FD 201 - Surface and Fabric Embellishments PDF

FD 201 – SURFACE AND FABRIC EMBELLISHMENTS Mrs. Ibones | 1st Semester | BS Fashion Design and Merchandising, 2ND YEAR Ellana Marielle C. Faeldonea 2-A INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE EMBELLISHMENT OUTLINE...

FD 201 – SURFACE AND FABRIC EMBELLISHMENTS Mrs. Ibones | 1st Semester | BS Fashion Design and Merchandising, 2ND YEAR Ellana Marielle C. Faeldonea 2-A INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE EMBELLISHMENT OUTLINE Items that normally serve a function may also be used I. Embellishments as embellishment: II. Surface Embellishments Examples: III. Textile Embellishments 1. Buttons IV. Importance of Embellishment 2. Zipper V. Advantages and Disadvantages of 3. Buckles Embellishment 4. Grommets VI. Surface Ornamentation 5. Sequins VII. Different Types of Embellishment 8. Batik ─ ─ Embellishments Importance of embellishments ─ is a decorative detail or feature added to something ✓ embellishment is important as decorative detail or to make it more attractive feature added to something to make it more ─ a detail, especially one that is untrue, added to a attractive statement or story to make it more interesting ✓ it adds value of the fabric ─ also defined as fancy details added on to make ✓ to make product better than what it is already something look better or nicer; the act of adding ✓ to add beauty and increase profit in fabric such detail or the act of stretching the truth of a ✓ make a fabric good according to the taste and story to make it sound more exciting demand of consumer ─ ─ advantages and disadvantages surface embellishments ─ is to make an item or product better than what is already ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ─ to make something attractive by adding decorations identity more expensive ─ to make a story more interesting by adding details which may not be true creativity less durable add beauty to the fabric difficult to handle like TEXTILE EMBELLISHMENT washing and ironing, ─ the process of adding color, pattern, texture or etc. design to fabric through the use of outside mediums such as thread, ribbon, sequins, yarns, increase the value of the needs extra care buttons, buttonholes and more fabric during handling ─ the embellishment on fabric can be achieved also shows the personality of adding details which through painting, tie-dye, batik, stencils, may not be true the wearer lamination, bonding and dyeing ─ embellishment is anything that adds design outlet for aesthetic addition of extraneous interest to the piece expression embellishment through dishonesty Examples: attracts consumer heavily embellished 1. Applique fabrics are less 2. Embroidery wearable 3. Piping 4. Trim simple materials can be 5. Lace converted into many styles 6. Fringe(trim) and shapes 7. Beads ❛ notes ni el ‧₊˚✧ MODULE #1 | FD 201 TYPES OF FABRICS FOR SURFACE SURFACE ORNAMENTATION ORNAMENTATION ─ adds immense beauty and enhances the look of a velvet, silk, satin, georgette, chiffon, etc. were garment some of the most common fabrics used for surface ─ the main idea of fabric decoration is to add an ornamentation element of interest beads, pipes, gold, silver and copper threads gave ─ the most common materials used for surface a rich look to the garment ornamentation are mirrors, beads, sequins, mostly the necklines, hemline and sleeves were threads, wires, buttons, etc highlighted with decorative work ─ is a skill in fashion design, understanding the nature of the ─ it has been practiced in different countries since fabric is very important centuries this ultimately decides what kind of surface ─ learning surface ornamentation in a fashion design ornamentation suits best course can help you create exquisite designs ─ it is one of the best ways to express your love for INSPIRATION art often monuments, paintings and artwork have served as sources of inspiration for designers DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURFACE the use of metals, gems, embroidery, etc. is what EMBELLISHMENTS/SURFACE makes every garment exquisite and gorgeous ORNAMENTATIONS many times, designers have taken inspiration from their everyday life to create unique designs EMBELLISHMENTS ON TEXTILE international designers like Alexander McQueen, ─ when one goes back in history, one can actually Peter Pilotto, Roberto Cavalli, etc. use lots of trace the existence of surface ornamentation surface ornamentation through the clothing and apparel of the people surface ornamentation will continue to be the during that era highlight of every garment ─ articles of daily use such as bed covers, table cloth, embellishments on garments and apparels will jewelry box, footwear, etc. were embellished with never go out of fashion precious stones and thread work ─ the kings, queens and other people from the royal family dressed in heavily embellished garments ─ garments that were embellished with precious stones and metals were status symbol SURFACE ORNAMENTATION ON DECORATIVE ART ─ embellishing was not limited to only fabrics, it was done on the surface of leather, wood, metal, glass, etc. ─ with every generation devoted to the art of embellishment, it only got better ─ various types of embellishment techniques and styles were used to get wonderful results ─ techniques such as embossing, cut-outs in lace, etc. were the highlight of a garment ─ the most common motifs used in surface ornamentation were peacock, elephants, birds, flowers and abstract designs ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧  FD 201 – SURFACE AND FABRIC EMBELLISHMENTS Mrs. Ibones | 1st Semester | BS Fashion Design and Merchandising, 2ND YEAR Ellana Marielle C. Faeldonea 2-A APPLICATION OF EMBELLISHMENTS THROUGH TECHNIQUES IN FABRIC AND CLOTHING stitches you can make in hand embroidery to add OUTLINE texture I. Fabric Surface Embellishment ─ the bullion stitch and french knots and other knot II. Fabric Surface Embellishment Technique stitches are also great for texture III. Fabric Manipulation Technique IV. What You Need To Know Before BEADING/BEADWORK Embellishing Fabrics ─ beads add glitter, texture and beauty to fabric. you V. Other Tips For Embellishing Fabrics can sew/glue beads to fabric VI. Tools or Materials Needed for Embellishments FABRIC TRIMS ─ you can sew the different types of fabric trims like FABRIC SURFACE EMBELLISHMENT ribbons, braids to the fabric to add texture to fabric ─ the ornamentation that commonly added to fabrics to brand them to a greater extent than beautiful in COUCHING addition to gorgeous, because of the nature of ─ this technique uses cords, threads and other decorative patterns, which they create materials which are then stitched on to the fabric ─ different kinds of surface pattern techniques are surface used for embellishing the fabric ─ the thread is laid on the surface of the fabric in a ─ most mutual materials that is used for this pattern and it is sewn with small stitches by hand procedure include fringe, sequins and beads, in or by sewing machine addition to buttons FABRIC PAINTING FABRIC SURFACE EMBELLISHMENT TECHNIQUE ─ uses a specially formulated paint to make designs on fabric APPLIQUE ─ you can use the fabric paint to add a dimensional ─ the method of sewing pieces of fabric onto other effect to the fabric as well fabric bases in beautiful designs ─ you can stitch the applique pieces by hand as well FABRIC PATCHES as by sewing machine ─ are pieces of fabric embellished with embroidery, sequins, beads, fabric paint etc. which are attached PATCHWORK to fabric surfaces with glue or sewing or heat- ─ the method of sewing small pieces of fabric activated iron-on adhesives (patches) of different patterns and colors together ─ these are great for mending holes on clothes as to make a big fabric piece well as decorating them ─ this technique is also called piece work; you can make stunning garments and accessories with PRINTING ON FABRIC patchwork fabric ─ is a great way to add designs on your clothes ─ you can add any designs to the fabric without any EMBROIDERY sewing involved using your inkjet printer at home ─ the technique of decorating fabric with beautiful stitches made with embroidery thread or yarn REVERSE APPLIQUE ─ hand embroidery techniques like kantha ─ involves adding a layer of fabric underneath the embroidery, sashiko embroidery, shadow base fabric and cutting away a portion of the base embroidery, chikankary embroidery all create fabric in the shape of the design so that the fabric unparalleled texture underneath is revealed ─ there are more than 60 different embroidery techniques in existence and the different filling ❛ notes ni el ‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 ─ you can add multiple layers of fabric underneath for a beautiful effect DISTRESSED FABRIC ─ is a technique of making the fabric look old by using MONOGRAMMING various methods like using a pumice stone or wire brush to wear the thread or using paint to make it ─ involves embroidering the initials of a person’s look used name in a particular way and is a very popular technique of embellishing clothes and accessories to customize and personalize them FABRIC MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE FABRIC FLOWERS SEWING MACHINE EMBROIDERY ─ you can make beautiful flowers using fabric pieces ─ you can use embroidery sewing machines to make to decorate your garments incredible designs on your fabric ─ the fabric scraps you have at hand if you have been ─ free motion embroidery involves making sewing for some time can be transformed into embroidery designs using your regular sewing beautiful almost real looking fabric flowers very machine with a darning foot and hooped fabric easily RHINESTONES FABRIC BOWS ─ are flat backed beads which can be sewn or glued ─ the same way as fabric flowers add to the beauty on to the fabric to add sparkle to garments and of clothes accessories FAGGOTTING SEQUINS WORK ─ a technique for adding ribbons and lace trims to the ─ you can add a lot of sparkle and texture by adding fabric with pretty embroidery stitches sequins to fabric (sew them or glue them) ─ hemmed edges of fabric panels are together or to trims with criss crossed stitches GOLDWORK AND ZARI WORK ─ uses metal threads in gold and silver color to make INSERTION embroidery patterns on fabric ─ you can add lace between fabric panels; lace will ─ zardosi work uses a special type of gold string to add transparency and texture to smooth fabric and work the embroidery designs will transform the look of ordinary fabric surface ─ the needle and thread are inserted through the hole in the zardosi strings and the work is PIPING completed like this ─ is a technique of adding a special type of trim which is made by inserting a cord inside a bias fabric strip BOBBIN WORK ─ the piping is added to the seam as a decorative trim ─ this is a technique of doing embroidery with thick threads in the bobbin TUCKS ─ the work will appear on the underside of the fabric ─ are folds in fabric that are sewn in place facing the needle ─ pintucks is the most commonly used in blouses, ─ this is a wonderful way to add texture to fabric polo shirt and children’s dresses ─ as the name suggests these are tiny folds which DYEING are sewn in place close to the fold ─ involves adding color to the fabric by way of ─ they contain the fullness of fabric as well as add soaking it in a solution of dye texture ─ batik, tie and dye, shibori dyeing are all variations ─ pintucks are made using a pintuck foot and double of dyeing fabric to bring about beautiful patterns needle stitching on fabric surface RUFFLES STAMPING ─ are pleated or gathered fabric or trims used to ─ this is a variation of diy block printing decorate garments and accessories ─ you stamp on fabric surface with fabric laden stamps ─ you can diy stamps or buy from stores ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 RIBBON EMBROIDERY DECORATIVE EDGE FINISHES ─ embroidery done with soft silk ribbons ─ edge finishes need not be boring ─ you can finish the fabric edges with embroidery YOYOS loops or buttonhole stitches ─ is a gathered circle of fabric pieces with small running stitches DECORATIVE HEM FINISHES ─ the resultant fabric yoyos which resemble flowers ─ you can add beauty and texture to the hem of your are great for decorating fabrics garment in many ways ─ there are many ways to make yoyos- even heart shaped ones USING ROULETTE LOOPS ─ roulette loops are very thin fabric tubes made with DECORATIVE PLEATS fabric strips ─ pleats like box pleats, inverted pleats are all great ways of making the fabric look beautiful RUCHING ─ basically gathering fabric so that there are TASSELS patterned folds in the fabric; it is also called puffing ─ are loose threads gathered together at one end in heirloom embroidery ─ they are great for embellishing the hems of scarves ─ is usually done along the bodice of dresses and and shawls sleeves along the centerline which is ruched creating attractive folds on either side of the center MIRROR WORK stitching line ─ attaching mirrors on fabric can make your fabric ─ you can ruche fabric by sewing the fabric with sparkle elastic ─ this is usually done with thin, sheer and SHRINKING FABRIC transparent fabric as an overlay or a drapable cloth ─ shrinking different layers of fabric differently will produce texture on the face of the fabric SMOCKING ─ is an embroidery technique used to gather fabric so ADDING TEXTURED FABRIC AS ACCENT FEATURES that it can stretch ─ before elastic, smocking was commonly used in ─ when you have a garment with a smooth surface cuffs, bodices, and necklines in garments where you can add texture to it by adding fabric pieces buttons were undesirable with texture like denim, pleather, leather, canvas, ─ developed in england and has been practiced since embroidered fabric to make yokes, collars or top the middle ages and is unusual among embroidery hem of pockets, sleeve cuffs etc. methods in that it was often worn by laborers EMBOSSING ─ involves stitching together gathered folds of fabric with pretty embroidery stitches in a definite pattern ─ making an impression of images or designs on the ─ is a means of controlling fullness as well as adding surface of a fabric with the help of heat and beautiful embroidery to the fabric pressure ─ also called blind printing, and relief printing SHIRRING ─ a raised or lowered imprint of the design is made with stamps and application of heat ─ is the technique of gathering fabric by using elastic