Reimagining Public Spaces in Egypt: An AI Approach PDF

Reimagining Public Spaces in Egypt: An AI Approach to Overcoming Socio-Economic and Design Barriers Farah A. Sami Abstract This research explores the dynamic evolution of public spaces in Egypt, examining the socio- economic and design barriers that impact their accessibility and utility. Historically, public spaces have been central to community engagement, cultural expression, and urban well-being. However, rapid urbanization and socio-economic disparities have posed significant challenges to the effectiveness of these spaces. Through an AI-driven approach, this study aims to identify and overcome these barriers, providing innovative solutions to create more inclusive and sustainable urban environments. A significant contribution of this research is the development of a comprehensive Frameworks designed to assist urban planners, architects, and policymakers in reimagining public spaces in Egypt. This framework integrates AI technology, urban design principles, and community feedback to propose actionable strategies for transforming public spaces into vibrant and accessible environments. The findings underscore the importance of public spaces in enhancing quality of life, promoting social cohesion, and fostering economic growth. Ultimately, this research advocates for a transformative approach to urban planning that prioritizes the needs of diverse communities, ensuring that public spaces serve as vibrant, accessible, and equitable arenas for all. Keywords: Public spaces, inclusive design, artificial intelligence, social cohesion, human well-being i Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures....................................................................................................................................... iii Nomenclatures...................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Literature review.......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. What is public space?........................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Public space importance towards society............................................................................ 6 1.3.1. Quality of life & well-being.......................................................................................... 7 1.3.2. Livability........................................................................................................................ 9 1.3.3. Social cohesion............................................................................................................. 10 1.4. Public space characteristics................................................................................................ 11 1.5. Public space problems and research gaps......................................................................... 14 1.6. SDG’S and Egypt development goals................................................................................ 17 1.6.1. Sustainable development goals overview.................................................................. 17 1.6.2. Egypt's Vision 2030: A Strategic Overview & mitigation plan for inclusiveness.. 17 1.7. Inclusiveness definition and application........................................................................... 18 1.8. Artificial intelligence and new technology integration into urban planning................. 20 1.9. Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 21 1.9.1. Identified Gaps............................................................................................................ 22 2. Research problem....................................................................................................................... 23 3. Research aim............................................................................................................................... 24 4. Research questions...................................................................................................................... 25 5. Research Hypotheses.................................................................................................................. 25 6. Research significance & audience............................................................................................. 25 7. Tentative Research Methodology:................................................................................................. 26 7.1. Inductive and Deductive Methods...................................................................................... 26 7.2. Empirical Approach....................................................................................................... 27 7.3. Selection of Public Space Typology and Case Studies................................................. 27 7.4. Investigation and Selection of AI and Recent Methods............................................... 28 7.5. AI-Based Data Gathering, Analysis, and Verification................................................. 28 7.6. Verification:..................................................................................................................... 29 7.7. Development of the Framework.................................................................................... 29 7.8. Validation:....................................................................................................................... 29 7.9. Expected Outcomes......................................................................................................... 30 8. References.................................................................................................................................... 31 ii List of Figures Figure 1: The expanded hierarchy of needs by Maslow (Reference: (Farberova, 2019).................................. 13 Figure 2: Lang's diagram of human needs in the built environment (Reference: Lang, J., & Moleski, W. (2010)).................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Nomenclatures Abbreviation Nomenclatures BLI Better Life Index CPI City Prosperity Index EIU Economic Intelligence Unit HDI Human Development Index NRQOLI The Nation Ranking QOL Index OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development QOL Quality of Life SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDS Sustainable Development Strategy SWB subjective well-being UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program iii 1. Literature review 1.1. Introduction Public spaces are crucial for connecting cities with their inhabitants, serving as venues for social interaction, cultural expression, and community engagement. These spaces have evolved from ancient Greek Agoras to modern parks and squares, adapting to the changing needs and cultures of communities (Chhabra & Shukla, 2024; Li et al., 2022). They are owned and maintained by the public to serve the common good, fostering social cohesion and ensuring accessibility to everyone, regardless of income or personal circumstances. Public spaces provide opportunities for people to connect, share interests, and affirm their rights to the city. In a people-focused city, public spaces are central to creating a livable and human environment, building a sense of community, and inspiring collective goals (SaferSpaces, n.d.). Urban environments, particularly well-designed public spaces, significantly contribute to people's subjective well-being. Despite this, research on the specific aspects of these spaces that impact momentary emotional states remains limited. With two-thirds of the global population projected to live in cities by 2050, the need for urban designs that promote positive experiences is becoming increasingly important (Weijs-Perrée et al., 2020). Public spaces in Egypt face unique challenges, including socio-economic disparities (Saatcioglu & Corus, 2015), inadequate urban planning, and limited community engagement (Nour, 2011). These challenges hinder the ability of public spaces to fulfill their potential as inclusive and vibrant centers for social interaction and cultural expression. To address these issues, this research employs an AI-driven approach, analyzing urban data to identify key barriers and propose innovative solutions for public space enhancement. Central to this effort is the development of a comprehensive framework designed to assist urban planners, architects, and policymakers in transforming public spaces across Egypt. This framework serves as a practical guide, providing strategies and frameworks that integrate AI technology, urban design principles, and community input to enhance public space utility and inclusivity. This research will explore the historical context of public spaces, their current state in Egypt, and the potential for AI technology to revolutionize urban planning. Through a comprehensive analysis of socio-economic and design barriers, the research will highlight strategies to enhance public spaces, promoting social cohesion and improving the overall quality of life for urban 4 residents. Ultimately, this study seeks to reimagine public spaces in Egypt as dynamic, accessible, and equitable environments that cater to the diverse needs of the community. 