Fall 2024 Midterm.pdf

Section 4 Psych 133:Fall 2024 Midterm Review Week 4 Measuring Sleep Sleep Stages  Sleep Mechanisms Circadian Rhythms Non-human Sleep Sleep Across The Lifespan $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $2...

Section 4 Psych 133:Fall 2024 Midterm Review Week 4 Measuring Sleep Sleep Stages  Sleep Mechanisms Circadian Rhythms Non-human Sleep Sleep Across The Lifespan $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 Measuring Sleep What does PSG stand for? Measuring Sleep Polysomnography  Measuring Sleep What is the “gold standard” for measuring sleep and why? Measuring Sleep Physiology  Measuring Sleep What are three ways we can measure sleep? Measuring Sleep Phenomenology Behavior Physiology  Measuring Sleep What are the three signals from the body measured in PSG?  Measuring Sleep Electroencephalogram Electrooculogram Electromyogram  Measuring Sleep List 4 ways we can identify sleep using behavior alone.  Measuring Sleep Circadian timing (day/night) Non-responsive but reversible Rebound after deprivation Low muscle tone Horizontal position  Sleep Stages Which two stages of sleep are considered together as “Slow Wave Sleep”? Sleep Stages NREM 3 & 4  Sleep Stages Which stage of sleep is associated with the absence of muscle tone, eye movements, and fast frequency, desynchronized EEG activity? Sleep Stages REM  Sleep Stages Which stage of sleep features K- complexes and sleep spindles?  Sleep Stages NREM Stage 2  Sleep Stages On average, how long is the NREM- REM cycle in humans? Sleep Stages 90 minutes  Sleep Stages Which phase(s) of sleep or wake are associated with high frequency, low amplitude, desynchronized brain waves? Sleep Stages REM or Wake  Sleep Mechanisms During which state are the three primary neuromodulators regulating sleep/wake in balance? Sleep Mechanisms Wake Sleep Mechanisms What are the 3 basic, critical structures involved in regulating sleep/wake states and their roles  Sleep Mechanisms Brainstem (power source) Thalamus (sensory gate) Cortex (information processing) Sleep Mechanisms Which cortical region is inactive during REM sleep? Sleep Mechanisms Lateral Prefrontal Cortex  Sleep Mechanisms What are PGO waves associated with?  Sleep Mechanisms Rapid eye-movements and scene changes in dreams  Sleep Mechanisms Describe the neurochemical difference between NREM and REM in terms of the three primary neuromodulators regulating sleep/wake  Sleep Mechanisms NREM: Acetylcholine (ACh) is at its lowest and norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) are lower than wake. REM: NE and 5HT are at lowest levels while ACh is at highest level  Circadian Rhythms In what aspect are circadian rhythms “endogenous” rhythms?  Circadian Rhythms Circadian rhythms are self- generated and persist without external cues (Mammoth Cave study) Circadian Rhythms What is the role of melatonin in circadian rhythms and sleep (in humans)?  Circadian Rhythms Released in response to darkness, helps regulate the onset of sleep at night Circadian Rhythms What is a “zeitgeber”? Provide 2 examples Circadian Rhythms An external (exogenous) cue that (re)sets the circadian (SCN) clock. E.g. light, activity, food, temperature, social cues  Circadian Rhythms What is jet-lag and why is it harmful?  Circadian Rhythms A mismatch between the biological clock and the day-night cycle. It is harmful because it is causes disorganized and misaligned circadian rhythms. Circadian Rhythms Describe the two process model of sleep  Circadian Rhythms Process C is the circadian process that creates daily biological rhythms (melatonin). Process S is sleep homeostasis, regulated by sleep pressure which builds up the longer you are awake (adenosine)  Non-human Sleep What proportion of animals have some form of sleep?  Non-human Sleep All animals have some form of sleep.  Non-human Sleep What did Barrett Klein’s research tell us about sleep in bees?  Non-human Sleep Bees have a state of reduced activity in which they are (reversibly) unresponsive, have reduced muscle tone, and this follows a circadian rhythm  Non-human Sleep What is special about avian (bird) NREM sleep observed in certain species?  Non-human Sleep Unihemispheric SWS (half the brain in NREM, and the other half awake)  Non-human Sleep Why is DARPA studying the white- crowned sparrow?  Non-human Sleep In order to build a ‘super- soldier’, who, like the sparrow, can stay awake for up to 2 weeks, without the negative effects of sleep deprivation.  Non-human Sleep In what settings might humans also display (partial) unihemispheric NREM sleep? Non-human Sleep In new sleeping settings (first night effect)  Sleep Across The Lifespan Name one way in which the sleep of an infant might differ from that of an older adult.  Sleep Across The Lifespan Infants sleep polyphasically, more REM sleep, more sleep each day  Sleep Across The Lifespan In what 3 ways does sleep change from childhood into old age? Sleep Across The Lifespan Decreasing REM, decreasing SWS, and more night awakenings with age  Sleep Across The Lifespan What is the stable NREM:REM ratio for an adult? Sleep Across The Lifespan 4(NREM):1(REM)  Sleep Across The Lifespan What is the benefit of increased sleep spindle density during a nap for children?  Sleep Across The Lifespan Increased memory retention, and reduced forgetting  Sleep Across The Lifespan Older adults get less sleep. Do they simply need less sleep than younger adults?  Sleep Across The Lifespan Older adults have difficulty getting enough sleep but they need just as much sleep as younger adults. Good luck!