thread in the bobbin OPEN WORK ─ shirring in parallel lines can produce beautiful texture to the fabric ─ drawn thread embroidery involves pulling out thread from the fabric and knotting the thread left FABRIC ORIGAMI in bundles or using decorative stitches over the drawn thread ─ making origami ornaments by folding fabric pieces ─ this creates an open work with great texture on the in definite folding patterns fabric ─ you can use this to decorate fabric ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 STITCH AND SLASH TECHNIQUE ROUGHENING ─ are stitched together in parallel diagonal rows ─ if you are seriously making real texture like the creates a beautiful visual and textural effect on the hard surface on a sculpture that you can even surface of the fabric which is unparalleled sketch and paint, it is not difficult with some ─ no photo can reproduce the same impact you get household ingredients – Mix 3 parts PV glue and 2 when you see and feel the faux chenille fabric you parts water; add Talcum powder slowly till you get have made with simple plain fabric pieces a thick consistency (like the dough batter for cakes) ─ apply on fabric and use your tools and imagination SCALLOPS to create the texture you want ─ are dome shaped stitching that is usually done ─ when dry you will get your textured fabric along the fabric edge ─ fabric texture is an important element of fashion ─ you can make scallops by hand stitching with fine ─ it can even affect your mood – the way your fabric embroidery stitches or machine stitch the scallops looks and feels is intricately involved with our with a facing or with decorative stitches in your emotional wellbeing as well – I do not say this, but sewing machine the learned scientists says so BUBBLING MACRAME ─ refers to the techniques used to create bubble-like ─ a technique of using knotting to make fabric with appearance on the face of the fabric special macrame cords ─ a simple enough way is to wet fabric, make small ─ you can use macrame to decorate your fabric or cotton balls and wrap these balls with the fabric make the whole fabric with macrame very close to each other and tie them up with thread FELTING ─ if you leave them for a few days and then open ─ a process by which wool fibers are agitated (by them up, and remove the cotton balls the fabric will hand or by machine) to make fabric take on a texture of bubbles on the surface ─ needle felting and wet felting are the two methods used to make the felted fabric WRINKLING ─ felted fabric looks beautiful and can be used to ─ this can create a beautiful texture on the fabric make and decorate garments and accessories surface ─ one very easy method involves wet fabric and What you need to know before rubber bands embellishing fabrics ─ you will have to wet the fabric thoroughly – then you should carry out a trial practice using wring out the full water – do these two or three newspapers or old fabrics that you no longer use times it depends on the project to be carried out, you ─ leave it in the wrung state, twisted and tie the can use a stabilizer under the clothes to give it fabric with rubber bands every 2 inches support and to stop puckering during embellishing process ─ keep it the same way in a secure place to dry you can use normal thick thread or knitting yarns ─ remove the rubber bands when the cloth feels dry to embellish your favorite fabric, bearing in mind to touch and open up the color and style you want to bring out you can make your own embellished patterns to FOILING guide you depending on how you want the design ─ adding thin metallic foils on the surface of the to look fabric with the help of heat applied to it find out what the embellished materials are made ─ adds a beautiful dimensional effect to the fabric of, so that you will know if it has the same care with its shine and texture instructions as the fabric you want to use it on ─ it is used a great deal in home furnishing fabric and whatever look you want to achieve; you can use in textile art any appropriate embellishing design for it. you ─ foiling on fabric is one of the easiest ways to add a can embellish on plain, print or any other color metallic shimmer to your art quilts fabric. to achieve a more casual look, contrast your embellishment with the base fabrics ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 OTHER TIPS FOR EMBELLISHING FABRICS JEWELS AND STUDS you can use adhesive glue to embellish fabrics instead of using threads, yarns and needles or machine FABRIC PAINTS make sure you read the adhesive instructions ─ is a useful tool for customizing clothing, sheets, you can use a temporary glue to hold your bags, and much more embellishment in place as you sew alternatively, you can have a permanent adhesive glue that can hold the fabric and embellished trims together SCISSORS without soaking through the fabric ─ There are a number of different types of scissors that you are going to need if you want to take up TOOLS or MATERIALS NEEDED FOR embroidery, and the ones that you are going to use the most are dress maker’s scissors EMBELLISHMENT ─ These scissors are rather large, and while they may look just like the regular scissors that you use to cut SELF-HEALING CUTTING MATS paper and other items around the home, they have very ─ the purpose of the cutting mat is to safeguard the sharp blades that should only be used to cut fabric or work surface from getting damaged and keep thread your knife from getting dull ─ they work great while sewing, printing, crafts, TABLE STAND quilting, and several other projects ─ if you want to be able to have better control over ─ they have a marking of a grid guide on one side your fabric while you are working, but have found for specific measurements that an embroidery hoop is just too difficult for you to easily control, then it is time to consider ROTARY CUTTER buying an embroidery table stand ─ is a tool generally used by quilters to cut fabric ─ is a giant hoop that is specifically designed to sit ─ it consists of a handle with a circular blade that on top of a flat surface while you work, making it rotates, thus the tool's name much easier for you to control your fabric without ─ rotary cutter blades are very sharp, can be having to hold onto a hoop with one hand resharpened, and are available in different sizes ─ usually, smaller blades are used to cut small RULER curves, while larger blades are used to cut to ─ because you want to make sure that you don’t straight lines and broad curves make any mistakes on your embroidery and that ─ several layers of fabric can be cut simultaneously you are always able to work in a straight line, with a sharp (fresh) blade, making it easier to cut when necessary, consider buying a see-through out patchwork pieces of the same shape and size plastic ruler that you can place on your work and than with scissors measure ─ quilters use rotary cutters with specially designed ─ if you are going to be using an embroidery hoop or templates and rulers made of approximately 1/8- a frame, then you need to make sure that the ruler inch thick clear or color-tinted plastic is short enough to fit inside of this space so that you can quickly and accurately measure your work ANGELINA FABRICS ─ it’s a soft fiber that is