ANA 109 Unit 6: The Nervous System PDF

ANA 109 Unit 6: The Nervous System Week 12: Nervous Signaling Name the two major structures of the Central Nervous System: Describe the three basic functional components of the nervous system with regards to the maintenance of homeostasis: Sensory Function: Integrative Function: Motor Function:...

ANA 109 Unit 6: The Nervous System Week 12: Nervous Signaling Name the two major structures of the Central Nervous System: Describe the three basic functional components of the nervous system with regards to the maintenance of homeostasis: Sensory Function: Integrative Function: Motor Function: Label the anatomy of a standard neuron below: A: B: C: D: E: Describe the three anatomical classifications of a neuron: Multipolar: Bipolar: Unipolar (Pseudo-unipolar): Describe the three functional classifications of a neuron: Sensory (afferent): Motor (efferent): Interneuron: Describe three ways in which neuroglia are different from neurons: Size: Mitosis: Excitability: Describe the following neuroglial cells of the CNS & PNS: Astrocytes: Oligodendrocytes: Microglia: Ependymal Cells: Schwann Cells: Satellite Cells: Compare & contrast Schwann Cells vs Oligodendrocytes: Describe the purpose of myelin: Describe how Myelination + Axon Diameter influence the conduction speed of an action potential down an axon: Name the disease characterized primarily by the loss of myelin: Define polarity: Describe the role of the Na/K ATPase Pump in establishing the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) within the membrane of the neuron: Compare & contrast facilitated diffusion vs active transport: Name the key difference between Ligand-Gated & Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Describe the term Graded Potential: Describe the term Depolarization: Describe the term Hyperpolarization: Compare & contrast Depolarization vs Hyperpolarization: Compare & contrast temporal vs spatial summation: Name the structure of the neuron where graded potentials are summated & the action potential begins if threshold is reached: Describe the three phases of an Action Potential (including the opening/closing of ion channels/movement of ions through the channels): 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: Name the numeric values of the following membrane potentials: Resting Membrane Potential (RMP): Action Potential Threshold: Using the action potential graph below, understanding the temporal manner of ion channel opening & how the movement of ions creates the three phases of the action potential: Label the absolute & refractory periods on the following temporal graph of an action potential: Describe the physiological purpose of a refractory period: Compare & Contrast Absolute vs Relative Refractory periods of an action potential: Describe the two methods of nerve signal propagation: Continuous Propagation: Saltatory Propagation: Name the locations of each of the following synapses: Axodendritic: Axosomatic: Axoaxonic: Compare & contrast chemical vs electrical synapses: Describe the steps of signal transmission within a chemical synapse: Describe the following types of neurotransmitter receptors located in the nervous system: Ionotropic Receptors: Metabotropic Receptors: Describe the three methods of removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft: 1. Diffusion: 2. Enzymatic Degradation: 3. Uptake by Astrocytes: Week 13: The Central Nervous System Define the following anatomical terms of the central nervous system: Rostral: Caudal: Gyri: Sulci: Nuclei: Tracts: Describe the function of the following protective structures of the CNS: Skeletal Protection: Meninges: Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF): Label the following layers of protective structures of the Brain: A: B: C: D: E: Label the following layers of protective structures of the Spinal Cord: A: B: C: D: Describe the dural layers that make up each dural space & what fills each dural space: Epidural Space: Subdural Space: Subarachnoid Space: Describe the pathway of CSF circulation within the nervous system: Describe the functions of the following vessels & their roles in the blood circulation of the CNS: Internal Carotid Artery & Vertebral Arteries: Dural Venous Sinuses & Internal Jugular Vein: Anterior & Posterior Spinal Arteries: Anterior & Posterior Spinal Veins: Label the following vessels of the Circle of Willis supplying the brain: Describe the function of the Blood Brain Barrier & include a few examples of what this structure allows into the brain & what it excludes from the brain: Describe the regions of the spinal cord including the number of vertebrae within & spinal nerves originating from each area? Cervical Spinal Region: Thoracic Spinal Region: Lumbar Spinal Region: Sacral Spinal Region: Coccyx Spinal Region: Describe the reasoning behind the target location of a spinal tap & what this diagnostic test is sampling: Label the anatomy of the spinal cord below: Name the structure of nerve that is present in the dorsal root ganglion: Describe the origin of the following nerves: Cranial Nerves: Spinal Nerves: Describe the following structures surrounded by each of the following nerve tissue coverings: Endoneurium: Perineurium: Epineurons: Label the following diagram of the brainstem & cerebellum: Describe the function of the thalamus: Describe the general functions of each area of the Brainstem & Cerebellum: Label the following sensory areas of the brain & understand each area’s basic function: Label the following motor areas of the brain & understand each area’s basic function: Label the following association areas of the brain & understand each area’s basic function: Compare & contrast Broca’s vs Wernicke’s areas of the brain: Weeks 14 & 15: The Peripheral Nervous System Label the following diagram of the spinal nerve origin from the spinal cord: Describe the term plexus: Describe the three principal plexuses of the PNS: Define the following terms related to spinal cord injury: Paraplegia: Quadriplegia: Hemiplegia: Paresis: Describe the three modality types used to classify cranial nerves: Sensory: Motor: Both: Complete the following chart: Cranial Nerve Name: Modality: Basic Function: I: II: III: IV: V: VI: VII: VIII: IX: X: XI: XII: Label the key anatomical features of CN I on the diagram below: A: B: C: D: E: During a traumatic event, structure E can shear structure C. Name each structure below and understand the consequence of this cranial nerve injury: Name the four muscles of the eye innervated by CN III. Name the exceptions this rule of innervation for muscles of the eye: Describe the following structural & functional classifications of reflex arcs: Structural: - Cranial Reflex: - Spinal Reflex: Functional Classifications: - Somatic Reflex - Autonomic Reflex Describe the general steps shared by every reflex arc: Describe the location of the following structures within an autonomic reflex pathway: Preganglionic neuron Autonomic Ganglion: Postganglionic neuron Compare & contrast the pathways of somatic vs autonomic reflexes: Somatic Reflex: Autonomic Reflex: Describe the Sympathetic Chain: Describe the three pathways in which an autonomic innervation can travel to its destination: Compare & contrast sympathetic vs parasympathetic responses of the autonomic nervous system: Categorize the senses as either general or special; describe what is meant by a special sense: Name the type of membrane channel that is initially opened by touch: Describe the term Receptive Field: Define Dermatome & Referred Pain: Describe what triggers depolarization/action potentials in Olfaction: Name the type of lingual papillae that lack taste buds: Label the following basic elements of ear anatomy: A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: I: J: Describe why children and babies are more prone to ear infections: Describe the basic mechanism in which the cochlea detects sounds of different frequencies: Describe the following structures of the Vestibular Sense: Semicircular Ducts: Endolymph: Otolith Organs: Name the three cranial nerves that innervate muscles of eye movement: Label the following diagram of the eye: A: B: C: D: E: F: Describe the the role of Rods & Cones in Vision: Describe the differences between near-sighted & far-sighted visual impairments: