be made of case-hardened steel. They are installed with screws or carriage bolts, which may be exposed or guarded. STATIC BAR A fastening device that can be mounted across the door at any point. Generally they are in pairs. The bars are held in place by brackets, which may be fastened to the doorframe. Outside View NOTE: With the Sliding Bolt and Static Bar in place, you know the occupants did not exit through that door. There is either another means of egress or the occupants are still inside. Static bars in place may not be visible from the outside. 54 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES ANGLE IRON A device secured to the door and occasionally the doorframe. It can be found on both inward swinging doors (away from you) and outward swinging doors (toward you). It may be partial or run the full vertical length of door. It represents another form of security which may be added to an occupancy. SHIELDED ANGLE IRON A device that is mounted to both the door and the frame and inter-locks on itself. It may be partial or run the full vertical length of the door. It is two separate pieces mounted, one to each surface. By adding this inter-locking piece of angle iron additional security is added to the occupancy. NOTE: The arrow points out a lock cylinder located NEAR THE BOTTOM of the door. This simple but ingenious set up prevents most “push-in” forcible entries. 55 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES CYLINDER GUARDS A raised rectangular metal plate over the lock cylinder that is held in place with four carriage bolts. These bolts may be exposed or hidden in the body of the guard. Black Heavy Duty Brass HOME MADE LOCKING DEVICE A recent ingenious method of securing a door has started to appear in multiple dwellings. This is a home made modification of a “chain lock.” Here the occupant bolts a length of heavy chain to the inside of his door. (The Chain is similar to that which secures motorcycles.) Generally the carriage bolt and washer are secured approximately one foot or less from the edge of the door and about one-foot above the doorknob. The other piece of chain, similar in size and strength, is attached to the doorframe. Joining the two pieces is a heavy-duty padlock. What makes this device so ingenious is its simplicity and effectiveness. Since the carriage bolt may be overlooked, the forcible entry team will force the door, and then be confronted with a heavy-duty chain and lock which continues to secure the door. Most people know a chain and lock can be quite formidable, especially if not under tension. Add to this the products of the fire venting out through the opening created by the initial forcible entry. Now the team must remove the chain and lock under much worse conditions. Suggestions: In your size-up of the door, check for the presence of a bolt head in the door. If you suspect this is the chain lock, drive the bolt head through the door BEFORE forcing the door. This can be done with the pike of the Halligan Tool and sharp blows delivered with the axe or maul. Size- up is very important. If you miss the bolt head on the door, entry may be delayed. 56 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES HOME MADE LOCKING DEVICE Bolt Head If the bolt is missed, and the door is forced open, lock the fork of the Halligan Tool around the chain at the frame side and try to pull it out of the frame. While doing this, maintain pressure on the door in the open position. If fire emits from the open door, close the door until a charged line is in position, then continue as above. This is not a simple operation. If the chain is bolted through the frame or secured with more than a single bolt, a forcible entry saw may have to be used. In this case, a delay will cause the fire to accelerate. Lock Halligan Into Chain And Attempt To Pry Chain From Frame. 57 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES LOCK BOX This method of security not only protects property, but limits damage to many locks and doors. It is a system of storing all necessary keys to the building or occupancy in a box that is mounted in a high visibility location, usually in the front of the building. Only the local fire department carries the master key, which cannot be duplicated. This approach provides a high degree of security and eliminates the need to carry many individual keys. This has been around for many years. Proper mounting is the responsibility of the property owner. The local fire department should indicate the desired location for mounting. They would inspect the completed installation and place the building keys inside, then lock the box with the department’s master key. 58 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 8 CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRY 59 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRY DEFINITION Conventional forcible entry is the oldest and most versatile method of entry. Usually a two-man team, using a flat head axe and the Halligan Tool accomplishes this task. It requires skill and technique to master, and at times this may have to be done by one