EXAM IS AROUND THE CORNERRR Past Paper GMT204 PDF

EXAM IS AROUND THE CORNERRR !!!! COMPILATION OF SEQ GMT204 1. Describe the sequence of 1. action potential enters adjacent cell events during excitation 2. voltage-gated ion channel open, Ca2+ enter cell contraction coupling (10m) 3....

EXAM IS AROUND THE CORNERRR !!!! COMPILATION OF SEQ GMT204 1. Describe the sequence of 1. action potential enters adjacent cell events during excitation 2. voltage-gated ion channel open, Ca2+ enter cell contraction coupling (10m) 3. Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release through RyR 4. Local release causes Ca2+ sparks 3 events 5. summed Ca2+ sparks create Ca2+ signal - excitation 6. Ca2+ ion bind to troponin to initiate contraction - contraction 7. relation occurs when Ca2+ unbind from troponin - relaxation 8. Ca2+ pumped back into SR for storage 9. Ca2+ is exchange with Na+ by NCX antiporter 10. Na+ gradient is maintained by Na+K+ATPase Flowchart of molecular event 1. Action potential generated at motor end plate spread along in excitation in skeletal muscle sarcolemma & T-tubules 2. T-tubules depolorize causing conformational changes of Lebih kurang sama ngan atas dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor 3. causes opening of Ca2+ release channel, ryanodine receptor Dlm postsynaptic (RyR) on nearby sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 4. Ca2+ released from SR into ICF of muscle fibre 5. the summed Ca2+ sparks create Ca2+ signal 6. Ca2+ binds to troponin C on thin filaments 7. Causing a conformational changes in troponin complex 8. results tropomyosin to be moved out of the way 9. cross-bridge cycling can begin contraction 1. Ca2+ bind to troponin C and pulls tropomyosin away from active binding site actin 2. exposure of actin binding site allow interaction with energized myosin head 3. myosin head bind to active site to form strong cross bridge complex 4. ADP & inorganic phosphate release from myosin head 5. the attached myosin head pivots towards the centre of sarcomere -> power stroke 6. sarcomere become shorten -> muscle contraction 7. hydrolysis of ATP breaks actin-myosin bond (detachment C-R) 8. myosin head re-energized, cross bridge action continues 9. as long as active binding site still exposed + Ca2+ & ATP present relaxation 1. Ca2+ unbind from troponin C - tropomyosin returns to its resting position - blocking the myosin-binding site on actin 2. Ca2+ is pumped back into SR by Ca2+ ATPase for storage - no more cross bridge interaction - thin myofilaments slide back to resting state - relaxation occur 3. Ca2+ is exchanged with Na+ by NCX antiporter 4. Na+ gradient is maintained by Na+ K+ ATPase 2. Describe the sequence of 1. action potential arrives at the motor neuron/axon events that occur during 2. opening of voltage gated calcium channel neuromuscular transmission 3. calcium ion influx to the terminal (10m) 4. fusion of vesicles to presynaptic membrane 5. Triggers an increase in exocytosis - release ach into the cleft Pre-post 6. acetylcholine binds with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (postsy) at the junctional fold of motor end plate 7. opening of ligand gated channel – increase Na+ conductance 8. end plate potential is generated 9. exceeds the threshold causes action potential generated over muscle fibre surface and along T-tubules 10. muscle contraction occur a) 4 mechanical properties of Taktau skeletal muscle related to contractility 1. refers to muscular stiffening followed by death 2. bcz shortening of muscle tissue and stiffening of body parts b) Briefly explain rigor mortis 3. muscle cell membrane more permeable to CA2+ 4. Intracellular Ca2+ increase 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin C -> cross bridge occur 6. death (no ATP), cross bridge will lock muscle in place Describe sliding filament 1. actin filament slide toward center of sarcomere theory of skeletal muscle 2. myosin remain stationary contraction 6m 3. myosin head bind to its binding site on actin -> crossbridge 4. slide thin filament toward each other Cek balik 5. during contraction, sarcomere shortened, thick and thin filament overlap 6. cause whole muscle to contract Explain the role of Calcium 1. cause release Ca2+ from SR ions in skeletal muscle 2. bind to troponin contraction and relaxation 3. cause conformational change in troponin tropomyosin complex 4. expose the myosin binding site State 2 role of ATP during 1. to break cross bridge muscle contraction. 