Family Muscidae PDF

Introduction to Medical Entomology MDU 1043 Suborder Cyclorrhapa Family Muscidae (house flies, greater house flies, stable flies) 2023/2024 Session, Semester 2 A/P Dr. Nor Aliza Abdul Rahim  Objectives: Describe the Family Muscidae. D...

Introduction to Medical Entomology MDU 1043 Suborder Cyclorrhapa Family Muscidae (house flies, greater house flies, stable flies) 2023/2024 Session, Semester 2 A/P Dr. Nor Aliza Abdul Rahim  Objectives: Describe the Family Muscidae. Describe the morphology and life cycle of the Family Muscidae. Discuss the medical importance of the Family Muscidae Explain the control methods for the Family Muscidae.  Outline of Lecture: Introduction to Family Muscidae. Morphology and life cycle of a house fly, greater house fly and stable fly. Medical importance of house flies, greater house fly and stable fly. Control methods for house-flies, greater house fly and stable fly.  Family Muscidae Introduction: Family Muscidae is in the suborder Cyclorrapha, order Diptera There are about 4200 species and 170 genera. Three medically important species are: 1) Musca domestica (house-fly) 2) Muscina stabulans (greater house-fly) 3) Stomoxy calcitrans (stable-fly) Their distribution are worldwide. House-flies can vector pathogens and stable-flies can cause biting nuisance. Greater house fly may also vector pathogens. Musca domestica Muscina stabulans (house fly) (greater house fly Stomoxy calcitrans (stable fly)  Musca sp. Introduction: There are about 70 species of the genus Musca. Musca domestica is the most important and has a worldwide distribution. Other important Musca sp. are: 1) Musca sorbens (bazaar-fly), a nuisance in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. 2) M. vetustissima (bush-fly), in Australia 3) M. autumnalis (face-fly), pest worldwide  Musca domestica (house-flies) Morphology: Medium size, non-metallic, 6-9mm long Color vary from black to dark grey Has four broad black longitudinal stripes on the thorax. Antennae is concealed on the front face. It has 3 segments. The distal part of the antenna has prominent hair known as arista.  Musca domestica (house-flies) The proboscis consists of labella and pseudotrachaea that are adapted for sucking fluid. For dried food, the flies moisten the food with their saliva or regurgitate the food before sucking it (this method allows the spread of pathogens)  Musca domestica (house-flies) Morphology: One of the major characteristic of Musca species is seen in the wing venation. House-fly vein 4 bending sharply towards vein 3. 1 2 3 4  Musca domestica (house-flies) All legs of house-fly has a pair of claws, fleshy pad (pulvilli) and a bristle (empodium) Pulvilli (pad) has many glandular hairs which pick up pathogens when fly lands on feces, rubbish and other contaminated substances. empodium  Musca domestica (house-flies) Life cycle: House-flies lay eggs on decomposing materials (animal manure, poultry dung, carcasses, rubbish dumps, garbage, etc) 75-150 eggs are laid and one female can oviposit 5-10 times during its life. Eggs are creamy white, banana shaped, hatch after 10-16 hours. The eggs cannot tolerate desiccation and extreme temperatures.  Musca domestica (house-flies) Life cycle: The larva known as maggots has cylindrical body. The head contain hooks and cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The posterior end has a D-shaped spiracles for breathing and a peritreme surrounding it. The larvae feed on decomposing organic material. A mature larvae measure between 8-14mm long. Before becoming a pupa, it will move to a drier place or into the dry soil. Spiracles Head with hooks  Musca domestica (house-flies) Life cycle: After migration into soil or to a drier spots, the larvae skin become harden and turn dark brown. The house-fly pupa or puparium is barrel-shaped. After 3-5 days in a warmer area, the pupa will become adult fly.  Musca domestica (house-flies) The adult fly escape form the puparial case by pushing its anterior end and crawling out. Adult house-flies prefer buildings with animals or people in it. This is known as domestic or synantrophic flies. They can fly between 1-5 km from their breeding site. Musca domestica (house-flies) life cycle  Medical importance of house-flies House-flies can transmit pathogens to human because of their habits of visiting unhygienic matter and then to humans’ food. Pathogen can be transmitted through 3 possible routes: 1) By flies’ contaminated feet, body hairs and mouthparts (known as mechanical transmission). 2) By flies vomiting on food during feeding 3) By defecation on food  Medical importance of house-flies Over 100 pathogens recorded from house-flies and 65 are transmitted to people. Among pathogens transmitted are: 1) viruses: polio, Coxsackie, hepatitis 2) bacteria: anthrax, cholera, Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli 3) protozoans: Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, Giardia 4) eggs of helminths: Enterobius, Trichuris, Ascaris 5) eyeworm (Thelazia sp.) Eyeworm  Medical importance of house-flies House-fly can carry egg of Dermatobia hominis (bot fly) causing myiasis. Evidence that house fly cause ill-health through transmission of pathogen: 1) A study in two Texan town where there were diarrheal disease due to Shigella sp. in 1946 and 1947. One town was sprayed with DDT to reduced house-flies population and the other was not. The sprayed town showed reduction and the other town remain the same. When the sprayed activity was reversed, the cases of diarrhea was also reversed.  Medical importance of house-flies Evidence that house fly cause ill-health through transmission of pathogen: 2) In 1988 at an Israeli army camp, control of house-flies using attractant traps showed reduced bacteria infection: Shigella and E. coli. 3) In 1995 and 1996, when a breeding site of Pakistani villages was sprayed with insecticide, 95% of flies was reduced and consequently the incidence of childhood diarrhea was reduced by 23%.  