FC 1 - Head and Neck PDF

Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 FC 1 - Head and Neck Nouvelle UE cette année, n’oubliez pas d’aller sur Epione afin de réaliser un petit test (test Self) pour voir votr...

Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 FC 1 - Head and Neck Nouvelle UE cette année, n’oubliez pas d’aller sur Epione afin de réaliser un petit test (test Self) pour voir votre niveau (n’est pas obligatoire mais expire le 10 octobre). Why is English so important ? ➔ Almost all is published in english ◆ Scientific articles (you need to be able to speak and understand english) English: a ➔ English is the language of medical information, of science and technology. universal ❖ For example The New England Journal of Medicine (but also all of the most language prestigious journals). ❖ PCA (which is very used nowadays) stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. ❖ NGS (for DNA/RNA) stands for New generation sequencing. ➔ For the EDN/ECN in 2 cycles. English is ◆ An exam where you need to read an article (in english) and then comment on the necessary for same article also in english. your future ➔ To treat people who do not speak French. practice. ➔ It is used to collaborate with other countries, to participate in conferences, in humanitarian missions… The objectives of this course are: - to learn the basic body parts - to gain vocabulary regarding injuries, medical conditions that affect different parts of the human body - to be able to name the basic organs, basic joints. - to learn the different medical specializations. The different specializations ➔ Neurology ◆ info supplémentaires Specialized ➔ ENT doctors (Ears, neck and throat or otolaryngologists) with the head ➔ Psychiatrists (specialized in mental health) ➔ Ophthalmologists ➔ Maxillofacial surgery (surgeons and physicians) ➔ Emergency medicine General ➔ Vascular medicine specialization ➔ Radiology 1 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 The brain ➔ The brain is located in the head The most important ➔ It is protected by the skull (the cranium and the jaw)) organ ◆ if you hurt your head your brain will be injured immediately. ➔ The seat of the intelligence ➔ Initiate the movements The most complex ➔ Control the behavior part of our body ➔ Interpret the senses ◆ sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch ➔ Cerebrum - The largest part of the brain - 2 hemispheres - Interprets touch, vision, hearing, speech, emotion and learning. - It have many lobes The main parts ➔ Cerebellum - coordination of muscles movements - posture maintenance ➔ Brain Stem - automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, sneezing, coughing,vomiting, swallowing. ➔ Body’s master gland controls other glands of the body It regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the The pituitary Gland hormones. ➔ Can inhibit or stimulate (by chemical messages send to the hypothalamus) ➔ Neurons are composed of axons, they Neurons and glial cells are very specialized cells. 2 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 Neurology ➔ A neurologist is a physician that takes care of people with neurologic problems: Stroke (AVC) Movements disorders (such as Parkinson’s disease) Definition Neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer) Seizure disorders (Epilepsy) Infections of the brain and the pituitary nervous system ➔ medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell destruction/death. ➔ Parts of the brain stop functioning properly. ➔ There are two types of stroke: Ischemic stroke due to a lack of blood flow because the circulation is blocked by a blood clot (for example). It is the most common. Hemorrhagic stroke which is due to bleeding in the brain, due to blood vessels rupture. What is a stroke ? ➔ Face dropping (half of the face) ➔ Arm weakness ➔ Speech difficulty What are ➔ Time to call the ambulance the MÉMO: You need to be fast. symptoms ? ➔ Inability to move or feel on one side of the body ➔ Problems to understand or speak ➔ Dizziness ➔ Lost of the vision on one side Meningitis ➔ Inflammation of the thin tissues that surround the brain and the spinal cord. ➔ The most common: the viral meningitis The virus enters through the nose or the mouth and travels to the brain. Two types of ➔ the bacterial meningitis (more serious) meningitis Starts with a bacteria that causes a cold-like infection. It can cause stroke, hearing loss and brain damage. ➔ They can come very quickly (you also need to act fast). ➔ Sudden high fever ➔ Neck pain, stiff neck What are ➔ Sleepy, sleepiness the ➔ Light sensibility symptoms ? ➔ Rash on skin ➔ nausea or vomiting ➔ severe headach ➔ seizures ➔ People with weak immune system Who is more Can be very serious quickly affected ? ➔ Childrens 3 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 Traumatic head ➔ Car accidents for example. injuries ➔ Headache ➔ Nausea, vomiting What are ➔ fatigue, dizziness the ➔ speech problems symptoms ? ➔ sensory symptoms: blurry vision,tinnitus, sensibility to light or sounds. ➔ Cognitive/ mental symptoms: loss of