2. to transport Ca2+ back to SR 3. detachment of myosin from actin 4. energizing myosin head maintain 5. resting membrane potential 3. Describe calcium homeostasis by (5/5m) Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone 4. Describe the steps of 1. shortening of chains glycogenolysis (6m) - glycogen phosphorylase cleaves a(1-4) glycosidic bond 2. removal of branches - block of 3 glucose transferred to other branch - remove a(1,6) linkages and glucose unit release 3. conversion of G1P to G6P - released in bloodstream to maintain blood glucose lvl  Add a note on regulation of 1. hormonal (phosphor/dephosphos) glycogenolysis (4m) - glycogen phosphorylase is active if phosphorylated causes - secretion glucagon/epinephrine in low BGL/stress&exercise 2. Allosteric (by effector muscle) - allow rapid effect hormone mediated covalent regulation 5. State joint of Lower Limb Hip, knee, ankle and joint of foot Hip joint articulation 1. between head of femur and acetabulum of pelvic bone 2. ball and socket & Synovial joint 3. articular surface of hip joint a) lunate surface of acetabulum b) head of femur – transverse acetabular L. – limit abd ligaments 1. iliofemoral ligament - strongest & Y shaped ligament - prevent hyperextension of hip joint - limit abduction & lateral rotation 2. pubofemoral - triangular shape - prevent hyperabduction of hip joint 3. ishiofemoral - weakest - limit medial rotation Blood supply 1. medial & lateral circumflex femoral A. 2. Obturator artery 3. Nutrient A. of femur Movements 1. flex-extend, abd-add, medial-lateral rotation, circumduction Knee joint Articulation 1. hinge joint – synovial 2. flexion-extension, small degree of rotation 3. have medial & lateral menisci Fx – has shock absorber - help to spread synovial fluid on articular surface 4. between - tibial condyles & femoral condyles - patella and patella surface of femur Ligaments 1. patellar 2. Medial & Lateral Collateral Ligament - stabilize hinge motion of knee joint - prevent medial or lateral movement 3. Ant./Post. Cruciate - Ant. Cruciate - Prevent Anterior Displacement of T vs F - key stabilizer of knee J. during extension - Post. Cruciate - Prevent Posterior Displacement of T vs F - key stabilizer in weight bearing flexed knee 4. oblique popliteal 5. arcuate popliteal Ankle joint Articulation 1. Hinge synovial joint 2. dorsiflex and plantarflex of the foot Ligaments 1. medial deltoid ligament 2. lateral deltoid ligament – often injured  Joint of foot Articulation 1. plane synovial joint 2. inversion and eversion Ligaments 1. talocalcaneonavicular joint 2. metatarsophalangeal joint 6. Motor unit A4 7. Describe chemiosmotic theory 1. ETC fx as proton H+ pump of oxidative phosphorylation 2. when e- tf thru ETC, H+ are pumped out from mito matrix - Define uncouplers of 3. electrochemical gradient formed by proton pump Oxidative Phosphorylation 4. enable ATPase to react reversibly, form ATP, while proton tf - List 4 uncouplers back to mito matrix - Compound that uncouple the ETC and phosphorylation - Causes ET proceed at rapid rate without establishing proton - gradient - heat is produced rather than ATP 1. 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2. Gramicidin 3. Valimomycin 4. Salicylates 8. a) State triangle of neck b) Describe carotid triangle A4 I. Boundaries with labelled diagram II. Contents 11. Describe cubital fossa under the following headings Boundaries Roof and floor KAKAK IPANG Contents 12. Describe the brachial plexus under following headings A. Spinal nerve involved with diagram 4m B. Branches of posterior, medial and lateral cords  GMT202 1. A. Name any 2 hormones of Growth 1. stimulate body growth anterior pituitary and state 2 Hormone 2. promote increased size of the cell by mitosis function for each (5 marks) Prolactin 