man. When forcible entry is required, it should be started immediately. A door should be forced in such a manner as to preserve its integrity. If speed is an important consideration in gaining entry, then conventional forcible entry should be considered. Once a firefighter has mastered the skill of using the axe and Halligan Tool (Irons), most doors, even those that are well secured can be forced quickly. With the combination of the axe and Halligan, the forcible entry team can generally force any door or occupancy. It is a simple matter of technique and leverage. ENTRY SIZE-UP The fire ground is a very stressful place to work in. This is especially true for the first arriving units who have to accomplish a variety of tasks immediately. Among them is making a correct entry size-up. Prior to forcing a door: The Forcible Entry Team should: TRY THE DOOR to determine “IS THE DOOR LOCKED?” Too many times over-aggressive firefighters have forced an unlocked door. They should take note of the Type of Door and the Locking Devices involved. Also, what are the Prevailing Conditions at the scene, such as heat, smoke and visibility? They should then feel the door and or the doorknob. This may give an indication of the amount of heat behind the door. Finally, Check For Resistance; push in at top, center and bottom of door. This may give you and idea as to where the locking devices are secured. To master this skill a firefighter should have a basic knowledge of the types of doors and security devices he will encounter, in addition to the skills gained through hands-on experience. Also, the firefighters must have confidence in their skills that will allow them to work through any situation under pressure. 60 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES STEPS FOR FORCING A DOOR Most conventional forcible entry involves several moves in order to accomplish the goal. In order to make it understandable, we have broken down the operation into three separate steps. Each step may have additional maneuvers, but once one understands the basic principles it is easy to follow and move quickly through the steps. The recommended steps for forcing a door are: GAP – SET – FORCE. FORCING INWARD OPENING DOORS (door swings away from you) 1. GAP the DOOR - This step will make an opening in the door and/or frame to create a purchase point. It may also force open a poorly secured door. Work the ADZ into the stop on the doorframe approximately 6 inches above or below the lock (see “Note” below). The tool can be set into the frame by swinging like a bat and driving the ADZ into the frame. If there are 2 locks close together, go between them (unless they are stacked locks). Push up or down on the Halligan Tool causing the ADZ to rotate and crease the door. Best purchase is gained when the ADZ end is used on the door, not the pike. Note: The reason for the 6-inch rule is to avoid the Halligan Tool from striking the lock. The fork of the Halligan Tool is approximately 3-inches wide and most lock bodies are also 3-inches wide. Technique Tip: You will lose power when pushing down if the pike hits the door. You will increase spread by moving the tool up. 61 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 2. SET THE TOOL - This step requires the most skill. This involves working the FORK of the Halligan Tool into the Gap to spread the door away from the frame. The Halligan Tool is considered “Set” when the FORK is “locked in” to the inside of the doorframe. Position the Halligan Tool FORK approximately six inches above or below the lock cylinder. If the tool is too close, the FORK may hit the lock and will not go through to “lock in.” If it is too far away, the door may flex and the lock will not fail. Place the FORK of the Halligan Tool, (Bevel to the Door) and angle the Halligan Tool to work around the doorstop. This is considered the ideal position since it produces the most spread of the door and frame and puts the most stress on the locking device. It is important for the member holding the Halligan Tool to “walk the tool” around the doorstop and frame. This method gives a greater range of motion to the Halligan Tool since the adz will be facing away from the door and not strike the door when the door is forced. It also offers a better striking position. The Halligan Tool will stand out at approximately 90 degrees to the door allowing the member with the axe more room to maneuver and deliver the necessary blows. Bevel Of Tool Note: When there are multiple locks closely spaced on the door (stacked locks), position the tool above the upper lock or below the lower lock. Remember the six-inch rule is a general rule and should allow the FORK to clear the inside to the lock. The forcible entry firefighter should be between the door and the tool. Generally the forcible entry member should have his shoulder in contact with the door. This position gives a good view of the area where the tool is being driven in and also gives full range of motion for the tool as it is pushed away from the door as it is being driven in. The forcible entry firefighter should keep his eyes on the FORK end of the Halligan Tool where it is being driven into the Gap. Keep moving the Halligan Tool away from the door as it is being driven in (struck). 