light reflective as well as SMALL POINTED SCISSORS light refractive so it’s very sparkly ─ you will additionally need smaller scissors that ─ it comes in a wide variety of colors and the fibers are incredibly sharp and pointed so that you can come in two types – “hot fix” or heat bondable easily slide the tip of the scissors underneath your meaning that you can fuse them together with an threads and clip them iron, and “staple” which are not bondable but you ─ they are the easiest to use quickly and easily and can mix them the heat bondable type, or use them you won’t have to worry about making a mistake in other ways to add highlight to your threads, and accidentally clipping the fabric itself yarns, art quilts, or surface design and ─ Never use these scissors to cut anything other embellishment projects than threads, as regular use will quickly dull them ─ can be used in all sorts of different ways and is and you will either have to pay to have a the perfect product for adding a little – or a lot! – professional sharpen them or get new ones that of sparkle to your sewing projects will work ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 EMBROIDERY HOOP PUNCH NEEDLE ─ this tool is perfect for embroidery, as it will hold ─ another type of embroidery is needle punching, the fabric tight without stretching it and allow you which involves looping ribbon, floss, or yarn to maintain even pressure during the project through the fabric to create a pattern ─ since they come in a wide variety of sizes, you can ─ while not the typical embroidery that many generally find one that will fit your project people picture when they think of this handicraft, perfectly without a lot of hassle needle punching is growing in popularity ─ it’s a good idea to remove or loosen the hoop each ─ these needles have a hollow shaft, as well as a time you are done working on your embroidery for depth gauge the day so that the fabric isn’t marked by the ring ─ the pointed side of the needle has the eye and is inserted into the fabric to put some of the thread THIMBLE into the pattern ─ are used by wearing them on the tip of your finger and then using them to help push your needle TAPE MEASURE through the fabric ─ this tool can take the place of a hard ruler if you ─ they have grooves or dimples on the surface that are worried about how easy it will be to read will catch the eye of your needle and prevent it ─ one thing that you will want to consider when from slipping while you are hand sewing or buying a tape measure for any type of sewing embroidering craft is that you buy a smaller and more flexible ─ not only will a thimble help to prevent you from option hurting your finger, but it also protects the eye of the needle and makes sewing significantly easier PINKING SCISSORS by relieving strain on your fingers and making it ─ they will create a zigzag pattern along the cut simple to push the needle through the fabric edge when you are finished without having to try to pull it ─ this isn’t ideal for displaying your work, as most people will want a straight edge that looks a little CHENILLE NEEDLES nicer, but the zigzag edge does serve a purpose ─ they have incredibly sharp points and large eyes, ─ the reason that you want to use pinking shears making it very easy to not only thread these along the edge of your project is that the way that needles but also to push them through your fabric they cut the fabric will actually prevent it from without dealing with a dull point fraying ─ they are generally wider and shorter than your ─ this is beneficial no matter if you want to frame typical embroidery needles and have very long your piece and display it or if you are going to eyes store it until a later time, as you do not want the edges to fray and threaten the integrity or beauty NEEDLE THREADER of your piece ─ if you struggle at all with threading a needle, then you will want this small and handy tool BEADING NEEDLE ─ make threading your needles significantly easier ─ also known as a “tambour hook” or a “tambour since you don’t have to try to see the eye of the tool,” a beading needle is used when you are needle and put the end of your thread through it going to be completing bead embroidery as well as tambour work, or a decorative chain stitch CREWEL EMBROIDERY NEEDLE ─ they have a very small and bent tip that looks ─ it’s important that you don’t try to use a regular similar to the way that a crochet hook looks that sewing needle if you want to embroider, as they will allow the user to easily catch the thread on are simply not the right size or shape for the job the underside of the fabric they are working with and will make it much more difficult to create and then pull it to the front so that they can loop it embroidery that you are proud of to attach any sequins or beads ─ you will need to buy embroidery needles that have larger eyes and much sharper tips than regular sewing needles do ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 TAMBOR HOOK APPLIQUE SCISSORS ─ a tambour hook or tambour tool is used for bead ─ also sometimes called “duckbill scissors” because embroidery (also called french embroidery of their shape and the way that they look, these beading) as well as decorative chain stitch scissors have a very specific job of removing extra embroidery called tambour work fabric ─ it has a small, bent tip similar to a crochet hook or ─ if you are going to be cutting around your work rug hooking tool when you are finished, then you will want a pair ─ the hook catches the thread on the backside of the of these scissors, as they push the fabric away fabric, pulling it to the front side to create loops or from the cutting edge so that you do not attach beads or sequins accidentally clip your work and make a mistake ─ you will have a very clear-cutting path when you THREAD NIPPERS use these scissors, and you will be able to cut ─ these tools are generally fairly small and have incredibly close to your stitches without having to incredibly sharp blades that can easily snip worry about whether or not you are going to make through a large number of threads without any a mistake problems ─ you can use them to remove work that you have PIN CUSHION done when you made a mistake and also to snip ─ comes with a number of different types of fillings, seam allowances so you need to make sure that you do your ─ because they are so small, they tend to be rather research to find the material that is right for you easy to lose, so it’s a good idea to look for ones ─ if you opt for wool or cotton, then your pin cushion that come with a neck strap or to add a neck strap will be a little heavier, and the lanolin in the wool to your thread nippers may help to keep your needles shiny and smooth ─ this will ensure that you don’t accidentally leave ─ polyester is another option, but the pin cushion them behind or drop them when working on a will be very light and easy to knock off of your project and it will make it very easy for you to table perform maintenance work while stitching, such ─ some companies make pin cushions that are filled as cutting threads so that you don’t have to with sand or a powder, and while these are nice complete this work at the end of your project and heavy, if they are