1. milk production and secretion 2. for breath growth B. Name any 2 hormones of Oxytocin 1. contraction of the pregnant uterus to reduces posterior pituitary and state 2 bleeding during delivery function for each (5 marks) 2. milk ejection by the breast Antidiuretic 1. regulates and balance amount of water in blood Hormone by telling kidney how much water to conserved List 6 hormones secreted by Cell Hormone Physio action anterior pituitary Somatotropes GH Stimulate body growth Corticotropes Adrenocorticotropic Stimulate production of hormone (ACTH) clucocorticoids Thyrotropes thyroid-stimulating Stimulate production of hormone (TSH) thyroid hormone Gonadotropes luteinizing hormone Stimulate development (LH) – Test/Est of ovarian follicles follicle-stimulating Cause ovulation and hormone (FSH) formation corpus luteun Lactotropes Prolactin Stimulate milk secretion 2. Decs physiological fx of GH 1. promotes protein deposition in tissue - by increase amino acid transport through cell membranes Why increase of GH? 2. enhanced fat utilization for energy - Hypoglycemia - by stimulates lipolysis - exercise 3. decrease carbohydrate utilization - fasting - decrease glucose uptake in tissue - deep sleep 4. stimulate cartilage & bone growth - increase conversion of chondrocyte to osteogenic cell - allow deposition of new bone - liver secrete somatomedin C by promoting glucose uptake Regulation secretion of GH by 1. GHRH is produced by the hypothalamus hypothalamus (4m) 2. stimulates the anterior pituitary gland and will secrete GH 3. GH is released to blood stream and go to target cell 4. if GH is in excess, somatomedin will be sectered by liver 5. Causes hypothalamus secrete GHIH to inhibit GH secretion 3. A. List the hormones secreted 1. A cell Glucagon 1. stimulate formation and release by pancreatic gland B. State 2 glucagon from liver (glycogenlysis) function for any 2 hormones 2. stimulate trygliceride breakdown secreted by pancreatic gland in adipose tissue 2. B cell Insulin 1. Increase glucose transport and uptake to cell 2. promote glycogenesis 3. D cell Somatostatin 1. inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon 2. limit effect of hormone to ingestion of food C. List any 4 complications of 1. Hyperglycaemina type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - increase hepatic glucose production but decrease in peripheral uptake  2. disturbance of protein metabolism 3. disturbance of fat metabolism 4. Hyperkalemia 5. Acid base disturbance 4. Synthesis of Thyroid 1. Thyroglobulin synthesis Hormones - synthesized by RER, secreted by GA and stored in colloid inside follicular lumen with a labelled diagram, show 2. Iodide trapping the steps production of - iodide actively tf from blood into follicular cell (NA/I symp) thyroid hormone 3. Oxidation of iodide - iodide oxidized to iodine (I2) 4. Organification/iodination of thyroglobulin to iodotyrosine - I2 + tyrosine = monoiodotyrosine (MIT) - MIT + I2 + diiodotyrosine (DIT) 5. Coupling reaction - MIT + DIT = T3 (Triiodothyronine) - DIT + DIT = T4 (Tetraiodothyronine/Thyroxine) - being internalized by parafollicular cell by endocytosis and undergo lysosomal reaction to release t3 and t4 to circulation - MIT and DIT deiodinated to recycled back the I2 state 4 physiological effects of 1. cause normal development of growth & activity of CNS thyroid hormone on the 2. stimulate branching of dendrites central nervous system 3. stimulated myelination 4. increase number of synapse state 4 clinical features of 1. goiter hyperthyroidism 2. fatigue 3. tremors - shaking 4. bulging eyes List 3 differences between Characteristics T3 T4 T3 and T4 Affinity to Less, easy to Greater plasma released By follicular cell protein Half life 10-24 hours 7 days Acting More rapid slower State iodides Inhibit hormone release Mention 2 advantages of 1. easy to administered using radioactive iodine 2. effective 3. painless Mention 2 drugs used in the 1. pronolol (beta blocker) treatment of thyroid storm 2. iodide 5. Describe the regulation of 1. increase glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen into glucose blood glucose 