FaF Endocrine System 2024 PDF

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM / ENDOKRIENE SISTEEM Form & Function...

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM / ENDOKRIENE SISTEEM Form & Function J. Correia [email protected] This material has been copied under license and is not for resale Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe OUTCOMES / UITKOMSTE Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenals under the following headings: 1. Embryology 2. General appearance and conformation 3. Situation and relationships 4. Blood supply: Arterial and venous 5. Lymph drainage (where applicable) 6. Nerve supply Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland / Hipotalamus & Pituïtêre Klier Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Embryology / Embriologie Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe  Embryology / Embriologie Development of Hypothalamus Hypothalamic sulcus divides the alar plate – dorsal (thalamus) and ventral (hypothalamic) 7th week Hypothalamus differentiates into nuclear areas Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Anatomy of Hypothalamus / Anatomie van Hipotalamus Located in the ventral diencephalon Sup = hypothalamic sulcus/thalamus Inf = optic chiasm, tuber cinereum, mamillary bodies Ant = lamina terminalis Post = tegmentum (midbrain) Med = 3rd ventricle Lat = internal capsule Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Two parts: 1. Extension of diencephalon – infundibulum 2. Ectodermal outpocketing of buccopharyngeal membrane – Rathke’s pouch Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Anatomy of Pituitary Gland / Anatomie van Pituïtêre Klier Neurohypophysis Adenohypophysis Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Anatomy of Pituitary Gland / Anatomie van Pituïtêre Klier Anteriorly – sphenoid sinus Posteriorly – posterior intercavernous sinus, dorsum sellae (posterior wall of the sella turcica), basilar artery and the pons Superiorly – diaphragma sellae (fold of dura mater that covers the pituitary gland), optic chiasm Inferiorly – sphenoid sinus Laterally – cavernous sinus Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe  Neurohypophysis /Posterior: Pars nervosa - the bulk of the posterior pituitary Median eminence - the upper section of the neurohypophysis above the pars tuberalis Infundibular stalk - the "stem" that connects the pars nervosa to the base of the brain Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe  Adenohypophysis/ Anterior: Pars distalis - the largest section Pars tuberalis - a collar of tissue that usually surrounds the infundibular stalk Pars intermedia - a narrow band that is usually separated from the pars distalis by a hypophyseal cleft Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Hypothalamus/Posterior Pituitary Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei Posterior pituitary does not synthesize any hormones Stores and releases hormones from hypothalamus neurosecretory cell axons Direct extension of hypothalamus Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Hypothalamus/Anterior Pituitary Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Thyroid Gland / Tiroïed Klier Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Embryology / Embriologie First gland to develop in embryo 1. Develops from the pharyngeal endoderm, originates at foramen cecum 2. Thyroid primordium 3. Descends in neck through thyroglossal duct 4. Anterior to hyoid bone and larynx 5. Remains connected to tongue via thyroglossal duct - usually regresses by the 10th week of gestation Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Location / Ligging Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Arterial supply / Arteriële voorsiening Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe  Venous Drainage / Veneuse dreinasie Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Lymphatic Drainage / Limfatiese dreinasie Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Parathyroid glands / Paratiroïed klier Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Embryology / Embriologie 1. Superior Parathyroid Glands: These develop from the fourth pharyngeal pouch. 2. Inferior Parathyroid Glands: These arise from the third pharyngeal pouch Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Location / Ligging External to thyroid capsule Posterior of Thyroid gland Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Arterial supply & Venous drainage Aa = inferior and superior thyroid a (and/or laryngeal/ esophageal and/or tracheal aa) Vv = parathyroid vv to thyroid plexus Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Nerve supply & Lymphatic Drainage Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Adrenal Glands / Adrenale kliere Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Location / Ligging Left adrenal gland/ Right adrenal Linker bynier gland/ Regter bynier Right = pyramidal = Left = crescent more apical = shaped = medial to anterolateral to R crus superior ½ of kidney Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Vascular supply / Vaskulêre voorsiening Inferior phrenic artery Abdominal aorta Renal artery Inferior vena cava L. Renal Vein Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Nerve supply / Senuweevoorsiening Splanchnic nerves/ Splangniese senuwees Celiac plexus/ Seliak pleksus Lymphatic drainage / Limfdreinasie - Lumbar / Lumbale LN Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Pancreas / Pankreas Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Embryology / Embriologie Dorsal (DB) and ventral (VB) buds from the primitive foregut Duodenum rotates VB comes to lie below and behind DB Parenchyma and duct fuse VB = uncinate and inferior part of head DB = rest of head, body, tail Main duct = DB origin (distal part) Accessory duct = DB origin (proximal part) Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Location / Ligging Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Head: Relations / Kop: Verhoudings R kidney/nier Duodenum Head/Kop Bile duct/Galbuis IVC Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe  Uncinate process / Unsinaatproses Head of Superior pancreas/ mesenteric a/ Kop van mesenteriese a pankreas Uncinate process/ Unsinaat proses Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Neck / Nek Pylorus of stomach Pilorus van maag Portal(e) v Neck of pancreas/ Superior Nek van mesenteric pankreas vessels/ mesenteriese vate Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Body / Liggaam L suprarenal gland/ L bynier L kidney/nier Body/Liggaam (L2) SMA Aorta IVC Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Tail / Stert L colic flexure/ L koliese fleksuur Splenorenal(e) ligament Spleen/Milt Tail/Stert L kidney/nier Aorta Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Surface anatomy / Oppervlaksanatomie Spleen/Milt L1 L2 Retroperitoneal/Retroperitoneaal (except tail/behalwe stert) Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Vascular supply / Vaskulêre voorsiening Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Vascular supply / Vaskulêre voorsiening Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Nerve supply / Senuweevoorsiening Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe Lymphatic drainage / Limfdreinasie The pancreas is drained by lymphatic vessels that follow the arterial supply. Empty into the pancreaticosplenal nodes and the pyloric nodes Drain into the superior mesenteric and coeliac lymph nodes. Medicine and Health Sciences | EyeNzululwazi ngezoNyango neMpilo | Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe