FCAI Lecture 1: Introduction To Artificial Intelligence PDF

Fundamental Concepts of Artificial Intelligence Lecture 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence I cannot teach anybody anything. I can only m...

Fundamental Concepts of Artificial Intelligence Lecture 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence I cannot teach anybody anything. I can only make them think. ~Socrates Amila Akagic, Associate Professor Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Sarajevo Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 1 Introductory Information The entire content of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. EN: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 2 Course organization ❏ Responsible teacher: Akagic Amila, Associate Professor ❏ Email: [email protected] ❏ Consultations: via email ❏ Office: 3-29 ❏ Course Demonstrators Bećirović Kurtović Velić Merjem Amina Tarik [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 3 Course Organization ❏ Lectures (30 hours): 2 or 3 hours per week ❏ Friday from 14:00 – 17:00 in Classroom A4 during October, from 13:00 - 16:00 from November onwards. ❏ Lab exercises (20 hours): 2 hours per week (10 weeks). ❏ Three groups: 2 on-site, 1 online (DL). ❏ 20 min short video introduction for each lab. ❏ ECTS: 5.0 Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 4 Lectures outline Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 5 Course Information ❏ After the first lecture, it is mandatory for every student to register on Piazza! ❏ All course communication will take place exclusively through Piazza. ❏ If you do not register, you will not receive important information regarding the course organization and any questions related to the course: lectures, exercises, assignments, projects, etc. ❏ You must use your real first and last name when registering. ❏ If you have any questions about the course, whether related to lectures or exercises, please use Piazza. (!!!) https://piazza.com/etf.unsa.ba/fall2024/etffcaii1150 Registration is very simple. It takes a maximum of 5 minutes. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 6 Course Information ❏ After the first lecture, it is mandatory for every student to enroll/register for the course on c3. ❏ This way, you can actively participate in lectures, quizzes, exams, etc. https://c3.etf.unsa.ba/course/view.php?id=2 Registration is very simple. It takes a maximum of 5 minutes. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 7  AI Literature Used Worldwide ❏ Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Fourth edition, 2020 http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 8 Supplementary Tools to Be Used in Lab Exercises Lab exercises are conducted in Python using a diverse subset of libraries from the SciPy.org ecosystem. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 9 Grading Method It is possible to take the quiz only once. II - XIII Week Homeworks MidTerm (5) VIII Week 20% 30% Grading scale Points Grade 0-54 No pass The exam Final Exam During Exam Weeks 55-64 6 threshold is 4x per year 50%. 50% 65-74 7 75-84 8 The basic idea of the grading system is continuous work on the material 85-94 9 covered in this course, allowing the content to be completed throughout 95-100 10 the entire semester. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 10  Artificial Intelligence (AI) In recent years, AI has often been mentioned in the media, thanks to significant advancements in machine learning, particularly deep learning, as well as a series of successes in other fields. In the following slides, we will see examples of some applications… Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 11 https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/01/08/1085094/10-breakthrough-technologies-2024/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 12 https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/01/09/1066394/10-breakthrough-technologies-2023/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 13 SYNTHETIC DATA FOR AI Datagen and Synthesis AI, for example, supply digital human faces on demand. Others provide synthetic data for finance and insurance. And the Synthetic Data Vault, a project launched in 2021 by MIT’s Data to AI Lab, provides open-source tools for creating a wide range of data types. https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/02/23/1044965/ai-synthetic-data-2/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 14  News / Artificial Intelligence https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/01/31/1044576/corsight-face-recognition-from-dna/ The tool “constructs a physical profile by analyzing genetic material collected in a DNA sample.” Corsight AI, a facial recognition subsidiary of the Israeli AI company Cortica, purports to be devising a solution for that sort of situation by using DNA to create a model of a face that can then be run through a facial recognition system. It is a task that experts in the field regard as scientifically untenable. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 15  News / Artificial Intelligence China is currently in far better shape than the U.S. to achieve its AI goals and, without changes on the people front, the U.S. will fall increasingly far behind. The race for technology dominance is clearly a two-horse race between the U.S. (94th percentile for technology and research and 96th percentage for investment) and China (94th percentile for technology and research and 91st percentage for investments). While the U.S. holds a very slight lead overall, both countries are in the top three positions Unprepared for every single one of our data elements. This is not surprising, as the size of the U.S. and Chinese economies (largest and second-largest respectively at $20 trillion and $15 trillion respectively) dwarf Japan, which is the third-largest economy ($4.9 trillion). As a result, we see no technology-centric hindrances for either country to continue to excel. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2022/01/12/how-countries-are-leveraging-computing-power-to-achieve-their-national-artificial-intelligence-strategies/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 16  News / Artificial Intelligence https://www.reddit.com/user/thegentlemetre https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/10/08/1009845/a-gpt-3-bot-posted-comments-on-reddit-for-a-week-and-no-one-noticed/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 17  News / Artificial Intelligence https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/10/09/1009850/ai-deepfake-acting/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 18 News / Artificial Intelligence Social Dilemma? Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 19 News / Artificial Intelligence https://www.respeecher.com/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 20  Boston Dynamics: Spot Enterprise https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn3KWM1kuAw https://shop.bostondynamics.com/spot?cclcl=en_US Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 21 News / Artificial Intelligence Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, with the objective of surrounding more territory than one's opponent. Originating in China over 2,500 years ago, it is considered the oldest board game that has been played continuously to this day. Estimates suggest that the number of possible moves in a game of Go vastly exceeds the number of atoms in the observable universe. