Smoking, Suicide, And Substance Abuse Lecture Notes PDF

Smoking Substance abuse Suicide Mr. Ibrahim Kadamani Definition: Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. It is considered as physical and psychological addiction to tobacco products. Smoking tobac...

Smoking Substance abuse Suicide Mr. Ibrahim Kadamani Definition: Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. It is considered as physical and psychological addiction to tobacco products. Smoking tobacco exposes the body to over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic. Causes: - Stress and low self-esteem. - Social characteristics, such as having parents, or friends who smoke. (To be like their friends, and to look mature like their parents). - Exposure and susceptibility to tobacco (nicotine addiction). - To experiment: excitement of experimenting with something that is forbidden. Signs & Symptoms: 1. Nagging morning cough. 2. Decreases the sense of smell and taste. 3. Tooth discoloration. 4. Poor circulation evidenced by cold hands and feet with premature wrinkles, presence of clubbed fingers. Signs & Symptoms: 4. Shortness of breath. 5. Increases fatigue. 6. Frequent occurrences of respiratory illness such as bronchitis. Smoking effects (Complications): Death. Cardiovascular disease (stroke, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension). Lung disease (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Asthma). Pregnancy (affect baby's health: Low birth weight, early delivery, malformation). Decreased immune function. Smoking effects (Complications): Rheumatoid arthritis. Type 2 diabetes. Tooth discoloration and tooth loss. increase the risk for cataracts, and sclera discoloration. Cancer (Bladder, Blood, Colon, Esophagus, Kidney and ureter, Larynx, Liver, Pancreas, Stomach, lung) Health Education: For Non-Smokers For Smokers For Non-Smokers: Say No to people who offer you to smoke Attend awareness campaigns about the effects of smoking Sit far from people who smoke Ask people not to smoke around you Choosing smoke-free restaurants Avoiding indoor public places that allow smoking For Smokers: -Start with an assessment of audiences (age, gender, level of education, etc..), & assess their needs (knowledge &skills that they want to know about smoking). 1- Motivate audiences to stop smoking and raise their awareness: Show them video about similar cases that died because of smoking. Educate about effects of smoking on the body ;example: age faster(wrinkles), teeth decay. Inform about the diseases caused by smoking (lung cancer, kidney cancer, stomach ulcer) and how smoking affects behavior and daily life ;example: stress, depression, anxiety, anger. Show a poster which clarifying the long term and the short term benefits of stopping smoking on the body. For Smokers: 2- Advice audiences to stop smoking by making a plan of action: I- Develop action plans (initiate action) & Choose the date of stopping smoking II- Provide factual knowledge and comprehension: III- Carrying Out Your Plan: I. Develop action plans (initiate action) & Choose the date of stopping smoking: - Behavioral goal: I will stop smoking - Action goals: In the next month, I will replace cigarette by fresh juice. You have to choose a fix date to stop smoking. You have to be relaxed and ready to stop it. II. Provide factual knowledge and comprehension: - Choose the method of stopping smoking: 1. Quitting cold turkey means that you completely stop smoking without looking back. 2. Reducing your use means smoking less and less until you've stopped. If you pick reducing your means, be specific about when and by how much you will reduce your use. II. Provide factual knowledge and comprehension: Know about nicotine replacement therapy: Nicotine replacement therapy. Nicotine gum, patches, inhalers, sprays, and lozenges are nicotine replacement therapies. They work by giving you nicotine without using tobacco. Know about electronic cigarette (pipe): E-cigarette can help people quit smoking and is healthier option than tobacco cigarette, because it use vapor to deliver nicotine to the body instead of smoke. II. Provide factual knowledge and comprehension: - Know more about nicotine-withdrawal symptoms: Cigarettes are highly effective at delivering nicotine throughout your body. When you stop smoking, you might experience increased cravings, anxiety, depression, headaches, feeling tense or restless, increased appetite and weight gain, and problems concentrating. III. Carrying Out Your Plan: A- Teach the audiences Steps for quitting smoking 1. Prepare the night before quitting: Wash your bedding and clothes to get rid of cigarette smells. You should also get rid of any ashtrays, cigarettes, and lighters from your house. 2.Ask for support: Your family and friends can be extra support in your cessation journey. Let them know your goal and ask them to help you by not smoking around you or offering you a cigarette. 3.Know your triggers: a) Control stress. Stress can be a pitfall when trying to quit smoking. b) Use techniques such as deep breathing, exercise, and down time to help thwart stress. Teach the audiences self-regulation skills to maintain these healthy behaviors (by assessing their daily smoking consumption of tobacco) Benefits of quitting smoking: 1. Lung function starts to improve 2. Clearer and Younger Skin 3. Whiter Teeth 4. Brighter Eyes 5. Sense of taste and smell improves 6. Better blood flow improving skin Substance Abuse  Definition: - Substance abuse is defined as a patterned use of any substance including alcohol and other drugs that causes harm or injury to the health. - Addiction: A compulsive or chronic need for, or an active addiction to, alcohol or drugs. Most Common Types of Drug and Substance Abuse: Alcohol Sedatives (barbiturates). Narcotics (Opioids: morphine, heroin, codeine). Stimulants (Amphetamines: cocaine, nicotine). Hallucinogens (Marijuana) Inhalants –inhaled