1.2. What is public space? Public space is a multifaceted concept characterized by its public nature. Streets and public spaces shape a city's character, from squares and boulevards to gardens and playgrounds. These areas define the city's image and form its backbone, including parks, sidewalks, footpaths, playgrounds, markets, and even the edges of buildings and roadsides (PUBLIC SPACE, 2018). Publicness, the defining attribute of public space, is shaped by cultural, social, and political contexts and involves balancing access, control, and allowed activities (Li et al., 2022). Public open spaces are undeveloped lands accessible for recreation and enhancing neighborhood beauty. These spaces include parks, gardens, playgrounds, beaches, and waterfronts, which are typically free to access, though some may have restricted hours. Public facilities, such as libraries, community centers, and sports facilities, are often accessible only during specific hours. Studies by the UN-Habitat Global Public Space Program suggest that non-built-up parts of these facilities should be considered public open spaces. Public commercial spaces host markets and activities reflecting the city's socioeconomic life (PUBLIC SPACE, 2018). Public spaces serve various functions and purposes within urban environments, and they can be categorized into several types based on their characteristics and uses. As stated by (SaferSpaces, n.d.) public space types include:  Open public spaces: Beaches, parks, natural areas, pavements, and squares.  Closed public spaces: Libraries, museums, religious, spiritual, and heritage sites.  Other public use spaces: Transport interchanges, sports grounds, and recreational facilities, which can be either open or enclosed.  Streets and sidewalks: Ubiquitous and flexible spaces essential for mobility. Additionally, open public spaces can be further classified by size and coverage to address diverse community needs as stated by PUBLIC SPACE, 2018.  Local/pocket spaces: Small Park close to residents, typically 0.03 to 0.04 hectares, offering spots for relaxation and small gatherings.  Neighborhood spaces: Larger areas, ranging from 0.04 to 0.4 hectares, designed for broader community use, supporting various recreational and social activities.  District/city spaces: More expansive areas, between 0.4 and 10 hectares, catering to organized sports, cultural events, and larger community functions. 5  Regional spaces: Extensive parks, spanning 10 to 50 hectares, providing ample space for sports, nature exploration, and significant social interactions.  National/metropolitan spaces: Vast areas, from 50 to 200 hectares, accommodating a wide range of activities and attracting visitors from across the city and beyond. This research will focus on open public spaces, with the specific coverage areas to be determined in the advanced phases of the study. The selection of these areas will be guided by criteria such as socio-economic diversity, urban typology, and relevance to the identified design challenges, ensuring a comprehensive and representative analysis of various urban contexts. 1.3. Public space importance towards society Public spaces address social gaps and inclusivity, particularly in developing countries where the effective utilization of such areas can strengthen social cohesion and community engagement. These spaces serve as crucial platforms for artistic expression, cultural preservation, and collective memory, enriching the urban experience. As repositories of culture and history, public spaces play a vital role in preserving and highlighting the cultural narratives of cities, contributing to their richness and diversity. Overall, the thoughtful design and integration of public spaces are essential for the holistic development of vibrant and inclusive urban environments (Chhabra & Shukla, 2024). Public spaces are increasingly seen as vital to urban regeneration. Evaluation methods assess their quality, with criteria such as meaningfulness, activity support, inclusiveness, safety, and comfort. Understanding the emotional response to urban public spaces is crucial for urban development. People’s behavior is influenced by personal characteristics and the environment, with spaces closely linked to emotions. Positive experiences in natural environments, like parks, can improve mood and reduce stress. Birenboim defined four dimensions of momentary emotions—sense of security, comfort, happiness, and annoyance—that are used to explore the relationship between public spaces and emotional outcomes. (Weijs-Perrée et al., 2020) Well-designed streets and public spaces can reduce crime, provide areas for economic activities, and offer services and opportunities to diverse users, especially the marginalized. Public spaces should be accessible and enjoyable by all for free, without profit motives. Public ownership ensures stable access over time. The charter identifies four types: streets, open public spaces, public facilities, and markets. The UN-Habitat's Global Public Space Program has been assessing these spaces for the past three years (PUBLIC SPACE, 2018). 6 The quality of life in urban spaces is significantly influenced by the interaction between humans and their environment. Public open spaces, in particular, play a crucial role in enhancing satisfaction levels and overall well-being. These areas provide opportunities for residents to engage with their surroundings, contributing to a higher quality of life. Public open spaces also facilitate social interactions, whether with strangers or friends, which can positively affect psychological health. Such interactions provide opportunities for relaxation and restoration, essential components of mental well-being. (Nasution & Zahrah, 2014). Public parks play a vital role in urban environments by offering essential ecological services. They contribute to air and water purification, noise reduction, and climate regulation, which help stabilize micro-climates and filter pollutants. These ecological benefits are crucial for maintaining healthy urban ecosystems. Parks also serve as important spaces for leisure, recreation, and social activities, enhancing the quality of life for city residents. They provide opportunities for physical exercise, mental relaxation, and social interaction, promoting overall well-being. In addition to their ecological and recreational functions, parks offer significant economic benefits. The presence of well-maintained parks can boost local economies by increasing property values and attracting tourists, which leads to higher tax revenues for local governments. These revenues can then be reinvested into community services, further benefiting residents. Furthermore, parks foster community pride and cohesion by serving as venues for neighborhood gatherings and events, encouraging the formation of local improvement groups and enhancing social