consciousness,confusion, disorientation, memory or concentration problems, mood changes, difficulty to sleep. ➔ Many types of injuries can cause concussion (if you fall, have a car accident, blast injuries…). The ➔ Many people who have a concussion go to the ER (emergency department). concussion It is unscheduled all ages Radiology ➔ X-Rays ➔ Computer tomography (CT scans) Specializes in ➔ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis and ➔ Nuclear medicine treatment using ➔ Positron emission tomography (PET scan) medical procedure ➔ Ultrasound ➔ Radiologists take a picture of the brain to see what is happening. Alzheimer’s disease ➔ Chronic neurodegenerative disease of the brain: the most common type of dementia. Definiton ➔ It begins with mild memory loss in progress. What are ➔ Proteins aggregation inside the brain tissue which leads to the death of neurons the signs ? ➔ It also leads to brain shrinking Parkinson’s disease ➔ Brain disorder that causes unintended and uncontrollable movements. Definiton ➔ It leads to stiffness, shaking and difficulties with coordination. What are the ➔ Symptoms begin gradually and then worsen in time. symptoms ? ➔ People have difficulties to walk and speak. 4 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 Psychiatry ➔ Branch of medicine that focuses on mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Schizophrenia Depression Definiton Addiction Bipolar disorders ➔ They are medical doctors that prescribe medication to help treat patients with those disorders. ➔ Another profession that is interested in mental health, in cognitive, emotional and social processes in behaviors. ➔ How individuals relate to each other into their environment. ➔ They propose behavioral therapy. Psychologist ➔ There are different types such as neuropsychologist, clinical psychologist, child psychologist… They are not doctors and can’t prescribe medications. ➔ He had an accident in 1848: a large iron rod was driven completely through his head. ➔ He survived and his IQ stays the same… ➔ … however his personality changed. (from a good family man to an immoral vulgar drinker and gambler). ➔ It was the first case to suggest the role of different brain areas in determining personality. Phineas Gage The mouth and oral cavity ➔ The beginning of the digestive system. ➔ Where digestion begins thank to: Definiton Teeth which cut food Saliva which contains enzymes that attack the food. It makes the food easier to swallow. The tongue is a strong and flexible muscle that pushes food against teeth as you chew. 5 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 The mouth and oral cavity ➔ Cancer ➔ Injuries Medical ➔ Infections problems ➔ Tooth decay They require many experts such as oncologists, dentists, ENT… Otorhinolaryngologist / ENT ➔ They are interested in: Définition Nasal obstruction Tonsil removal Perforated eardrum ➔ Cold = Rhume Viral infection disease that affects the respiratory system. Symptoms: ○ Nasal congestion Medical ○ Runny nose problems ○ Scratchy throat ○ Sore throat ○ Sneezing ○ Couging ○ headache Cancer ➔ surgeons Mouth Cancer requires ➔ oncologists multidisciplinary ➔ radio therapists doctors They are more common among smokers, drinkers. Dentistry ➔ In many countries dentistry is a medical specialization. ➔ Oral medicine ➔ It is focused on the teeth, gums and mouth ➔ Incisors: cut food (sharp) ➔ Canines: gripping and tearing food (pointed) Types of ➔ Premolars: chewing and crushing food teeth (bumpy tops) ➔ Molars: crush and grind up food (wide and powerful) 6 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 Ophthalmology Ophthalmol ➔ Doctors that specialize in the diagnosis and treatments of eye and vision problems. ogists ➔ They often check the eyesight and prescribe glasses/ contact lenses. Cataract ➔ A cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision. Maxillofacial surgery ➔ Reconstruction of the face ➔ facial trauma surgery Definition ➔ facial cosmetic surgery ➔ Surgery of oral cavity ➔ Cleft lip and palate ➔ a butterfly shaped gland located in the neck. ➔ It secretes three hormones: T3, T4 and peptide The thyroid hormone. ➔ Influences metabolism, protein synthesis, growth of childrens. ➔ Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome Conditions Impact physical and mental development. that affect Hypothyroidism the thyroid Often caused by insufficiency iodine during pregnancy Can lead to a glitre. Exemples de questions qui pourront être posées le jour de l’examen: Q1) What is the name of the bone structure that protects the brain shown in the picture on the right ? a) Pelvis b) Spine c) Ankle d) Knee e) Skull Q2) À quelle partie du corps correspond le terme anglais “throat” ? a) La vessie b) La langue c) La gorge d) Le poumon e) Le cerveau Q3) Which of the following can be found in the mouth ? a) Teeth b) Eardrum c) Kidney d) Gums e) Pituitary gland 7 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa Anglais - Dr. Z. Saidak 29/09/2023 Correction: Q1) e Q2) c Q3) a, d. 8 Version corrigée par le professeur Tutorat Santé Amiens - Abouali Safaa