62 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES SET THE TOOL Technique Tip:As soon as the tip of the fork is past the edge of the door, sharply push the tool away from the door. “Spring” the door away from the frame and maintain pressure on the tool to prevent the tips from striking the frame. When the Halligan is nearly perpendicular to the door, drive in forcefully. The FORK end of the tool is driven past the inside of the frame. This will insure the tool being “locked” into position and not slipping when pressure is applied. The tool is SET when the ARCH of the FORK is even with the inside edge of the door / doorstop. Arch Tips Locked Onto Frame 63 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES STRIKING THE HALLIGAN TOOL - Coordination and communication must be maintained between the members of the forcible entry team. The member holding the Halligan Tool (forcible entry firefighter) controls the operation. The member with the axe strikes the Halligan Tool PERPENDICULAR TO THE ADZ. The member with the axe may have to stand, crouch or kneel to obtain the best position. The member with the axe strikes the Halligan only when told. The commands “HIT” and “STOP” must be understood. TO MAINTAIN CONTROL Short chopping blows. Perpendicular to the adz. In line with the shaft. Note: As the tool is SET, more powerful blows can be delivered. 64 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 3. FORCE - When the Halligan Tool is set, force is applied to the tool creating leverage against the door. Forcible entry member changes position to Face the Door. This gives him better position to apply pressure. Ensures everyone is ready. The other member of the team should try to control the sudden opening of the door by holding onto the doorknob or applying a hose strap to the knob. Push in sharply to create maximum force. If strong resistance is met, a second firefighter may be used to assist. As the door opens, the second firefighter must MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THE DOOR. Note: In the above method, as the door is flexed from the pressure, note the presence of fire behind the door. If fire is present, make sure there is a charged line in position to protect the forcible entry team. 65 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES ALTERNATE METHODS TO GAP AN INWARD OPENING DOOR Pike or Adz into the Frame Driving the PIKE or ADZ into the doorframe with either the axe or maul, or simply by taking a “baseball-bat swing,” should give the tool enough bite to ensure a purchase. Try to bury the PIKE into the frame as close to the door and lock as possible. This procedure is very quick and simple for a one-man operation. This procedure may force the door. It works best on wooden doors with wooden frames. Place the PIKE between the door and the doorstop, on or near the lock. Drive (set) the PIKE with the axe. Push down or Pull into the door (Gap) with the Halligan Tool. Gapping The Door 66 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES ALTERNATE METHODS TO GAP AN INWARD OPENING DOOR Bevel to the Frame Bevel Place the BEVEL of the Halligan Tool against the frame Of and with an axe or maul, drive the Halligan Tool in. Tool This is usually done when there is a very tight door with stiff resistance: ƒ Usually a metal door with a metal frame. ƒ Obstruction is in the way making it difficult to strike the tool. As the tool is driven in, it must not be driven into the frame. This takes a “feel” of the tool to do correctly. Note: This method does not give the full range of motion to the tool. The ADZ will strike the face of the door as the member pushes towards the door. Batter the Door Batter the Door with a few sharp blows with the Halligan Tool, axe or maul to loosen the door to allow the adz to be slipped in. However, when using this method, you must hit the “rail of the door,” since this is usually the strongest area of the door. Striking the door at other areas may weaken the door or knock out a panel such as on a raised panel door. This is dangerous since it allows heat, smoke and fire to vent out of the opening making further forcible entry more difficult. Do not knock in the panel unless there is a charged line in position. 67 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Batter the Door Technique Tip: If the door is set in a weak wood frame, several sharp blows to the door right on the lock may split the frame. This is especially true if the door contains a mortise lock. Note the mortise lock is set into a cavity made in the door. This may compromise the integrity of the door. Batter the Door Frame Batter the Door Frame by striking with an axe, maul or Halligan Tool approximately 6 inches above or below the lock and driving it away from the door to allow entry for the Halligan Tool. Some times steel frames are filled with concrete and may not crush. Remove the Door Stop Remove the doorstop on wood and / or Kalameine doors with the ADZ or FORK end of the Halligan Tool. This is a simple way to open a door with minimal damage. This method works best on wood doors with wood frames. 