2. gluconeogenesis which production of glucose from non carbo sources (AA, Lactate and Glycerol) 3. Lipolysis, breakdown of triglyceride in adipose tissue to FFA Fasting state and Glycerol to be used as energy sources 4. insulin plays important role in facilitating glucose uptake in tissue to prevent excessive blood glucose level  Post prandial state 1. insulin secreted in response to elevated Blood Gluc lvl 2. insulin stimulates uptake of glucose into cell -> glycolysis 3. lipogenesis occur by insulin promotes conversion of excess glucose to FA in adipose tissue 4. inhibition of Counter-Regulatory Hormones - insulin inhibit secretion of glucagon, reducing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis 6. Explain role of enzymes in 1. Enzyme Cascades regulation of metabolism - enzyme activating enzymes allows for amplification of a small regulatory signal Covalent regulation of 2. Product inhibition enzyme activity - if product conc. is high, product will bind to enzyme and prevent enzyme for further metabolism 3. Sub-cellular compartmentalization -enzyme activity is depends on availability of the substrate - cell membrane regulate entry and exit of a substrate in and out of cellular compartment 4. Allosteric interactions - enzyme bind to activators or inhibitors site (area of regulation) - results in increase or decrease of metabolic pathway 5. End products of metabolic pathway (feedback inhibition) - end product will bind at the allosteric site of regulatory enzyme - results decreased in activity 7. a. Describe the 4 groups of If lipids glycolipids (4 m) 1. Triglyceride 2. Phospholipids 3. steroids 4. waxes List the 3 steps in de novo 1. conversion of glucose to Acetyl-Coa synthesis of fatty acids (3m) 2. Acetyl-Coa converted to Malonyl-Coa 3. Malonyl-Coa used to build up fatty acid chain by adding 2 carbon units 4. Long-chain fatty acid formed -> esterified -> glycerol -> TG List 3 raw materials needed in 1. Acetyl-Coa fatty acid synthesis (3m) 2. Malonyl-Coa 3. NADPH 8. describe the mechanism of 1. stimulation of pressure receptors in the nipple by suckling suckling reflex from the baby 2. send afferent impulse to the hypothalamus - oxytocin 3. stimulate supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus 4. hypothalamus send efferent impulse to posterior pituitary where oxytocin is stored 5. oxytocin is release from post. Pituitary 6. stimulates myoepithelial cells of breast to contract 7. alveolar glands respond by releasing the milk through ducts of nipple 8. milk letdown/ejection reflex occur 9. positive feedback mech cont. to cycle until baby stop suckling the nipples 9. state the location of receptor 1. in or on the surface of cell membrane of hormone 2m 2. in the cell cytoplasm  3. in the nucleus describe the mechanism of 1. hormone bind to specific receptor action of the hormone 8m 2. receptor activation 3. signal transduction cam salah.. takyah la baca 4. amplification 5. cellular response 6. termination 10. Discuss the effect of insulin to 1. increase glucose transport and uptake to cell blood glucose 2. promote glycogenesis 3. inhibit gluconeogenesis fatty acid levels 1. stimulate glycogenesis (stored) 2. promote synthesis of lipid (glucose->TG) 3. inhibit lipolysis 4. facilitate entry of glucose into adipocyte – BGL toward normal amino acid 1. stimulate uptake of amino acid 2. increase protein synthesize – DNA/mRNA 11. Describe the hypothalamus- 1. during early proliferative phase, hypothalamic GnRH pituitary-gonadal axis in stimulates secretion FSH and LH regulation ovarian function 2. FSH followed by LH stimulate follicular growth, granulosa cell of ovarian follicle start to release estrogen 3. rising level of estrogen will suppress GnRH, FSH & LH secretion 4. high level of inhibin B also inhibit FSH & LH secretion 5. once estrogen reach critical level, it exerts a positive fb on HPA 6. sudden LH surge lead to completion of meiosis I and release of 2nd oocyte from graffian follicle 7. the ruptured follicle become corpus luteum, which stimulate the release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin B 8. during luteal phase, high level