ties. (Lara-Valencia & García-Pérez, 2013) 1.3.1. Quality of life & well-being The concept of Quality of Life (QOL) began with assessing the impact of health problems on daily life and has since expanded to encompass various aspects of human existence, such as the environment, material wealth, education, culture, safety, community connections, and personal relationships (Abdel-Moneim et al., 2021; Badowska & Szkultecka-Dębek, 2023). Indicators of QOL include wealth, employment, the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation, leisure time, and social belonging. These elements collectively influence both individual choices and societal decisions, forming a comprehensive framework for understanding QOL (Abdel-Moneim et al., 2021). QOL is defined by both objective and subjective measures of one's physical, cognitive, emotional state, and social life. Objective measures focus on tangible facts like income and living space, while subjective well-being (SWB) includes life satisfaction and fulfillment of 7 needs (Abdel-Moneim et al., 2021). Subjective well-being, defined as good mental states encompassing both positive and negative evaluations of one's life and emotional reactions to experiences, differs from overall well-being, which the OECD measures using multiple dimensions. These dimensions are broken into three main concepts: 1) life evaluation, 2) affect, and 3) eudemonia, which covers psychological flourishing and a sense of purpose (OECD, 2013). 1) Life evaluation: General assessments of life or specific aspects, often measured by asking people about their overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with specific life domains. 2) Affect: Emotional states or feelings, typically measured over a specific period (e.g., "over the course of yesterday"). 3) Eudaimonia: Psychological flourishing, measured by a sense of purpose or meaning in life, and includes aspects of autonomy, competence, and self-actualization. Subjective well-being data are increasingly used by governments, community organizations, and businesses to monitor trends and inform decisions, although the use of these indicators is not yet fully integrated into policymaking (Mahoney, 2023). Urban planning plays a crucial role in promoting mental health and overall QOL. Our surroundings, including building styles, street layouts, and green spaces, significantly influence our mental well-being. Daily interactions with the city, whether commuting or walking, affect our behaviors and mental state. Cities provide jobs, recreational activities, and amenities, but urban life can also increase mental health issues like mood disorders, anxiety, and addiction (Monfries, 2020). Urban planners and architects have a responsibility to design environments that support positive mental health. Research identifies several major factors in urban design that impact psychology, such as social interaction, perceived safety, and economic conditions. For instance, urban green spaces can reduce stress and anxiety, while poorly designed spaces may hinder social interaction (Monfries, 2020). Different organizations use various indicators to evaluate QOL. The UNDP uses the Human Development Index (HDI) to assess progress in life expectancy, education, and standard of living. The Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) QOL Index combines personal survey results with objective indicators. The Nation Ranking QOL Index (NRQOLI) uses both objective QOL and SWB to determine a nation's standard of living. The UN-Habitat's City Prosperity Index (CPI) measures city prosperity through five dimensions. The OECD's Better Life Index (BLI) 8 allows cross-country well-being comparisons using eleven indicators (Abdel-Moneim et al., 2021). Achieving a high quality of life involves balancing economic, social, cognitive, and emotional needs. This balance is vital for sustainable development and should be supported by those who have an impact on others' lives. Research indicates that inequality negatively affects everyone, regardless of their economic status. Economic growth alone does not ensure increased well- being or happiness. Although material standards of living have risen, overall happiness has not significantly improved, and mental health issues are more common among those with lower incomes. Social support, including family connections and community ties, is essential for health, with socioeconomic status and social integration being crucial factors in overall well- being (Badowska & Szkultecka-Dębek, 2023). 1.3.2. Livability Livability in a city is shaped by numerous factors, including urban block design, multifunctional urban areas, economic conditions, cultural elements, ecological environment, infrastructure, social welfare, urban physical order, accessibility to city services, ease of mobility, opportunities for participation, nature conservation, and various dimensions of sustainability. These aspects contribute to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, collectively influencing the overall quality of life in urban settings (Shahbazi et al., 2023). Livability is a multifaceted concept encompassing the qualities and characteristics of a place that enhance well-being and quality of life. It plays a crucial role in attracting and retaining residents within a community. However, what constitutes livability can vary greatly among individuals. For instance, some people may prefer coastal areas, while others are attracted to the outback. Similarly, preferences for livability can shift over time, with younger individuals often seeking vibrant, activity-rich environments, and older people leaning towards quieter, more serene locales. Factors such as job security, educational and healthcare facilities, and overall safety are also significant considerations (Australian government, n.d.). Urban livability refers to how well cities can meet the needs and expectations of their residents in terms of well-being and quality of life. This concept highlights that urban form, or the physical layout and design of a city, is both a reflection of and a contributor to the urban experience. Effective urban planning must consider how urban forms such as density, land use, and infrastructure influence the livability of a space. As Martino et al. (2021) suggest, urban 9 planners and decision-makers need to be aware of how these factors impact residents' quality of life. Livability is broadly defined as the quality of life in an urban area, which is shaped by both tangible and intangible factors such as design, accessibility, and social infrastructure. Key aspects of livability include urban happiness, sustainability, and the balance of social, economic, and environmental elements. According to Sepe (2017) and Tennakoon & Kulatunga (2019), livability indicators like public space quality, safety, and environmental conditions play crucial roles in determining how comfortable and fulfilling a living environment is. Comprehensive urban planning should address infrastructure development, community support, and sustainable practices to enhance livability. Livability can be assessed through various subjective and objective indicators. For instance, safety can be evaluated subjectively based on individuals' perceptions of their community's security or objectively through crime statistics (Australian government, n.d.). The role of public spaces in urban livability is significant. Well-designed public areas provide opportunities for social interaction, recreation, and environmental benefits such as improved air quality. Sepe (2017) and Tennakoon & Kulatunga (2019) highlight that public spaces contribute to a city’s aesthetic appeal and overall functionality, which are essential for enhancing residents' quality of life. By creating inviting and accessible public spaces, cities can foster community cohesion and ensure that their environments are enjoyable and sustainable for everyone. 