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXuK6gekU1Y Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 22 News / Artificial Intelligence Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 23  News / Artificial Intelligence The total number of positions is calculated using the formula: Scientists estimate that there are approximately atoms in the Universe. https://www.universetoday.com/36302/atoms-in-the-universe/ Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 24  News / Artificial Intelligence https://www.deepmind.com/blog/alphazero-shedding-new-light-on-chess-shogi-and-go Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 25 News / Artificial Intelligence Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 26 News / Artificial Intelligence Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 27 News / Artificial Intelligence Three months ago… A year ago… More on: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWACmFLvpHE Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 28  Artificial Intelligence Something made or produced by human beings, Latin intelligere: to understand, to comprehend which does not occur naturally or is not found There is no single, definitive definition of intelligence, in nature; a copy of something natural. as it is a descriptive concept (it cannot be precisely measured). Example: 1. 'Her skin glowed under artificial light.' 2. 'Artificial smile...' Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 29 Can machines think? ❏ How do we think? What processes are required to form thoughts? ❏ Is it possible to replicate or create intelligence? ❏ If so, how? Are computers a logical choice for replicating intelligence? ❏ What is intelligence, anyway? ❏ What is artificial intelligence? ❏ When did we first start thinking about creating intelligent machines? ❏ When did we first attempt to build an intelligent machine? Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 30 It all started with... ❏ Mary Shelley and her book Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, published in 1818. ❏ The book describes the attempt of scientist Victor Frankenstein to create artificial life. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 31 The Turk ❏ An automaton created in 1770 by Wolfgang von Kempelen to impress Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. ❏ A mechanical illusion that allowed a hidden person inside the machine to play chess. ❏ For nearly 84 years, it defeated even the best chess players, including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 32 Robots ❏ R.U.R. is a science fiction play by Czech writer Karel Čapek from 1920. ❏ 'R.U.R.' or Rossum's Universal Robots premiered on January 25, 1921, and for the first time introduced the word 'robot' into the English language and science fiction as a whole." ❏ Josef Čapek (Karel's brother) is considered the person who coined the term 'robot' for such a machine, which later became 'robot' as a combination of the words *robota* (forced labor) and *Arbeit* (work in German). Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 33 Robots TOPIO ("TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot") Robotic Laparoscopic Surgery Machine ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility), Honda, Android or a robot designed to resemble a human Japan Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 34 Thematic units of the course ❏ Introduction to Artificial Intelligence ❏ History of Artificial Intelligence ❏ Knowledge Representation and Reasoning ❏ Basic Concepts in Machine Learning ❏ Foundations of Neural Networks ❏ Introduction to Deep Learning ❏ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) ❏ Introduction to Computer Vision ❏ Introduction to Natural Language Processing ❏ Introduction to Reinforcement Learning, games and Reinforcement Learning ❏ Common Challenges and Ethical Considerations in AI ❏ Future Trends in Artificial Intelligence Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 35 Learning outcomes (1/2) ❏ Understand the key historical developments and milestones in the field of AI. ❏ Analyze the impact of historical events on the development and evolution of AI. ❏ Evaluate the contributions of key researchers and their impact on the field. ❏ Identify key ethical considerations and controversies in AI throughout history. ❏ Understand the different types of reasoning and their applications in AI. ❏ Analyze and evaluate various knowledge representation techniques, such as semantic networks, frames, and rule-based systems. ❏ Apply logical reasoning and inference techniques to solve problems in AI. ❏ Develop and implement knowledge-based systems using appropriate representation techniques and reasoning methods. ❏ Understand the different types of machine learning algorithms, such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. ❏ Analyze and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various machine learning algorithms. ❏ Apply simple machine learning algorithms to solve real-world problems, such as image classification and text recognition. ❏ Develop and implement machine learning models using appropriate tools and techniques. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 36 Learning outcomes (2/2) ❏ Understand the principles and techniques of computer vision, such as image processing and pattern recognition. ❏ Analyze and evaluate various simple computer vision algorithms, such as object detection and segmentation. ❏ Understand the principles and techniques of natural language processing, such as syntactic parsing and sentiment analysis. ❏ Analyze and evaluate simple natural language processing algorithms, such as text classification and machine translation. ❏ Apply natural language processing techniques to solve real-world problems, such as chatbots and speech recognition. ❏ Understand the principles and techniques of reinforcement learning and its applications in game ❏ playing. ❏ Analyze and evaluate various reinforcement learning algorithms, such as Q-learning and SARSA. ❏ Apply reinforcement learning techniques to solve real-world problems, such as robot control and scheduling. ❏ Develop and implement reinforcement learning models using appropriate tools and techniques. Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 37 Course Lecture Plan ❏ Lecture 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence ❏ Lecture 2: History of Artificial Intelligence ❏ Lecture 3: Knowledge Representation and Reasoning ❏ Lecture 4: Basic Concepts in Machine Learning ❏ Lecture 5: Foundations of Neural Networks ❏ Lecture 6: Introduction to Deep Learning ❏ Lecture 7: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) ❏ Lecture 8: Introduction to Computer Vision ❏ Lecture 9: Introduction to Natural Language Processing ❏ Lecture 10: Introduction to Reinforcement Learning ❏ Lecture 11: Common Challenges and Ethical Considerations in AI ❏ Lecture 12: Future Trends in Artificial Intelligence ❏ Lecture 13: Future Trends in Artificial Intelligence ❏ Lecture 14: Preparation for the exam Amila Akagic (UNSA) Fundamental Concepts of AI 2024/2025 38