of progesterone and moderate lvl of estrogen inhibit FSH and LH release 9. high lvl of inhibil also suppress FSH 10. corpus luteum is less stimulated and eventually turn into corpus albicans, thus menstruation occur 11. low lvl of estrogen and progesterone promote GnRH, FSH & LH secretion 12. cycle start again 13. Hormone secreted by Islets of 1. transport of glucose into B cell by GLUT 2 Langerhans of pancreas 2. glucose is phosphorylated to G6P by glucokinase 3. G6P is oxidized to ATP Mechanism secretion of 4. ATP close ATP-sensitive K+ channels insulin from β-cell 5. ATP-K+ channel closed cause depolorized of B cell membrane 6. depolarization causes open voltage sensitive Ca2+ channel: Ca2+ flows into cell 7. increased in intracellular Ca2+ 8. cause insulin secretion 9. by exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules 10. insulin secreted into pancreatic venous blood Metabolic actions of insulin 14. Adrenal gland hormone 1. Medulla – NE/E (Catecholamines) 2. Cortex - ZG -> Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) - ZF -> Cortisol (glucocorticoid) - ZR -> Androgen (sex hormone)  Stages of aldosterone Cholesterol -> Progesterone -> Deoxycorticosterone hormone synthesis -> Corticosterone -> Aldosterone Effects aldosterone on renal Role : regulation blood pressure by activate RAAS tubules, sweat gland and GIT 1. increasing reabsorption of sodium and water in kidney 2. Small increase in blood K+ because secretion of K+ and H+ BACA NOTES KAKAK IPANG 3. increase water retention 4. Low blood Na+ because of reuptake Na+ 5. stress (via ACTH) 15. Desc process of ketogenesis A4 16. Desc process of FA synthesize A4 17. Regarding diabetic Definition ketoacidosis, decs 1. acetoacetic acid and B-hydroxybutyric acid is strong acid mechanism 2. incr in synthesize, exceed than utizlization, incr in blood/tissue 3. need to be buffered Bcs insulin deficiency 4. progressive loss of buffer cation - ketoacidosis hyperglycaemia 1. insulin deficiency 2. incr breakdown of tisu protein, incr gluconeogenesis, incr HGP 3. incr glycogenolysis, incr hepatic glucose production (HPG) 4. decr pheripheral glucose uptake, incr unutilised glucose Ketosis - accumulation of abnormal amount of KB in tissue/body fluid - ketouria is detected 1. insulin deficiency 2. incr lipolysis 3. incr FFA in plama 4. incr Acetyl-Coa production 5. impairment of TCA cycle 6. accumulation of Acetyl-Coa 7. Excess Acetyl-Coa channeled into ketogenic pathway 8. incr hepatic output of KB -> Ketosis Metabloc acidosis 1. insulin deficiency 2. ketonemia -> MAcidosis  GMT201 1. Describe synapse under A structure that connects neuron to other following headings Eg. Presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell A. Definition B. Classification 3m 1. chemical synapse - pre, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft 2. electrical synapse - gap junction 3. Mixed synapse – has both C. Steps in synaptic 1. presynaptic terminal depolorisation transmission 6m 2. opening of voltage gated calcium channel 3. calcium influx into terminal, binds to synaptic vesicles 4. transmitter vesicles fused with the presynaptic terminal 5. exocytosis release transmitter into the cleft 6. released neurotransmitter bind with receptor on postsynaptic cell 2. Similarities and difference EPSP IPSP between EPSP and IPSP Local potential Do not follow all or none law No refractory period Can be summed up Effect on depolarization hyperpolarization membrane potential Likelihood of Increase likelihood of Decrease likelihood of action firing firing potential Type of ion Open channels for Na+ Open channels for Cl- or channel or Ca2+ K+ Function Excitatory effect Inhibitory effect Vm More positive More negative 3. 