68 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE HALLIGAN TOOL GETS STUCK Problem: THE FORK IS IN CONTACT WITH THE DOORFRAME Solution: Increase the angle away from the door. “Rock” the tool to free it. Re-Gap the door; reverse the tool (Bevel to Frame). Move further away from the lock; this makes the door easier to spread. Contact With Doorframe Increase Angle Problem: THE FORK IS HITTING THE BOLT OR LOCK Solution: Reposition the Halligan Tool above or below the lock. Bolt / Lock Striking Bolt / Lock Reposition Halligan 69 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE HALLIGAN TOOL GETS STUCK Problem: THE FORK IS WEDGED INTO A TIGHT DOOR Solution: Springing the Door ƒ Move the Halligan Tool side to side to free up the tool. ƒ Push sharply and hold until the tool is driven further in. ƒ Springing The Door Problem: THE FORK IS WEDGED INTO A TIGHT DOOR Solution: Slipping The Lock ƒ Move the Halligan Tool up and down. This may allow the tool to slip past the bolt of the lock. Slipping The Lock 70 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE DOOR DOES NOT OPEN DURING THE INITIAL OPERATION Problem: THE DOOR FLEXES AND DOES NOT OPEN Solution: Method A – Using The Adz Maintain the purchase with axe or other tool. Slip the ADZ (or door chock) inside and behind the doorframe. Both members of forcible entry team push in or pull on the Halligan Tool. If the doorframe collapses and the adz gets stuck between the door and the frame, use the axe to wedge open the space, then push or pull the Halligan away from the door to release the adz. Front View Top View Note: This method greatly increases the Range of Motion of the Halligan Tool and will break most locks. Problem: THE DOOR FLEXES AND DOES NOT OPEN Solution: Method B – Using The Axe and Fork End Extra push may be obtained by placing the head or blade of the axe between the Halligan and the door. Place either the blade or the head of the axe into the door seam. Push in sharply with the Halligan. 71 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE DOOR DOES NOT OPEN DURING THE INITIAL OPERATION Method B – Using the Axe and Fork End Blade Into Door Seam Head Into Door Seam DRIVING THE LOCK OFF THE DOOR Problem: DOOR OPENS PARTIALLY DUE TO STRONG LOCK(S) Solution: Place the Halligan Tool directly on the lock and drive it off the door. Driving the lock off the inside of the door takes sharp blows with the axe. Remember that you are trying to drive out the screws that hold the lock onto the door. 72 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES DRIVING THE LOCK OFF THE DOOR Tips Of Halligan Note: If you can crush the door enough to see the locking device (especially the vertical deadbolt type), you may be able to shear off the striker with the Halligan Tool. ANGLE IRON INWARD OPENING DOOR (Door swings away from you) Usually bolted to the door, may be partial or full length. The angle iron may be flat stock or shielded (interlocked with “J” channel). Place the BEVEL towards the angle iron and the tool PERPENDICULAR to the door between the angle iron (shield) and the frame. Lock the tips of the fork into the doorstop and push in sharply, (GAP) the door with the fork between the angle iron and the frame. Reset the tool and drive in (SET). Using the angle iron under the tool, (FORCE). 73 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FORCING THE “J CHANNEL” INWARD OPENING DOOR A newer type of device that is screwed into the door frame. The technique is modified by driving the FORK end of the Halligan between the shield and the door frame. Drive the FORK in until the tips hit the door. Push the tool toward the door, popping the shield off the frame or bending it out of the way. Re-set the tool and drive it in until it is set. Force the door. NARROW HALLWAY OR RECESSESED DOOR When there is little room and/or limited visibility to swing an axe, an alternate method of striking the Halligan would be: Slide the head of the Axe along the shaft of the Halligan Tool and strike the shoulder of the fork end. Bevel to the Frame may give better results due to easier entry and better angle to strike the tool. Note: The shoulder of the fork end of the Halligan must be squared off to do this. See Chapter 16. 74 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FORCING OUTWARD OPENING DOORS (Door swings toward you) Using The Adz End Place the ADZ between the door and the frame. GAP the door by rocking the tool up and down to spread the door from the frame. SET the tool, and pry the door out by pulling on the Halligan so the ADZ can be driven in. Be careful not to “bury the tool” into the doorstop. See Chapter 16. Force the door, set the ADZ end around the inside of the door. Gapping The Door (Top View) Gapping The Door (Front View) Set The Tool (Top View) Force The Door (Top View) Note: The firefighter faces the door at all times. 