1.3.3. Social cohesion Social cohesion is a fundamental aspect of community life, referring to the bonds that connect individuals within a society and foster a sense of belonging and mutual support. It is characterized by social interactions, shared values, and a strong sense of community, especially in public spaces (Faid & Layeb, 2022; Qi et al., 2024). Achieving social cohesion involves thoughtful urban design that encourages interaction among diverse groups, contributing to a harmonious living environment. Public spaces that are well-designed promote positive interactions, enhance community engagement, and facilitate collective action, leading to improved quality of life and increased safety (Faid & Layeb, 2022). However, achieving social cohesion faces several challenges. Diverse definitions of social cohesion across cultures and contexts complicate efforts to establish a common framework (Aelbrecht et al., 2019). 10 Socio-economic inequalities, rapid social changes, and confusion among policymakers’ further hinder progress. Additionally, cultural differences and limitations in current urban design practices can impact the effectiveness of strategies aimed at fostering social cohesion (Aelbrecht et al., 2019 ; Qi et al., 2024). Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced approach that considers local realities and promotes inclusive, engaging public spaces to build stronger, more resilient communities. 1.4. Public space characteristics Scholars from various fields, including urban design, planning, and sociology, have long debated the ideal qualities of public space. These qualities often include accessibility, inclusion, engagement, and flexibility. Despite differing perspectives, the core idea remains that public spaces should serve the needs and interests of diverse groups within society (Li et al., 2022). Defining the purpose and understanding the needs of users is the first step in designing effective public spaces. This ensures that the spaces created meet the specific requirements of the community, making them more relevant and useful. Focusing on accessibility, activity, comfort, and sociability is crucial for attracting users and fostering social interactions. These elements help create environments where people feel welcome and engaged, enhancing the overall vibrancy of public spaces (Francis et al., 2012). Public spaces also play a significant role in the social and political fabric of a community. They serve as venues for participatory politics, public commentary, and community engagement, highlighting the importance of social dynamics within these areas (Amin, 2008; Abdel- Moneim & Galal, 2017). Designing public spaces to be inclusive and diverse is essential for catering to a broad range of users. Promoting diversity, accessibility, and representation ensures that everyone in the community feels valued and included (Francis et al., 2012). Prioritizing safety, cleanliness, and comfort in public spaces is vital for enhancing the well- being and psychological health of users. These factors contribute to making public spaces inviting and secure, encouraging more frequent use and positive experiences (Francis et al., 2012). Engaging the community in the planning and design process is crucial for creating a sense of ownership and inclusivity. By involving residents, the design of public spaces can better reflect their needs and preferences, resulting in more effective and appreciated communal areas (Amin, 2008). 11 Public spaces should be safe, lively, and well-maintained, as emphasized by UN-Habitat. They are not just areas for use; they add economic value, promote social cohesion, and offer environmental and cultural benefits. (SaferSpaces, n.d.) According to the Integrated Urban Development Framework (2014), “Safety in public spaces is essential for creating livable and prosperous cities. Urban spaces must be designed and managed to make citizens feel safe from violence and crime,” (SaferSpaces, n.d.). UN-Habitat’s “My Neighborhood” initiative translates global, national, and local policies into practical local planning and design, supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban Agenda. It provides flexible urban design principles, viewing cities as evolving from neighborhoods to city-regions, organized around five goals: compact, connected, vibrant, inclusive, and resilient. Compact cities should have well-distributed public spaces within a five-minute walk, ensuring accessibility and quality. Connected neighborhoods need an interconnected network of public spaces adhering to “Complete Streets” and “Shared Spaces” principles, supporting various uses and ensuring safety. Vibrant spaces should accommodate diverse activities, promoting intergenerational and intercultural interactions, with at least 10 different activities fostering social connections. Inclusive spaces must be comfortable and safe for all, with diverse space types and activities, preventing exclusion or discomfort. Resilient public spaces should integrate natural systems to mitigate hazards and support biodiversity, offering ecosystem services and promoting ecological connectivity (UN- Habitat, 2023). Numerous assessment indexes and Framework have been created to evaluate public space quality and identify areas for improvement. Concurrently, various theoretical models addressing human needs have emerged, with Abraham Maslow's model (1943, 1954) being the most renowned. Maslow's model, which he later expanded in the 1960s and 1970s, posits two sets of motivations. The first set addresses basic needs—physiological, safety, social, and esteem needs—termed "deficiency needs." The second set focuses on advanced needs, such as cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization, and self-transcendence needs, known as "growth needs" (Mohamed et al., 2023). 12 Figure 1: The expanded hierarchy of needs by Maslow (Reference: (Farberova, 2019) Researchers have also explored human needs in built environments. For example, Carr (1992), identified five reasons that account for people's needs in public spaces: comfort, relaxation, passive engagement, active engagement, and discovery (Carr, 1992). Smith et al. (1997),outlined principles of user needs in public areas to enhance community quality, drawing from social and psychological theories, and Lynch’s theory of good city form, which includes livability, character, connection, mobility, personal freedom, and diversity (Smith et al., 1997). John Lang (2010) developed a theory of functionalism based on Maslow’s expanded hierarchy of needs. Lang's complex diagram illustrates the connections and interactions between human needs in the built environment (Mohamed et al., 2023). 13 Figure 2: Lang's diagram of human needs in the built environment (Reference: Lang, J., & Moleski, W. (2010)) 1.5. Public space problems and research gaps Public spaces, including streets, parks, and public transportation facilities, are crucial for movement, communication, enjoyment, and relaxation. However, many urban public spaces face deterioration due to inadequate facilities or misuse, negatively affecting emotional well- being. (Weijs-Perrée et al., 2020) However, the privatization and commercialization of public spaces in contemporary times complicate this dynamic, as private interests increasingly influence the public realm. (Li et al., 2022). Current projections indicate that cities in the Global South, particularly in East Asia, South Asia, and Africa, will absorb 96% of an anticipated over three billion increases in urban population by 2050. This significant population shift underscores the urgency for these regions to adopt comprehensive and sustainable urban planning strategies to manage the rapid growth effectively. By 2018, the Global South had 28 megacities housing 453 million people, with 16 14 in Asia, four in Latin America, and three in Africa. These megacities face significant socioeconomic and environmental challenges, such as increasing numbers of slum dwellers, pollution, resource depletion, and rising urban poverty. In Africa, urban growth predominantly occurs in unplanned informal settlements, lacking critical