6 properties of synapse (3M) 1. unidirectional flow 2. synaptic delay 3. synaptic fatigue 4. post tetanic facilitation 5. increase in neuronal excitability 6. reduced neuronal excitability 7. summation – temporal (repeated)/spatial (multiple) mechanism of development 1. an action potential triggers Ca2+ influx into presynaptic neuron of EPSP (4M) causing neurotransmitter release 2. neurotransmitter bind to receptor on postsynaptic membrane, opening ion channel 3. Na+ will influx to postsynaptic neuron cause depolarization 4. the depolarization create EPSP, increasing likelihood of action potential in postsynaptic neuron 4. briefly describe location. Precentral gyrus extend to - Control movement of muscle Broadmann area and fx anterior part of paracentral in contralateral side of head lobule and body Primary motor cortex – MI - initiate/execute voluntary BA 4 movement  Supplementary motor cortex Medial surface of frontal lobe - To programme the sequence MII on medial frontal gyrus and coordination movement 2 BA6 side of body - control muscle of trunk and ALL IS MOTOR AREA proximal limb - movement of contralateral limb, stimulus > MI Premotor cortex PMC Posterior parts of sup/mid/inf - control axial and proximal BA6 frontal gyri limb of postural adjustment - guide the body of UL toward desired direction by sensory Frontal eyelid field Middle part of frontal gyrus - move eye to opposite side BA8 - tracking moving object Multimodal Association area Wernicke’s area Broca’s area Comprehension of language Motor speech/vocalisation Receive fibre from visu & audi Receive fibre from Wernicke Then send to broca’s area Then send to motor area BA 22, 39, 40 BA 44, 45 Receptive aphasia Expressive aphasia 5. Transmission of sound 1. pinna directs the sound wave into auditory canal 2. vibration of tympanic membrane 3. vibration of auditory ossicles -> impendence matching process 4. footplate of stapes pushes the oval window -> sound pressure amplified 5. it vibrates perilymph in scala vestibuli & vestibular membrane 6. vibration of endolymph in scala media -> vibration of basillar membrane 7. vibration of perilymph in scala tympani 8. vibration is dampened at round window Draw a labeled diagram of 1. APs is transmitted from the hair cells of Organ of Corti to auditory pathway afferent cochlear nerves 2. afferent cochlear nerves synapse on neuron of dorsal & ventral cochlear nuclei of medulla 3. most of fibre decussate in the trapezoid body and some remain ipsilaterally 4. the axon ascend in lateral lemniscus to synapse with inferior colliculus 5. the axons synapse in medial geniculate body of thalamus 6. the axon ascend through internal capsule to primary auditory cortex Define impedance matching Definition : Transference of energy from medium of air (middle and explain the underlying air) to fluid (inner air) -> to overcome sound energy lost mechanism 1. surface area of TM and oval window reduced by 17x 2. ossicular lever system which arm of malleus longer than incus 3. curved membrane mech cause force transmitted from center of TM 6. Transduction pathway 1. vibration of basillar membrane cause bending of streocilia of hair cells 2. produce a charge in K+ conductance of hair cell m’brane 3. bending toward kinocilium open K+ channel -> depolarization -> action potential occur 4. bending away from kinocilium closes K+ channel -> Hyperpolarization -> no action potential generated -> no sound 5. depolarization open Ca2+ channel in presynaptic of hair cells 6. Ca2+ influx cause release of neurotransmitter -> EPSP 7. AP transmitted via afferent cochlear nerves to auditory cortex 8. info is being translated and sound is perceived 7. Describe the origin, course 1. begin at cerebral cortex and termination of 2. the fibre converge in corona radiata, pass through post. Limb IC 3. the fibre near genu innervate cervical, further innerv LL Corticospinal 4. then pass through middle third of crus cerebri of midbrain tract 5. corticospinal tract broken into many bundle in pons - pontine N. 6. then form together at medulla oblongata forming pyramid - Anterior 7. fibre that cross midline at decussation of pyramid -> LCST - Lateral a) LCST enter LATERAL white column of spinal cord b) terminate at ant. Gray horn of C, T, L, S region 8. uncrossed fibre -> ACST a) ACST enter ANTERIOR White column of SC -> C, T b) fibre cross ant. White commissure c) fibre terminate at anterior gray horn on opposite side Lateral spinothalamic tract 1. axon enter SC through dorsal root ganglion 2. it will ascend or descend 1-2 of SC thru Tract of Lissauer Pain, thermal sensation 3. axon 1st ON terminate by synapse in cell in Post. Gray column 4. axon 2nd ON cross obliquely to ant. & white Commissure 5. it ascend to brainstem through LSPT 6. it pass between inferior olivary nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in medulla oblongata 7. it accompanies with anterior spinothalamic and spinotectal form spinal lemniscus 8. it pass between posterior part of pons 9. pass through tegmentum lateral to medial lemniscus in midbrain 10. 