damaged, they can make a real mess MAGNIFIERS ─ it is a good idea to invest in a pair of magnifiers SEAM RIPPER that will help you to see your work more easily ─ a much faster way to remove large areas of work ─ this will not be very useful for you as you will is with a seam ripper have to hold it continually while you are ─ have a tip that is shaped like a U, and the inside of embroidering, which will tie up one of your hands the U is incredibly sharp and make your work much more difficult ─ the best option for when you need magnifiers is to LAYING TOOL look for a pair that will rest on your head, such as ─ these tools can be made from a number of a cap, and has a frame that will hold the different materials, including glass, plastic, bone, magnifiers in front of your eyes wood, and metal ─ these can generally be adjusted up or down which ─ they are very thin and long tools that look similar allows you to be able to put them right in front of to an awl your face so that you can look through them ─ this tool is used at the same time as a needle is without straining and is used to hold the thread close to the fabric ─ these are hands-free, as well as very comfortable, and to keep them spread apart and flat so that you can easily see what you are working on you can control how they look when the stitch is without having to worry about holding on to a tightened magnifying glass while working ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #2 | FD 201 TWEEZERS ─ make this task very easy and will allow you to remove single threads at once without worrying about damaging your work ─ if you are going to add sequins or crystals to your embroidery, then you can use tweezers to pick them up with greater control and precision EMBROIDERY ERASER ─ if you want to remove large areas of your embroidery or even to start over completely, then you can use this tool to cut through all of your threads at once ─ it will cut through the threads, allowing you to remove them without having to worry about how you will cut each individual thread ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧  FD 201 – SURFACE AND FABRIC EMBELLISHMENTS Mrs. Ibones | 1st Semester | BS Fashion Design and Merchandising, 2ND YEAR Ellana Marielle C. Faeldonea 2-A EMBELLISHMENTS TECHNIQUES THROUGH ADDITION OUTLINE HEDEBO EMBROIDERY I. Embroidery ─ is one type of whitework originating in Denmark, a) Types of Embroidery Used in Garments perhaps as early as the 15th century II. Trimmings a) Difference Trimmings on Clothing III. Quilting DRAWN THREAD EMBROIDERY a) Different Types of Quilting ─ is one kind of counted thread embroidery, which is IV. Laces used to create open, airy designs in the space a) Different Laceworks on Clothing created by “drawing” or removing threads from V. Applique basic fabric a) Methods of Applique ─ also known as pulled thread work b) Types of Applique HARDANGER EMBROIDERY embroidery ─ is a form of embroidery which developed in ─ is a craftwork of decorating fabric or other Hardanger, Norway materials by using needle and thread or yarn ─ features cutwork and satin stitch arranged ─ can also assimilate other materials such as pearls, intricate, geometric designs beads, and sequins, etc. ─ mostly used on dress shirts, denim, caps, CREWEL EMBROIDERY stockings, etc. ─ this is one type of decorative surface embroidery, which features plants, animals, and sometimes types of embroidery people, arranged in a fanciful, flowing design ─ crewel embroidery is worked in a variety of WHITEWORK EMBROIDERY surface embroidery stitches ─ refers to any embroidery technique, where the ─ this type of technique is at least a thousand years stitching is the same color as the foundation fabric old ─ white on white embroidery is looking beautiful and can be worked in a variety of techniques including Hardanger, surface embroidery, and SURFACE EMBROIDERY hereby, etc. ─ referred to as any type of embroidery, where the pattern is worked by the use of decorative stitches CANDLEWICK EMBROIDERY and laid threads on top of the foundation fabric ─ it is one type of whitework embroidery that ─ that means stitch is worked on the surface of the traditionally uses an unbleached cotton thread on cloth a piece of unbleached muslin ─ this type of embroidery is made of groups of GOLDWORK EMBROIDERY colonial knots arranged in intricate patterns ─ is an art of embroidery where metal threads are used CROSS-STITCH EMBROIDERY ─ the main purpose of using metal wires is to make ─ is a composite stitch consisting of two diagonally the threads have never been entirely gold; there worked stitches, which form an “X” on the fabric has always been gold-coated silver ─ it is a popular form of count thread embroidery REDWORK EMBROIDERY PULLED THREAD EMBROIDERY ─ referred to as any type of embroidery which is ─ is a counted thread technique stitches, which are worked in red thread on white or natural color worked around groups of threads in the base fabric fabric to form gaps, airy fillings, creating lacy, ─ most common in surface embroidery and cross- bands, borders, and hems stitch ❛ notes ni el ‧₊˚✧ MODULE #3 | FD 201 BLACKWORK EMBROIDERY BRAIDS ─ it is a style of counted thread embroidery which is ─ refers to plaited silver or metallic or cotton originated in spain threads which are used to decorate fabric ─ this type of embroidery is traditionally worked in ─ there are many types of braids – one is a narrow- black thread on white or even weaves fabric rounded braid with center sewing ditch, which is mostly used for draw strings, button loops, lacing; BLUEWORK EMBROIDERY then there is a narrow flat braid used for an ─ this is any type of embroidery that worked accent trim; then there are cotton loop braids exclusively in blue thread on a white or natural which are novelty decorative edging (also used for colored fabric ground lacing) ─ it can be surface embroidery, cross-stitch, or crewel embroidery FRINGES ─ consists of a header and long threads hanging SASHIKO EMRBOIDERY from it which are in a uniform pattern ─ is a form of Japanese folk embroidery which uses ─ usually made of cotton, satin wool and even a basic running stitch to create an intricately leather patterned background EMBROIDED/BEADED TAPE/GIMP trimmings ─ is a tape with embroidery weaved in it or ─ are accents that add an extra finishing touch to decorated with sequins and beads and sequins your sewing ─ this can be made of silk, cotton, nylon and satin ─ they turn your finished garments/accessories from ─ you usually see floral and geometrical embroidery ordinary to extraordinary in these tapes ─ fabric trims are available in all forms – simple as ─ gimp is a decorative trim with metallic wire or well as very ornate coarse cord making designs on a flat tape ─ these trims make perfect embellishments for a variety of garments like the edges of your scarves ROPE, CORDS, AND STRINGS and dupattas, veils, headbands, belts, the hems of ─ these are thin strands of fibers twisted together your skirts and blouses, shrugs, tunics and and are used extensively as an embellishment children’s dresses ─ these are trims usually used in home décor ─ they are used extensively in wedding wear, hats, ─ they are also used in garments especially for bags, purses; even your slippers