infrastructure and basic services. Many countries in the Global South struggle to develop urban environments that are functionally integrated, spatially coherent, economically competitive, environmentally sustainable, and socially inclusive. (Arku & Marais, 2021) The relationship between public open spaces and quality of life is not well understood due to various factors, including the focus of the research, the scale of public open spaces, and the urban context where the research is conducted. While some studies have examined how certain aspects of open spaces affect quality of life, others have used secondary data and objective quality of life measures. Most of this research has taken place in developed countries, which typically have well-defined public spaces within their urban structures. In contrast, there is a lack of similar research in Global South countries, where well-designed public open spaces are often missing. Research in these regions is essential to address urban environmental issues and to develop policies that cater to local needs (Nasution & Zahrah, 2014). Challenges compounded by the rapid pace of urbanization, which often leads to poorly planned growth. Given these urbanization trends and challenges, it is crucial for city planners and managers in the Global South to adopt new models and approaches for resilient and sustainable urban development. Traditional planning systems need to evolve to incorporate inclusive and innovative strategies to address both current and emerging urban realities (Arku & Marais, 2021). Few studies have mapped emotions to specific city locations. For example, Matei, Ball- Rokeach, and Qiu visualized feelings of fear and comfort in Los Angeles based on perceived emotional responses. Earlier studies did not include satisfaction with different urban environment attributes, leaving it unclear which elements of perceived public spaces most impact emotional states, even when considering objective and subjective characteristics of experiences and personal traits. Overall, enhancing urban public spaces can improve both momentary and long-term subjective well-being, highlighting their importance in urban planning (Weijs-Perrée et al., 2020). Assessing the impact that urbanists have on cities from the perspective of users is typically taught and conducted using traditional survey methods, which are considered the best way to 15 capture both qualitative and quantitative data. However, these methods often rely on subjective approaches, which can influence stakeholder decision-making and create challenges for urbanists. Over the past decade, many researchers have developed and implemented algorithms to address urban design issues. These studies generally focus on measuring people's sense of place by analyzing variables related to visual and perceptual aspects of the built environment. (Abdel-Moneim & Seddawy, 2021). By moving away from conventional methods and exploring new planning approaches, cities can better cope with rapid urbanization and improve living conditions for their inhabitants. Urban planning in the Global South faces numerous obstacles that hinder sustainable development and effective urban management. These include infrastructure deficits, slum development, inadequate housing, significant socioeconomic disparities, and severe environmental issues like air and water pollution, resource depletion, and climate change vulnerability. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that integrates social, economic, and environmental dimensions to create sustainable and resilient urban environments (Arku & Marais, 2021). Despite the numerous benefits of public spaces, the distribution of public parks often reveals significant inequities, closely tied to socioeconomic factors. Research shows that access to parks tends to vary greatly between neighborhoods, with poorer areas typically having fewer parks. This inequitable distribution exacerbates social deprivation among marginalized groups, highlighting critical spatial disparities in urban planning (Lara-Valencia & García-Pérez, 2013). Urban development strategies often fail to meet the growing demand for public parks, which are intended to provide equal access to all residents, regardless of their social or economic background. Additionally, municipalities frequently face fiscal constraints that limit their ability to develop and maintain adequate park facilities. However, research on this issue presents mixed findings. While some studies suggest that low-income areas may have better access to parks, others indicate that these neighborhoods have less park acreage per capita. These disparities emphasize the urgent need to address social inequities in order to promote equitable access to urban green spaces (Lara-Valencia & García-Pérez, 2013). 16 1.6. SDG’S and Egypt development goals 1.6.1. Sustainable development goals overview In 2015, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) introduced the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the aim of improving global conditions. These 17 goals are to be met by 2030 and focus on reducing human suffering by improving economic, social, and urban environments (Abdel-Moneim & Seddawy, 2021). Goal 11, titled "Sustainable Cities and Communities," focuses on making cities and human settlements more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. As of 2022, the global population reached 8 billion, with over half residing in urban areas. Moreover, only half of the urban population worldwide had easy access to public transportation. Cities continue to struggle with issues like sprawl, air pollution, and a lack of public green spaces. This trend is expected to continue, with 70% of people projected to live in cities by 2050. Currently, about 1.1 billion people live in slums or similar conditions, and this number could double in the next 30 years (United Nations, 2023). To meet Goal 11, efforts need to focus on creating urban development policies that are inclusive, resilient, and sustainable, ensuring access to basic services, affordable housing, efficient transportation, and green spaces for everyone. However, many cities are struggling to keep up with rapid urbanization, leading to an inadequate living condition. Among this goal targets enhancing inclusive and sustainable urbanization and improving planning and management of human settlements by 2030 and seeking to provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible public green spaces, particularly for women, children, older adults, and individuals with disabilities by 2030 (United Nations, 2023). 1.6.2. Egypt's Vision 2030: A Strategic Overview & mitigation plan for inclusiveness Egypt has strategically aligned its development initiatives with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda through its Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS). This alignment is pivotal for addressing the nation's economic, social, and environmental challenges. The government introduced Egypt's Vision 2030, a comprehensive plan that integrates these three aspects of development in line with the SDGs, aiming to guide the country towards sustainable growth and progress (Omran & Negm, 2023). 