75 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FORCING OUTWARD OPENING DOORS (Door swings toward you) Using the Fork End GAP the door by placing the bevel side of the FORK toward the frame, just above or below the lock or hinge. SET the tool, pry the door by pulling out on the Halligan so the FORK can be driven in past the inside frame. Be careful not to “bury the tool” into the doorstop. See Chapter 16. FORCE the door, set the FORK end around the inside of the door and by pulling or pushing the Halligan Tool away from the door (toward the wall). In order to use this method, the Halligan Tool must have sufficient room to allow the movement of the tool away from the door. Gap (Top View) Set (Top View) Force (Top View) Note: These methods will be dictated by the configuration of the building or any obstructions near the door. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WHEN FORCING OUTWARD OPENING DOORS Problem: RECESSED DOOR OR OBSTRUCTION Solution: To allow the ADZ to be driven in and around the door stop and to provide sufficient space for the ADZ to move away from the door. ƒ Make a hole in the wall (if possible), for the movement of the tool. ƒ GAP – SET – FORCE the door. 76 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WHEN FORCING OUTWARD OPENINING DOORS Problem: DIFFICULTY GETTING A PURCHASE (Tight Seam between Door and Frame) Solution: Use the Blade of the axe. Use the Fork or Adz end of the Halligan. ƒ Tilting the Adz up or down may start the purchase easier. Blade of Axe Adz of Halligan METAL STRIP ON THE EDGE OF THE OUTWARD OPENING DOOR Additional security may be installed on these doors by bolting a metal shield to protect the space between the door and the frame. It may be a full-length or partial shield. Dealing with the shield will require an additional step before proceeding to Gap – Set – Force. 77 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES METAL STRIP ON THE EDGE OF THE OUTWARD OPENING DOOR Drive the ADZ end under the edge of the metal strip and push the tool toward the door. Work the ADZ between the door and the frame, and drive in to establish a gap. Drive the FORK end under the edge of the metal strip and push the tool back toward the door. Work the FORK between the door and frame. Reverse the tool if necessary. Reverse the Tool if Necessary 78 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES METAL STRIP ON THE EDGE OF THE OUTWARD OPENING DOOR Drive the ADZ end between the door and shield, bending the shield away to allow entry of the Halligan Tool. Shear the bolts and pry, bend or remove the shield as a last resort. Note: At times if the angle iron is secured well, it may assist you in opening the door. If not, then you have to remove it to access the door. 79 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 80 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Chapter 9 HYDRAULIC FOCIBLE ENTRY TOOLS 81 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES HYDRAULIC TOOLS These tools are designed for doors that open inward (away from you), and have also been used successfully on sliding elevator doors. They work best on doors with strong metal frames. These tools are quite easy to use. The two most popular models are quite different in design. One type, The Rabbit Tool, is a two piece unit, consisting of a spreader and a pump. They are connected with a short length of high-pressure hose. The second type is a one-piece unit that incorporates the pump and spreader together. Equally effective they have found a solid footing in the fire service. Hydra-Ram Rabbit Tool RECOMMENDED STEPS FOR FORCING A DOOR GAP THE DOOR – Using the ADZ end. SET THE TOOL - Insert the jaws between the door and the frame midway between the knob and the lock; the jaws must be in the closed position. FORCE THE DOOR - The door should open with several pumps of the handle. Gap Set Force Note: When there are multiple locks, insert the jaws between the knob and lock and then move to the proximity of the next lock. 82 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE DOOR DOES NOT OPEN DURING THE INITIAL OPERATION Problem: TOOL IS FULLY EXTENDED AND THE DOOR STILL DOES NOT OPEN Solution: Reposition Tool On The Lock Locate the locking device. Wedge the door open with the head of the axe or the Halligan Tool. Reposition the hydraulic tool directly on the lock and extend. Lock Solution: Drive Lock Off The Door Maintain the opening with the hydraulic tool. Drive the lock off the door with the axe and Halligan Tool. Drive Lock Off 83 FDNY FORCIBLE ENTRY REFERENCE GUIDE December, 2006 TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES THE DOOR DOES NOT OPEN DURING THE INITIAL OPERATION Problem: TOOL IS FULLY EXTENDED AND THE DOOR STILL DOES NOT OPEN Solution: Reposition Tool Inside The Doorframe Maintain the opening with the hydraulic tool. Slip the axe or Halligan Tool into the gap and maintain purchase. Reposition the hydraulic tool INSIDE THE DOORFRAME. Pump the handle to extend the tool. Reposition Extend Note: This maneuver may not work with the Hydra-Ram tool. THE DOOR DOES NOT OPEN DURING THE INITIAL OPERATION Problem: DOOR NEARLY FORCED BUT NEEDS A LITTLE MORE Solution: Use Head of the Axe to Exten