Control of house-flies Control methods for house-flies are divided into three categories: 1)Physical and mechanical control 2)Environmental sanitation 3) Insecticidal control Physical and mechanical control includes: i) Installing a screening on windows and other openings. ii) Using air currents or fans or curtain strips at the premises entrance to keep flies from entering. iii) Use of ultraviolet light traps. iv) Use of sticky traps PVC strip Window netting  Control of house-flies Control methods for house-flies are divided into there categories: 1)Physical and mechanical control 2)Environmental sanitation 3) Insecticidal control Environmental sanitation aims to reduce house-fly population by minimizing their breeding sites. This includes: i) Garbage need to be tightly closed to prevent flies from laying eggs. ii) Garbage need to be collected regularly. iii) If not, garbage need to be burnt or buried.  Control of house-flies Control methods for house-flies are divided into there categories: 1)Physical and mechanical control 2)Environmental sanitation 3) Insecticidal control Insecticidal control is the use of chemical to control the population of house-flies. House- flies developed resistance very quickly therefore use of insecticide must be properly regulated. There are several methods used: i) Larvicides ii) Adulticides iii) Residual spraying iv) Insecticidal cords v) Toxic baits  Control of house-flies Insecticidal control: i) Larvicides- spraying breeding sites of house-flies with insect growth regulators (IGRs) eg: diflubenzuron, cryomazine and pyriproxyfen. IGRs stop the growth of house-flies larvae so they are unable to molt to the next stage.  Control of house-flies Insecticidal control: ii) Adulticides- Indoor control of the adults is by using commercial aerosol sprayers to immediately kill the adult flies. Insecticides used includes malathion, pirimiphos-methyl, fenchchlorophos, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin.  Control of house-flies Insecticidal control: ii) Adulticides- Outdoor control is by using ULV spraying with pyrethroids over areas like farms, markets and recreational areas. 23 June 2011- Flies problems in poultry farm in Negeri Sembilan Flies control and flies larva control test trial is carried out in a poultry farm at Negeri Sembilan. We have been asked to train the poultry farmer using SCEA Pesguard 161 to fog the flies. After a few space treatment fly population had reduced tremendously and to control fly larvae the same process is necessary. X-way Sdn Bhd news  Control of house-flies Insecticidal control: iii) Residual spraying- spraying indoor walls , ceiling and doors with eg: malathion, fentrothion or pirimphos- methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin. Residual insecticides can remain active between 1-2 months.  Control of house-flies Insecticidal control: iv) Insecticidal cords- cords or rope strips soaked with insecticides eg: diazinon, dimethoate, malathion, propoxur, cypermethrin or permethrin, and a red dye to alert people. Usually hang in premises or dairy farms shed and can be effective for 2-6 months. Strips or cords of cotton, cloth or gauze impregnated with a long-lasting insecticide can easily be suspended from ceilings  Control of house-flies v) Toxic baits- Dry baits contain sugar mixed with bran and corncobs treated with insecticides. These can be scattered on the floors or in trays and placed in places infested with flies. It contains both a feed attractant and a sex attractant Tricosene.04% and Methomyl 1%. It can be used around dumpsters, outside around restaurants, and outside houses where children and pets cannot eat the bait.  Control of house-flies v) Toxic baits- Liquid bait consist of sugar solution and insecticides placed in a bottle or saucer, and let evaporate into the air of the area. The lure (sugar solution) will attract flies into the bait and flies will be killed by the insecticide in the solution. a reusable plastic quart jar that comes with a packet of lure and holds 5,000 dead flies  Liquid bait fly trap Fly bait card  Muscina stabulans (greater house fly) Introduction: Muscina stabulans is distributed worldwide. Slightly larger than Musca domestica (7-10mm long) Also known as false stable fly. Wing venation slightly differ to house fly (vein 4 slightly bended toward vein 3)  Muscina stabulans (greater house fly) Posterior spiracles of the maggot is circular (Its D-shaped in Musca domestica) Peritreme is very thick and completely encircle the spiracular slits. The late larval stage (maggots) are predaceous and feed on other fly larvae. Life cycle is very similar to Musca domestica Their medical importance and control methods are also similar to Musca domestica. M. stabulans spiracles M. stabulans maggot  Stomoxy calcitrans (stable fly) Stable flies are distributed worldwide. Also known as biting-house flies or dog flies. Adults has four longitudinal stripes on thorax. Their size and looks resembles house fly. They differ from house flies and greater house flies greatly because they posses conspicuous forward-projecting, rigid proboscis Forward-projecting rigid proboscis Stomoxy calcitrans  Stomoxy calcitrans (stable fly) Their wing venation resembles Muscina but the arista of stable fly antenna has hairs only on the upper side which differ from Musca domestica and Muscina calcitrans. Wing venation of stable fly  Stomoxy calcitrans medical importance Both male and female stable flies feed on blood. They blood feed on domesticated animals such as cattle and horses, pigs and dog, and also on human. Biting and blood feeding only occur during daytime. Stable flies are mainly exophagic. They are also known to carry Dermatobia hominis eggs, a myiasis-producing fly.  Stomoxy calcitrans control methods Stable fly maggots develop in decaying organic matter such as fermented mixture of straw, hay, urine or moist environment. Control methods of stable flies are similar to house flies. Mainly insecticides eg; permethrin are sprayed at horse stables, animal shelters, barns and other farm buildings. Fly traps are also used to reduce fly populations. End of Lecture!