17 Egypt's Vision 2030 is a strategic framework designed to steer the nation towards sustainable growth. This vision encompasses economic, social, and environmental components, reflecting the principles of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda. It addresses critical challenges like poverty alleviation, environmental conservation, and social development, outlining goals and strategies to achieve sustainable development within a set timeframe. By promoting inclusive growth, enhancing infrastructure, and improving citizens' quality of life, Egypt demonstrates its commitment to advancing economic prosperity, social well-being, and environmental sustainability (Omran & Negm, 2023). The vision emphasizes economic, social, and environmental development to improve life quality by 2030. The strategy highlights social justice, innovation, economic growth, and environmental health, aligning with the SDGs and SDS to accelerate developmental progress (Amin-Salem et al., 2018; Sustainable Development Goals Report - Egypt 2030, 2018). Through this vision, Egypt commits to addressing complex challenges and fostering a sustainable future (Omran & Negm, 2023). Egypt's Vision 2030 aims to promote inclusive cities by focusing on social development and infrastructure improvements. Initiatives such as poverty alleviation programs and social welfare schemes aim to create cities that cater to all residents' needs. The plan emphasizes enhancing urban infrastructure, including transportation, housing, and public services, ensuring accessibility and inclusivity for all. Sustainable urban environments that are inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable are prioritized, aligning with the SDGs' goals of creating inclusive cities (Omran & Negm, 2023). By integrating SDG principles into urban planning, Egypt addresses social inequalities, improves living conditions, and promotes social cohesion within cities. This holistic approach prioritizes social inclusion, accessibility, and quality of life for urban populations. The focus on social, economic, and environmental dimensions indicates a comprehensive strategy for building inclusive cities (Omran & Negm, 2023; Amin-Salem et al., 2018). 1.7. Inclusiveness definition and application Defining an ideal public space involves understanding the interplay between public and private elements and recognizing the importance of inclusiveness, accessibility, and sociability. An ideal public space should facilitate unplanned social interactions, be accessible to all, and accommodate diverse activities and users. By considering these dimensions, urban planners and designers can create spaces that truly serve the public interest. (Li et al., 2022), (Carmona, 2021). 18 Public spaces promote democratic values. An equitable city provides ample, accessible, and quality public spaces. These areas are powerful tools for social inclusion, ensuring all responsible individuals are treated equally in public areas. (SaferSpaces, n.d.) Inclusive urban design elements, such as accessibility features and diverse representation, promote a sense of belonging and community well-being within public spaces. When urban spaces are designed to be inclusive, they cater to a broader range of users, fostering a sense of inclusivity and belonging. Furthermore, well-lit, clean, and safe urban spaces contribute to feelings of comfort and security. These aspects are essential for promoting positive psychological states and overall well-being, as they help individuals feel safe and at ease in their environment. Engaging the community in the planning and design of urban spaces fosters a sense of ownership and inclusivity, leading to improved mental health outcomes and a stronger sense of community well-being (Nasution & Zahrah, 2014). Creating inclusive public spaces requires a multifaceted approach that ensures diversity, accessibility, social interaction, safety, and community engagement. Inclusive design elements that cater to various age groups, abilities, and cultural backgrounds are essential for reflecting the community's diversity and promoting a sense of belonging (Francis et al., 2012). Accessibility features such as ramps, elevators, tactile paving, and Braille signage should be implemented to make public spaces usable for individuals with disabilities (Amin, 2008). To encourage social interactions, public spaces should incorporate seating areas, communal gathering spaces, and activities that foster community engagement. These elements help build social connections and strengthen community ties. Safety and comfort are also critical components; well-lit, clean, and well-maintained spaces enhance feelings of security and comfort for all users, promoting a positive experience and more frequent use (Francis et al., 2012). Fostering a sense of belonging can be achieved through community events, art installations, and cultural programs that celebrate diversity and inclusivity, making all groups within the community feel connected and valued (Mammon et al., 2008). Engaging the community in the planning and design process ensures that residents' needs and preferences are considered, fostering a sense of ownership and inclusivity in the final design (Amin, 2008). This comprehensive approach to designing public spaces enhances overall well-being and strengthens community bonds. 19 1.8. Artificial intelligence and new technology integration into urban planning AI is leveraged in urban planning for data analysis, generating design alternatives, and optimizing decision-making processes (Rieder et al., 2022). It facilitates real-time monitoring of traffic flow and crime predictions and automates decision-making processes, enhancing efficiency and addressing various urban challenges. AI applications provide objective analysis and a multi-criteria problem-solving approach, facilitating the exploration of performance and alternatives, thus supporting the decision-making process (Ismaeel, 2022). Additionally, AI improves human-machine interaction through user-friendly software, making it more accessible and understandable for ordinary citizens in urban planning contexts. Advancements in AI focus on automating routine tasks such as energy use, location-based services, and transit operations, leading to efficiency gains and improved service delivery (Batty, 2018). These technologies streamline routine tasks in urban planning, optimizing resource allocation and improving overall operational efficiency for planners and policymakers. AI solutions enhance user interaction through user-friendly interfaces, making urban planning data and insights more accessible to a broader audience, including citizens and stakeholders, thereby fostering transparency and engagement. AI supports inclusive decision-making by providing diverse perspectives, analyzing complex urban challenges, and generating alternative solutions. This empowers planners and policymakers to address societal needs more effectively (Batty, 2018). Overall, AI's ability to enable advanced data analysis, facilitate real-time monitoring, and improve operational efficiency offers significant advantages over traditional methods in urban planning (Rieder et al., 2022; Ismaeel, 2022). Innovation and technology are invaluable for urban design and planning, enhancing efficiency, collaboration, citizen engagement, attention to detail, precision, and data-driven decision- making. Advanced technology and open data sources enable planners to integrate various urban planning components, creating inclusive and cohesive communities. Tools and criteria offer statistical information, promote racial equity, and highlight financial benefits, allowing urban designers to focus more on planning and creating dynamic, inclusive spaces for all citizens (Abdel-Moneim & Seddawy, 2021) AI can detect human psychology by examining patterns in behavior, speech, and interactions, which helps in understanding and predicting mental states (Prasad & Kalavakolanu, 2023). It can measure emotions by analyzing facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, and text 20 sentiment, detecting feelings such as happiness, sadness, and anger. The benefits of using AI in detecting human behavior include real-time monitoring and analysis, which allow for proactive interventions in mental health, security, and personalized services based on individual emotional states (Kim & Lee, 2018). 