2nd ON synapse in ventral posterolateral nucleus VPL of thalam 11. 3rd ON pass the neuron to the somesthetic area in postcentral gyrus in vertebral cortex through Post. Limb IC & Corona Radiata Anterior spinothalamic tract 1. axon enter SC through Post. Root ganglion 2. it ascend or descend 1-2 of SC thru post.lat. Tract of Lissauer Light (crude touch) and 3. axon will enter post. Gray column and synapse with 2nd ON pressure 4. it cross obliquely to ant. Gray horn and ant. White commisure 5. it ascend in opposite site of anterolateral white column and ascend as ASPTT 6. it pass medulla oblongata and accompanies with LSPTT and spinotectal formed spinal lemniscus 7. ascend through post. Part of pons and tegmentum of midbrain 8. it synapse with 3rd ON in VPL nucleus of thalamus 9. 3rd ON pass the neuron to PLIC and CR to reach postcentral gyrus 8. Name the division of ANS Sympathetic and Parasympathetic division 4 differences between ANS SNS autonomic and somatic Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle, glands, viscera nervous system Voluntary movement Involuntary movement Consciously perceived Subconsciously perceived sensory input from external sensation from internal body environment invironment 1 neuron 2 neuron Cell body located in CNS 1st neuron – CNS 2nd neuron – outside CNS acetylcholine Acethylcholine & norepinephrine 9. LIST THE COMPONENTS OF 1. thalamus DIENCEPHALON 2. hypothalamus 3. epithalamus 4. subthalamus Function of Thalamus 1. sensory relay station 2. motor relay station Anatomical classification of Y-shaped internal medullary lamina divide thalamus to 3 group thalamic nuclei a) anterior group – ant. Nucleus b) medial group – medial dorsal nucleus c) lateral group i) ventral tier - ventral ant (VA) - ventral lateral (VL) - ventral posterior (VP) – VPL/VPM ii) dorsal tier - lateral dorsal (LD) - lateral posterior (LP) - pulvinar d) Geniculate body (swelling) - MG - LG Functional classification of Nuc Input/aff Output/eff Function thalamic nuclei Ant Mamillary body Cingulate gyrus Limbic syst VA GP, SN Motor/prefrontal Motor activity cortex VL Cerebellum, GP Motor cortex Motor activity VPL Medial leminisci 1’ somatosensory Sensory Spinothalamic T cortex Limb/trunk VPM Trigeminal nuc 1’ somatosensory Sensory from Taste fibre cortex head MG Lateral leminisci 1’ auditory cortex Hearing / auditory Or inf. colliculus LG Optic tract/retina Visual cortex Visual system 10. Region of Hypothalamus Preoptic Preoptic Nucleus Supraoptic - Ant. Nuc Nucleus of Medial Zone - supraoptic - supraciasmatic - paraventricular Tuberal - arcuate  - ventromedial - dorsomedial Mamillary - mammiliary - posterior 11. RECEPTOR DEFINE SENSORY RECEPTOR CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTOR WITH EXAMPLE EACH 4 PROPERTIES OF RECEPTOR 12. DEFINE REFLEX EXPLAIN COMPONENTS OF THE REFLEX ARC WITH THE HELP OF DIAGRAM A4 DESCRIBE FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL REFLEX 13. With a diagram of reflex arc, describe the neural events that produce knee reflex. 