either by sniffing or huffing Risk factors : - Family and community: Factors within a family (divorce, stress, etc..). Chaotic home environment. Factors related to a child’s socialization outside the family. High prevalence of crime. Low economic status. - Personal factors: Genetic risks (drug or alcohol abuse sometimes can run in families) Lack of self- confidence Low self-esteem Inability to form positive close relationships Strong need for independence Poor social coping skills Poor school performance Mental disorders. Signs and Symptoms: Physical and behavioral signs and symptoms include: Sudden mood swings. Changes in normal behavior. Lack of hygiene and grooming. Withdrawal from friends and family. Loss of interest in normal social activities. Changes in sleeping patterns. Injection marks or glassy eyes. Constant sniffles or runny nose. Withdrawal symptoms: Addiction to alcohol or other substances can put the patient at risk of severe withdrawal symptoms if he/she try to stop using these substance suddenly. Depending on the substance, withdrawal symptoms may include: Shaking Sweating Feeling hot or cold Delirium Sudden heart problems Nervousness and shaking Seizures Complications: - Health problems: Psychotic behavior. Seizures. Stroke, Cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, liver problems. Confusion and memory loss, Coma, unconsciousness or death. - Some diseases: Risk of developing HIV/AIDS or hepatitis if sharing needles. Sexually transmitted diseases. Complications: Accidental injurie (risk of falling or car accident) Suicide Relationship problems Child neglect/abuse Unemployment, poverty and homelessness Problems with the law Treatment Drug therapy: to help you quit or to help you overcome withdrawal symptoms in detoxification process. Medicines often are used for addiction to opiate drugs like heroin or certain painkillers. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): to change thoughts and actions that make patient more likely to use drugs. Motivational interviewing (MI): to resolve mixed feelings about quitting and getting treatment. Group therapy. Health Education: - Population at risk for abuse: Teach people the types, risk factors, causes, signs, complications, and treatment for drug addiction. Show people examples of drug abusers and the fatal complications of their behaviour. Teach them healthy life style such as physical exercise, stress relieve, healthy diet. Teach them the importance of avoiding drug abusers, and unhealthy behaviours. Health Education: -Drug abusers: Health education for drug abuse usually includes awareness, in addition to group therapy, counseling, and drug education. Awareness: Teach people the types, risk factors, causes, signs, complications, and treatment for drug addiction. Show people examples of drug abusers and the fatal complications of their behaviour. Health Education: Teach patients the approach of treatment. Teach patients relapse Prevention – Individuals learn different strategies to enhance self-control, such as exploring the positive and negative consequences of continued use, self-monitoring to recognize drug cravings and identify risky situations, and developing strategies for coping with and avoiding high-risk situations. Life Skills –Individuals may learn lessons about personal hygiene, opening a bank account, going shopping for food, and even keeping a clean house, doing exercises, relieve stress, get enough sleep, and eat a balanced diet. 9/27/2017  Definition: Is an act with a fatal outcome that is deliberately initiated and performed by the person in the knowledge or expectation of its fatal outcome. 75% of suicides occur in low- and middle- income countries. 38 Health Education 9/27/2017  Common methods of suicides: Firearms Hanging Plastic bag and drugs Drug poisoning Exsanguinations Drowning Chemical poisoning Jumping off a high building 9/27/2017 Health Education 39  Risk Factors Having recently been released from prison or jail Being exposed to others' suicidal behavior, such as that of family member Certain medical conditions Chronic pain Family violence, including physical or sexual abuse Financial problems  Causes 90% of people who attempt or die by suicide have one or more mental health conditions including: Severe depression Causes symptoms of low mood, tiredness, loss of interest, despair and hopelessness that interfere with a person's life Bipolar disorder causes a person's mood to swing from feeling very high and happy to feeling very low and depressed. 9/27/2017 Borderline personality disorder Characterized by unstable emotions, disturbed thinking patterns, unstable relationships with other people and history of childhood sexual abuse Anorexia nervosa Anorexia is associated with a high risk of suicide.  Signs and Symptoms Sudden changes in personality, attitude, appearance Talking about wanting to die or wanting to kill themselves Talking about feeling empty, hopeless, or having no reason to live  Signs and Symptoms Using alcohol or drugs more often Acting anxious or agitated Withdrawing from family and friends Changing eating and/or sleeping habits 9/27/2017 Health Education 44  Treatment - Talk Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talk therapy that’s often used for people who are having thoughts of suicide. - Medication: antidepressants antipsychotic medications anti-anxiety medications - Lifestyle Changes: Avoiding alcohol and drugs Exercising regularly Sleeping well  Health Education Teach audience about the disadvantages of suicide. Inform the risk factors for suicide and how to control it. Teach alarming signs for suicide. Advice performing regular exercise, preventing alcohol, and sleeping well. Advice audience to eliminate access to lethal methods of suicide. Teach patient the benefit and side effects of medication: Antidepressants, Antipsychotic, Anti-anxiety medications. Teach the patient about the benefit of talk Therapy.