1.9. Conclusion Public spaces are vital components of urban life, serving as places for social interaction, cultural expression, and community engagement. In Egypt, these spaces hold historical significance and are crucial for fostering social cohesion, enhancing quality of life, and supporting economic growth. However, the current state of public spaces in Egypt reveals several challenges that prevent them from reaching their full potential as inclusive, accessible, and vibrant environments. The literature highlights key socio-economic and design barriers that restrict the accessibility and utility of public spaces. Socio-economic disparities, such as income inequality and urban poverty, lead to uneven distribution and access to these spaces, often favoring affluent areas over marginalized communities. Additionally, cultural and societal norms can further exacerbate exclusion. Design flaws also play a significant role in the underutilization of public spaces. Many public areas lack essential features that promote safety, accessibility, and engagement, resulting in environments that do not cater to the diverse needs of urban populations. Issues such as inadequate infrastructure, poor maintenance, and lack of amenities contribute to the unattractiveness and underuse of these spaces. A critical gap identified in the literature is the limited integration of community feedback in the planning and design of public spaces. Without active participation from the community, public spaces often fail to reflect the preferences and needs of those they are intended to serve. This lack of engagement leads to designs that do not resonate with the local population, further diminishing the spaces' potential for social cohesion and community building. Additionally, there is a notable lack of research on how emerging technologies, particularly AI, can be utilized to address these challenges. While AI offers promising solutions for urban planning, such as data-driven decision-making and predictive analysis, its application in the context of public spaces remains underexplored. This gap presents a significant opportunity for innovation in designing and reimagining public spaces that are responsive to the evolving needs of urban communities. 21 The existing research also underscores the need for comprehensive frameworks that combine socio-economic insights, design principles, and technological advancements to create more inclusive and effective public spaces. Such frameworks should aim to balance aesthetic appeal with functionality, ensuring that public spaces are not only visually pleasing but also accessible and beneficial to all segments of society. 1.9.1. Identified Gaps In summary, the literature identifies several critical gaps and problems in the realm of public spaces in Egypt:  Socio-Economic Disparities: The uneven distribution and accessibility of public spaces, disproportionately affecting the community.  Design Inefficiencies: Inadequate infrastructure and amenities that limit the functionality and appeal of public spaces.  Lack of Community Engagement: Insufficient integration of community feedback in the design and planning processes, leading to spaces that do not meet local needs.  Underutilization of AI Technologies: Limited exploration of AI's potential to transform urban planning and public space design, despite its capabilities for innovative solutions.Need for Comprehensive Frameworks: The absence of integrated approaches that combine socio-economic, design, and technological perspectives to enhance public spaces. 22 2. Research problem Public spaces in Egypt play a crucial role in fostering social cohesion, community engagement, and individual well-being. However, these spaces, whether gated or non-gated, often lack inclusivity across three critical dimensions: socioeconomic status, design elements, and social factors. This lack of inclusivity undermines equal access, shared enjoyment, and overall human flourishing. Firstly, socio-economic exclusion is prevalent in public spaces. While access may be free, many individuals cannot afford the activities or amenities provided, limiting participation from diverse socio-economic backgrounds and perpetuating inequalities. Secondly, the design of public spaces often fails to promote social coherence and inclusiveness. Many spaces cater to a specific social class or age group, alienating others and preventing them from enjoying shared activities. Additionally, these spaces often lack diverse functions and activities to meet the varied needs of the community, which hinders social interaction and engagement among different groups. Thirdly, certain public spaces enforce restrictions based on age, gender, or cultural background. These social restrictions create barriers to access and participation, leading to social segregation and a sense of injustice. Such exclusions negatively affect human happiness, social cohesion, and overall well-being, contradicting the principles of a fair and inclusive society. In conclusion, the problem definition can be formulated as follows: “Public spaces in Egypt, encompassing both gated and non-gated areas, exhibit potential barriers to inclusivity across socio-economic demographics, design elements, and social factors. These factors influence human well-being, the psychological engagement of users within public spaces, and cater to the needs of individuals.” 23 3. Research aim The research main aim can be formulated as follow: The aim of this research is to develop a comprehensive “Framework” for designing public urban spaces in Egypt, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and modern technologies to replace traditional methods of human behavior analysis, site surveying, and data verification. This framework seeks to create environments that promote social cohesion, community engagement, and individual well-being, mental health, ensuring equal access and enjoyment for all individuals, regardless of socio-economic status, age, gender, or cultural background. The research will utilize AI to assess human behavior, satisfaction, and well-being in these spaces, guiding the design and continuous improvement of inclusive public environments. Additionally, the study will analyze the interplay of socio-economic, design, and social factors contributing to exclusion in Egypt public spaces, aiming to identify systemic deficiencies and propose strategies to promote inclusivity, equitable access, and social cohesion. The focus will be on understanding the impact of public spaces on community inclusivity and livability in Egypt, a city facing increasing fragmentation and socio-spatial divisions. This main aim will be realized through these secondary objectives:  Integrate AI Technologies: Implement AI-driven tools to analyze human behavior and site-specific data, modernizing the design of Egyptian urban spaces.  Promote Social Cohesion and Inclusiveness Design public spaces that foster social interaction, inclusivity, and community engagement.  Enhance Aesthetic Appeal and Well-being: Utilize AI to create visually pleasing environments that improve individual well-being and mental health.  Develop and Validate a Comprehensive Toolkit: Create and continuously refine a user-friendly toolkit incorporating AI and new technologies for urban space design in Egypt. 24 4. Research questions 1) How do socio-economic factors and social restrictions based on age, gender, or cultural background influence the inclusivity and accessibility of public spaces in Egypt? 2) How can AI and technologies be integrated into the design and continuous improvement of public urban spaces in Egypt to enhance social cohesion, community engagement, and individual well-being? 3) How can AI technologies be utilized for surveying and analyzing human behavior and mental health within public urban spaces to inform more inclusive and user-friendly design practices? 4) What are the specific socio-economic, design, and social factors contributing to the exclusion in Egypt’s public spaces, and how can AI-driven solutions address these issues to enhance inclusivity and equitable access? 5. Research Hypotheses The research hypotheses can be formulated as follows: Implementing inclusive design through a comprehensive framework in Egypt's public spaces, which incorporates AI to assess human behavior and site-specific data, will significantly enhance mental health, foster social connectedness, and improve overall life satisfaction among users by overcoming the current barriers linked to socio-economic demographics, design elements, and social factors. 