can be decorated period costumes with these beautiful trims ─ cord is a trim made by twisting different yarns ─ satin cords are used as fabric trims for bridal veils, to types of trimmings make necklaces etc. ─ nylon satin cords and rayon satin cords are very popular LACE TRIMS ─ the best trims are laces PIPING ─ can be made of nylon, rayon, spandex, cotton, polyester, silk, and even elastic ─ is a strip of fabric, usually bias strip for elasticity, folded over a cord or string, forming a ‘pipe’ used RIBBONS to trim edges or style lines of fabric ─ this embellishment looks very striking when a ─ are usually made of nylon and satin and is used contrasting colored fabric is used extensively as embellishments ─ they are used on armscyes, necklines and hems ─ those made of nylon come in broader designs with beautiful effect whereas satin ribbons are mostly narrow ─ ribbon embroidery is a decoration that is very popular and uses a thin satin ribbon. nylon FABRIC TUBES ribbons are also used for making artificial flowers ─ are made out of bias cut fabric strips ─ metallic ribbons are beautiful when added as a ─ you can make them by including cording inside or trim without the cording ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #3 | FD 201 POM POMS different types of quilts ─ these are small balls made of fibers ─ they are used as trims in hats and other clothing ALBUM QUILT ─ are added to military hats in france and other ─ is made for special occasion and consists of countries special designs on each block which are important/significant to the maker of the quilt or for whom the quilt is being made TASSELS ─ the designs on each block are intricate and they ─ this is a bell shaped trim made by tying a number are usually appliqued or beautifully pieced of yarns together ─ these quilts are made for significant occasions like ─ they can be used individually as a trim or added to wedding, anniversary or birthdays or for memory a long tape in a row for attaching to long edges of a particular person ─ tassels are attached to hems of garments and scarves as a great looking trim AMISH QUILT ─ is a functional quilt made with recycled clothes, RHINESTONE EMBELLISHED TRIMS shirts, dresses ─ the name comes from the eastern region of Pennsylvania Amish SEQUIN EMBELLISHED TRIMS ─ these quilts usually have a wide plain border and dark even black colors and geometric patterns EMBROIDERED FABRIC TRIMS APPLIQUE QUILT ─ a quilt with applique designs RIC RAC TRIMS ART QUILT BRAIDED/KNOTTED/MACRAME TRIMS ─ a quilt with artistic aspirations BARGELLO QUILT quilting ─ is a quilt with Bargello designs – strips of square ─ is the term given to the process of joining a fabrics are joined to create an undulating wave minimum of three layers of fabric together either like patterns through stitching manually by hand using a ─ it will look like the flame stitch popular in needle needle and thread, or mechanically with a sewing point embroidery machine or specialized longarm quilting system ─ Egyptians, Chinese, Indians – all the ancient CRAZY PATCH QUILT civilizations of the world can claim a piece of the ─ are quilts made by joining several irregular scrap history of quilting fabric pieces ─ people were making quilts as far back as 3400 BC ─ there will not be a particular design to the way or even beyond the fabric pieces are laid out ─ being this old does not mean that it has lost a ─ in this type of quilt, you can join your scrap pieces smidgen of its appeal among the enthusiasts the way you want to, to make the quilt top today ─ traditionally the scrap fabric pieces are stitched to ─ creativity is needed to come up with beautiful a foundation fabric designs and the fun of finding the suitable color ─ the seams lines and the whole quilt are decorated combinations and the precision needed to match with embroidery stitches, bead work, trims etc. the blocks, all make quilting a beautiful and functional hobby worth being passionate about DENIM QUILT ─ a quilt made from scrap pieces from old denim jeans and other denim clothes ─ also called jeans quilt, denim scarp quilt ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #3 | FD 201 FRIENDSHIP QUILT CHANTILLY LACE ─ this is the name given to the type of quilt given as ─ has fine floral designs which are outlined with silk a gift to relatives / friends, made to commemorate threads done on a net background special occasions or a move to another place ─ the colour of the silk thread used was mostly ─ it is usually made as a gift to a loved one, black originally but nowadays other colours are constructed out of blocks lovingly made by many used different people and then joined together as a ─ the net or mesh on which the work is done is tribute to their love for a special person extremely delicate making the designs stand out ─ the quilt may be signed, dated, or contain verses ─ the embroidery work is not done seperately, it is and messages worked as the lace is made ─ the scalloped edges of this fabric makes the edges look beautiful – you can recognise this lace LATTICE QUILTS by its rather frayed edges on the scallopes ─ these quilts will have small strips of fabrics ─ a chantilly lace trim which has both the edges between the blocks creating a border for each scalloped is known as galloon lace block ─ this creates a vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines throughout the quilt top when the blocks are ALENCON OR FRENCH EMBROIDERED LACE joined together creating a beautiful lattice pattern ─ has a net background and raised motifs with beads and cords embellishing it ─ motifs in this lace will be outlined with the heavier TRAPUNTO QUILT silk cord called cordonnet, that create a raised ─ have yarn or batting as an inner layer which will outer edge on a sheer net background giving it a create a dimensional look when quilting stitches dimension which is beautiful are made ─ it is chantilly lace with a raised design ─ usually, parallel lines are stitched as quilt stitches ─ one way to distinguish them is to look for a fine fringe of threads at the edge of the scallops ─ the authentic French embroidered Alencon lace is laces 36 inches wide and the copies are 60 inches wide ─ the beautiful lace is worth all the labor ─ true Alencon laces are made in France and look ─ nowadays almost all the lace is made on divine machines ─ it is immensely popular as a bridal fabric for ─ this has made lace an affordable fabric from the making wedding gowns and veils highly expensive fabric it was earlier ─ it is very expensive but well worth the cost ─ from daily wear to wedding gowns, lace is an all time favorite fabric for dressmaking ─ needle lace and the bobbin lace are the main VENISE LACE (VENETIAN LACE) categories that lace falls into according to how ─ this is a very fine lace with a heavy raised design they are made (Usually floral or geometric design) all over it ─ needle lace is made with one thread looped over ─ the lace work is not done on a mesh/ net fabric like the other lace fabrics itself in variations of the buttonhole stitch ─ the embroidery or buttonhole stitches are stitched on a cloth that disintegrates in the finishing process leaving the motifs to stand alone different laceworks on clothing ─ silky thread connects the motifs in this lace ─ this lace fabric is also available as lace applique, ALLOVER OR EMBROIDERED NET lace trims or as wide fabric ─ is a lace fabric with delicate embroidery done on a ─ this lace is also known by the name guipure lace mesh background (with the meaning “lace without any ground ─ the floral designs are all over the fabric as the mesh”) name itself suggests ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #3 | FD 201 LACE APPLIQUE ─ tatting lace trims are used as edging for ─ these are single motifs you can buy separately handkerchiefs, collars, pillows etc. other than as a whole fabric which are then appliqued on to any other type of fabric BOBBIN LACE ─ is a lace textile made by braiding and twisting lengths of thread, which are wound on bobbins to EDGING LACE manage them ─ this is a lace trim with one straight edge and one ─ as the work progresses, the weaving is held in scalloped edge place with pins set in a lace pillow, the placement ─ this trim comes with a thread along the straight of the pins usually determined by a pattern or edge for gathering pricking pinned on the pillow ─ french beading lace comes with small openings ─ also known as pillow lace, because it was worked through which you can also thread ribbons on a pillow, and bone lace, because early bobbins ─ flounce is an edging lace trim which is very wide were made of bone or ivory ─ is one of the two major categories of handmade laces, the other being needle lace, derived from INSERTION LACE earlier cutwork and reticella ─ this is a beautiful lace usually stitched between TASSEL LACE TRIM two fabrics ─ is a lace made in cotton or nylon with tassels all ─ two edges of this lace are the same, so they can along the edge be layered on top of fabrics ─ this is a type of fringe lace ─ this is a lace trim with two straight edges ─ tassels are fringes knotted at one end ─ you can stitch the lace trim in between fabric panels by stitching along the two sides RIBBON PASS LACE SWISS ENTREDEUX ─ is a lace which has holes at regular intervals for ─ is a cotton batiste strip which looks like a ladder ribbon to be inserted with holes spaced evenly ─ this is used in heirloom embroidery ─ usually this is placed between the lace and the ─ both the edges of this lace are usually the same fabric ─ this strip usually will have plain wide cotton NYLON LACE batiste seams on either sides of the embroidered ─ this is a synthetic lace ladder and this is trimmed after it is stitched on to ─ commonly used because it is more affordable than the fabric those made from naturally woven fibers ─ they come with a straight sewing edge and a lace CROCHETED LACE edge, which is mostly scalloped and or ─ irish crocheted lace is the most famous crocheted embroidered lace ─ chemical lace is an artificial lace made by ─ this is one of the few laces made today by hand embroidering cotton or polyester on a fine silk ─ this was earlier made as an imitation to mimic the ground more expensive venetain lace but found ─ the silk is then burned away in lye which leaves popularity of its own the embroidery as freestanding lace ─ the resultant lace is intricate elegant and beautiful APPLIQUE TATTING LACE ─ means to apply one piece of fabric to another ─ also called shuttle lace ─ this is a fabric background with shapes of some ─ is a special delicate handmade lace made with sort applied on top knotted lace making technique with a special ─ the aesthetic of appliqué is often developed cotton thread further by using a variety of colors to contrast, for ─ this is formed with knots of warp and weft example a red shape placed on a green threads with a tool called shuttle background ─ very intricate and beautiful designs are created ─ it can then be finished beautifully, special threads with fine yarn and the shuttle, with the looping to add extra stitching, beading to embellish the and knotting process of tatting shapes, the list goes on ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #3 | FD 201 ─ can be used on many surfaces and can be a decorative ─ smaller projects are ideal, such as greeting cards way to finish off many objects such as cushions, or wall mounted pieces scarves, bags and clothing ─ it can be done by hand or machine, so it is a variable method and can be molded to the desired METHODS OF APPLIQUE project MACHINE APPLIQUE ─ when a sewing machine is used to create the MULTI-NEEDLE HOOP APPLIQUE appliqué technique of stitching a piece of fabric to ─ this method is more specialized and not as a background commonly used ─ you may choose to use one of the stitch variations ─ it is a machine stitching technique and requires a possible on your particular model of machine to multi needle sewing machine as well as an apply your top piece of fabric to the bottom layer embroidery hoop ─ popular stitches are zig zag stitch or a satin stitch ─ the machine used can be set up with different color threads for each needed HAND APPLIQUE ─ usually there are six needles used in a multi ─ is often chosen for quilting projects needle machine ─ is when a shape is sewn onto a background layer ─ it works well for quilting projects with a needle and thread ─ this type of appliqué is of more interest to those ─ it can be done in a basic or more decorative way, who are advanced in their embroidery knowledge depending on your experience ─ using hand appliqué allows you to add a REVERSE APPLIQUE decorative finish to your projects and add a variety ─ this really lives up to its name of patterns and shapes depending on the project ─ instead of sewing fabric shapes onto the top of a being worked on. background layer, with this style you layer fabrics ─ added embellishments work well, such as beads together and then stitch a pattern on top and sequins to finish some projects ─ then you cut away parts of the fabric to reveal the shape and colour of the fabric below FUSED APPLIQUE ─ if you are short on time or are less experienced, an DECORATIVE APPLIQUE iron on adhesive such as a fusible web can be ─ this method is open to many variations and used interpretations ─ the fabric shapes you create can be fused to the ─ it can be achieved using a machine or by hand background fabric using this medium and then if ─ if you are using a sewing machine, you may use desired finishing stitches by hand or machine can the different styles of stitching available on your be added model to make your piece aesthetically pleasing ─ using hand embroidery, you can choose to TYPES OF APPLIQUE experiment with the many different embroidery SMOOTH EDGE APPLIQUE stitches available to learn – it depends on the ─ using a sewing machine, the raw edges of the project you are working on fabric which is being applied to the background can be tidied by stitching around the shape with a stitch chosen to leave a tidy finish which is smooth and neat to the observer ─ a zig-zag stitch stitched closely together works well RAW EDGE APPLIQUE ─ this style works well for projects which will not be in constant use, as the raw edges are attached to the background fabric but not sewn over to create a seamless edge ─ the edges are left to fray ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧  FD 201 – SURFACE AND FABRIC EMBELLISHMENTS Mrs. Ibones | 1st Semester | BS Fashion