6. Research significance & audience  Urban Planners and Designers: This research offers an AI-driven Framework for urban planners and designers in Egypt, enabling the creation of inclusive public spaces that promote social cohesion and cater to diverse groups.  Policy Makers and Government Agencies: The study provides essential insights for policymakers, highlighting barriers to inclusivity in public spaces and offering AI-driven solutions to ensure equitable access and social cohesion.  Community and Social Organizations: Community groups can use the research to advocate for more inclusive public spaces by understanding socio-economic and social barriers and utilizing the AI-based Framework to support their initiatives. Academics and Researchers: This research adds to urban studies by integrating AI technologies, offering new methods for exploring public space inclusivity, and advancing theoretical and practical knowledge in the field. 25 7. Tentative Research Methodology: The methodology for this research on inclusivity in Egypt's public spaces involves a comprehensive, multi-phase approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative methods, alongside advanced AI technologies. This structured framework is designed to explore the socio-economic, design, and social factors affecting inclusivity, and to develop and validate an AI-based Framework for enhancing public space design. By combining literature review, stakeholder engagement, inductive and deductive analysis, case studies, and AI-driven data gathering and analysis, this methodology aims to provide actionable insights and practical solutions for creating more inclusive public spaces in Egypt. 7.1. Inductive and Deductive Methods 7.1.1. Inductive Method: Comprehensive Literature Review: Conduct a thorough examination of existing research to identify key insights and gaps related to urban form, socio-economic factors, and the inclusiveness of public spaces in Egypt. This review will analyze current theories, frameworks, and findings regarding socio-economic and design elements, as well as social restrictions. Additionally, the study will explore the role of artificial intelligence and its applications in public space design, human behavior analysis, and improving inclusivity. Exploratory Phase:  Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups: Conduct interviews and focus groups with diverse community members to gather insights into their experiences and perceptions of public spaces in Egypt.  Gathering preliminary reviews: Collect reviews and feedback from social media, online forums, and public platforms where individuals discuss their experiences with public spaces in Egypt.  Thematic Analysis: Identify recurring themes related to inclusivity, socio-economic barriers, design elements, and social factors. These themes will help in developing hypotheses and frameworks for further investigation. 26 7.1.2. Deductive Method:  Hypothesis Testing: Based on the themes identified in the inductive phase, formulate specific hypotheses regarding the impact of socio-economic factors, design elements, and social restrictions on inclusivity in public spaces.  Quantitative Surveys: Design and distribute surveys to a larger population to test these hypotheses and validate the findings from the exploratory phase. 7.2. Empirical Approach 7.2.1. Data Collection:  Qualitative Data: Conduct in-depth interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic observations in various public spaces across Egypt to understand user experiences and perceptions.  Quantitative Data: Use structured surveys to gather data on socio-economic status, frequency of public space usage, satisfaction levels, and perceived inclusivity from a statistically significant sample size.  People Reviews: Systematically gather and categorize reviews from social media, review sites, and other online sources where users share their experiences of public spaces. 7.2.2. Data Analysis:  Qualitative Analysis: Use software to code and analyze interview transcripts, observational notes, and gathered reviews. Perform thematic analysis to identify key patterns and insights.  Quantitative Analysis: Use software to analyze survey data, employing statistical techniques such as regression analysis to test the formulated hypotheses. 7.3. Selection of Public Space Typology and Case Studies 7.3.1. Public Space Typology:  Types of Spaces: Identify and categorize various public spaces in Egypt, such as parks, squares, promenades, gated communities, and public markets.  Selection Criteria: Choose a diverse set of public spaces representing different socio- economic areas, design elements, and user demographics to ensure a comprehensive analysis. 27 7.3.2. Case Studies:  Representative Sample: Select specific public spaces as case studies based on their typology, user diversity, and relevance to the research questions.  In-depth Analysis: Conduct detailed case studies involving observational research, user interviews, and behavior analysis in the selected public spaces to gather rich, contextual data. 7.4. Investigation and Selection of AI and Recent Methods 7.4.1. Investigation of AI & New Technologies such as :  Computer Vision  Natural Language Processing (NLP)  Machine Learning Algorithm  Predictive Analytics  Real-Time Data Collection 7.4.2. Data Integration and Visualization Selection Criteria:  Accuracy and Reliability: Choose AI techniques and methods that offer high accuracy and reliability in data gathering and analysis.  Scalability and Adaptability: Select technologies that can be scaled and adapted to different types of public spaces and varying user demographics.  User-Friendliness: Ensure the chosen methods and tools are user-friendly for urban planners, policymakers, and other stakeholders. 7.5. AI-Based Data Gathering, Analysis, and Verification 7.5.1. Data Gathering:  Behavioral Analysis: Utilize AI-driven tools such as computer vision and machine learning algorithms to monitor and analyze human behavior in public spaces. This includes tracking movement patterns, group interactions, and usage of different areas.  Sentiment Analysis: Analyze social media posts, reviews, and online discussions about public spaces to gauge public sentiment and identify areas of improvement. 28 7.5.2. Data Analysis:  Pattern Recognition: Employ machine learning techniques to identify patterns and correlations between socio-economic factors, design elements, and social restrictions.  Predictive Modeling: Develop predictive models to forecast the impact of various design interventions on inclusivity and well-being in public spaces. 7.6. Verification:  Triangulation: Cross-verify AI-generated insights with qualitative findings and survey data to ensure accuracy and reliability.  Continuous Monitoring: Implement real-time monitoring systems to continuously gather and analyze data from public spaces, allowing for dynamic adjustments and improvements. 7.7. Development of the Framework Framework Design:  Components: The Framework will include AI-based applications for behavior analysis, design simulation tools, and guidelines for inclusive public space design.  User Interface: Design a user-friendly interface for urban planners, policymakers, and community organizations. 7.8. Validation:  Pilot Testing: Conduct pilot tests in selected public spaces to refine the Framework components and ensure usability.  Feedback Mechanism: Gather feedback from users and stakeholders to continuously improve the Framework. 29 7.9. Expected Outcomes  A validated Framework for designing inclusive public spaces in Egypt, leveraging AI and modern technologies.  Detailed insights into the socio-economic, design, and social factors contributing to inclusivity or exclusion in public spaces.  Evidence-based recommendations for urban planners, policymakers, and community organizations to promote social cohesion and well-being in public spaces. 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