Design and Merchandising, 2ND YEAR Ellana Marielle C. Faeldonea 2-A SURFACE AND FABRIC EMBELLISHMENT 5. When the cutting is done before hand, the work is called Broderie Anglaise. You can use Running OUTLINE stitches over the design lines to give definition to I. Cutwork Embroidery a) What Do You Need to Do the design b) General Guidelines 6. In traditional cutwork the cutting is done after the c) Different Stitches Used in Cutwork design is done; In this case the fabric has to be Embroidery trimmed very close to the stitching lines, so that II. Drawn Thread Embroidery no thread hangs loose in between a) Two Methods of Drawn Thread 7. If you have large design elements or detached Embroidery design elements they are connected to each other b) Hemstitching with thread bars, like shown in the picture. This is i. Different Types of made the same way that you make thread bars for Hemstitching III. Pulled Work hooks You have to make 3 straight stitches across a) 5 Basic Stitches Used in Pulled Work first and then work buttonhole stitch or other stitches over the threads 8. You can also use overcast stitches over the thread cutwork bar like it is done here in embroidering the paisley ─ is embroidery done on a fabric with spaces cut out designs in between ─ Renaissance cutwork, Broderie anglaise, Richeheu Different stitches used in cutwork work and Reticella cutwork are all different forms embroidery of this work and involves the same process with varying effect in the sizes of spaces, when the CUTWORK DONE WITH BUTTONHOLE STITCHES spaces are cut out and the stitches used in between ─ is the most commonly used method ─ you can work the buttonhole stitches closely over What do you need to do cutwork the design lines and thread bars embroidery ✓ A somewhat stiff fabric (or interfaced to simulate CUTWORK DONE WITH DOUBLE BUTTONHOLE stiffness) which does not fray much at cut edges; STITCHES Usually linen is preferred ─ double buttonhole stitch involves buttonhole ✓ Embroidery thread and needle or sewing machine stitches worked on either side of the design lines ✓ Sharp thin bladed scissors and/or thread snips ✓ A design with double lines. The designs usually CUTWORK DONE WITH BACK STITCHES BY HAND OR incorporate thread bars connecting big designs to STRAIGHT STITCHES BY SEWING MACHINE each other. Stained glass designs for cutwork ─ is a simple cutwork done on fabric which do not embroidery designs is a good choice fray or on fabric which you will not be washing ─ it involves making running stitches over the General guidelines for cutwork outline of the design and cutting the spaces embroidery outside 1. Always iron the fabric before hooping it on the ─ this work is mostly done on home accessories embroidery hoop 2. Transfer the design using any of the embroidery CUTWORK DONE WITH ZIGZAG STITCHES WITH transfer methods SEWING MACHINE 3. If the inside of the designs are to be filled, this is ─ can use an embroidery machine or do close zig done before the outline stitches are done. Usually zag stitches on your regular sewing machine on French knots, bullion knots, lattice stitches, satin the design outlines and cut out the spaces in stitches are used as filling stitches between 4. You can cut the spaces before working the ─ you will have to keep the fabric in an embroidery designs or after the designs are done hoop when working this stitch ❛ notes ni el ‧₊˚✧ MODULE #4 | FD 201 ─ the fabric should be stiff enough – apply a fusible DOUBLE HEMSTITCHING interfacing to the back of the fabric before ─ has the single hemstitching on one side and hooping another hemstitching on the other edge of the ─ do the basic satin stitch first, cut away the fabric drawn thread space inside (without cutting the interfacing) then do ─ these ties are not taken through the fabric – the another round of the satin stitches again needle is simply taken through the already gathered threads as in the picture below CUTWORK DONE WITH HAND OVERCAST STITCHES ─ are worked over the design lines with a hand MACHINE SITCHED HEMSTITCHING sewing needle and 6 strands of embroidery floss ─ can get a simple hemstitching effect with a ─ this is done for the thread loops and when the sewing machine spaces are already cut out ─ use wing needles and do decorative stitches – your fabric will get a drawn thread embroidery CUTWORK DONE WITH BUTTONHOLES AND PICOT look that you pains takingly make by hand, very STITCHES easily ─ buttonhole stitches are worked over the design lines and then picot stitches are made over this pulled work ─ this gives a beautiful lace like look to the cutwork ─ pulled thread embroidery work is a counted thread whitework embroidery technique mostly drawn thread worked on loosely woven fabric ─ is a counted thread openwork embroidery ─ holes are made on the fabric surface, by pulling technique in which thread (either weft or warp) is the thread stitched onto the fabric in different removed from the fabric and decorative stitches filling embroidery stitches and knots are formed over the remaining thread in ─ no thread is cut away or drawn, as in drawn a pattern thread embroidery ─ the work is traditionally done white on white ─ the thread is simply pulled hard as the stitches (white fabric and white thread) are made in a pattern ─ the holes (open spaces) made by the pulled ─ the lacy effect of this work makes it a favorite for thread forms a part of the design decorating household linen-like napkins, lingerie as well as scarves two methods of drawn thread embroidery ─ pearl cotton thread is preferred because it is stronger to withstand the tension of pulling the METHOD 1. BUNDLING AND KNOTING threads METHOD 2. FILLING STITCHES FABRIC THREAD ─ this is a work best ─ the color of the thread hemstitching ─ is a beautiful way to finish the hem done on loosely used in this work is ─ it uses the drawn thread embroidery work to sew woven fabrics, which usually the same as the the hem and is a popular hem used in many can be pulled easily background fabric vintage clothes and linen ─ you can use medium ─ traditionally it is worked ─ you can easily use it on your napkins, towels, and weave fabric as well; white on white handkerchiefs and hem of dresses, skirts, kid’s as long as the pulled frocks, scarves etc. thread work shows clear attractive holes SIMPLE HEMSTITCHING without any puckering ─ in this method, a bunch of vertical threads on the or unevenness drawn-out space are gathered and tied with ─ loosely woven linen is thread, near the folded edge, even as you stitch a favorite choice for the hem doing this work ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧ MODULE #4 | FD 201 5 basic stitches used in this work PIN STITCH ─ is a hemming stitch which is also a pulled thread stitch ─ usually made along the hem of napkins and other linen FOUR-SIDED STITCH ─ is the most commonly used filling stitch for pulled thread work THREE-SIDED STITCH ─ another easy filling stitch ─ you can repeat the stitches on the same hole so that the effect is pronounced WINDOW FILLING ─ uses a continuous zig-zag stitch to make the pulled thread embroidery effect EYELET FILLING ─ is made by making cartwheel shapes ─ you will be making the cartwheel shapes in a continuous fashion throughout the fabric ❛ notes ni el‧₊˚✧