14. Describe olfactory 1. odorant molecule binding transduction pathway 2. receptor activation 3. G- Protein activation 4. Adenylate Cyclase activation 5. cAMP production 6. ion channel opening 7. Na+ influx causes depolorization 8. action potential generated 9. Signal transmission along axon of olfactory sensory neuron to olfactory bulb in brain 10. olfactory bulb processing for further interpretation 16. A. Synthesis of catecholamines B. Synthesis of Serotonin c. melatonin  GMT105 1. Decs neural regulation of 1. Apneustic centre : increase stimulation to DRG respiration by receptor 2. increase stimulation will increase activity of DRG centre during forced 3. activates VRG inspiratory neurons respiration 4. contraction of normal inspiratory muscle & accessory inspiratory muscle 5. increasing depth of inspiration -> forceful insp occur Apneustic centre is inhibited by impulse from the lung stretch receptor (vagal afferent) and impuls from pneumotaxic centre 7. DRG and VRG inspiratory centre are inhibited 8. while expiratory centre of VRG is activated 9. inspiratory muscle relax, expiratory muscle contract 10. active expiration/forceful expiration occurs 2. Describe the HCO buffer 1. consist of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion system in acid-base 2. most important buffer in ECF homeostasis 3. respond immediately if has addition of acis/base (sec-min) 4. Req carbonic anhydrase enzyme 5. regulate by respi/renal compensatory mech Major buffer due to? 1. high concentration 2. base component HCO3- regulated by kidneys 3. acid component regulated by respiratory system give introduction to acid - 1. acidosis base disorder 2. alkalosis what is the type of buffers 1. bicarbonate 2. phosphate 3. protein 4. urinary buffers - ammonium & phosphate describe role of protein 1. mostly in blood or intracellular buffer 2. haemoglobin, plasma protein, intracellar protein 3. protein from A.A. 4. has + charge amino group 5. has – charged carboxyl group 6. charged molecule can bind to hydrogen and hydroxyl ion 7. thus, acts as buffer 8. Eg. Hemoglobin from heme and globin chain 9. only globin involve in buffering 10. Hb taken up H+ 11. exhale by the lung 3. Describe chemical regulation 1. Brainstem regulates respiration by processing sensory of respiration information that detected by the sensors 2. sending motor information to the diaphragm 3. The most important sensory information are PCO2, arterial pH and PO2 4. Chemoreceptors: central and peripheral Describe the central 1. Sensitive to change in pH of CSF and brain interstitial fluid chemoreceptor in 2. chemoreceptor detect < pH respiratory system 3. stimulates DRG 4. > ventilation 5. more CO2 expired and PCO2 will < toward normal  List 3 stimuli for activation of 1. PaO2 below 60mmHg peripheral chemoreceptors 2. high PaCO2 3. low Arterial pH Describe the peripheral 1. carotid and aortic bodies is at carotid sinus and aortic arch chemoreceptor in 2. contain glomus cell near endings of afferent nerves respiratory system 3. glomus cell stimulate by < PaO2 (60), > PaCO2 and < Art. pH 4. glomus cell release catecholamines 5. it excites nerve endings of afferent nerves 6. results in increase in ventilation Mechanism in peripheral 1. hypoxia closes O2 sensitive K+ channel chemoreceptor 2. depolarization of glomus cell 3. voltage gated Ca2+ channel open 4. Ca2+ influx to Glomus cell 5. Neurotransmitter release – Dopamine 6. nerve stimulation -> increase ventilation 4. list medullary respiratory 1. dorsal respiratory group DRG centres 2. Ventral respiratory group VRG list pontine respiratory 1. Pneumotaxic centre centres 2. Apneustic centre desc respiratory centre in neural control explain Herring Breuer reflex 1. a pulmonary stretch receptor (mechanoreceptor) 2. within smooth muscle of the airway (bronchi/bronchiole) 3. reflex is to prevent over inflation (overstretch of lung) 4. control coordination with pneumotaxic center 5. inhibit inspiratory neuron – DRG/VRG 6. will increase respiratory rate 5. Describe right lung 4 impressions on mediastinal Relations of structure with respect to hilum (2m) Desc surface anatomy 4m 6. Describe the HCO3- buffer system in acid-base homeostasis A4 7. Briefly describe about nasal septum about its structure, arterial supply and innervation 9. a) types of anti asthma drug and its respective function b) Benefits of oral route drug administration 10. Bronchopulmonary segment a) definition b) names c) position of pulmonary vesses and bronchus d) significance e) applied anatomy 11. a) state 3 predisposing factor of TB  b) Describe formation of granuloma C) function CD4 T cell in TB 12. a) Describe oxygen dissociation curve with a labelled diagram b) Define hypercapnia, hypercabia A4 c) Define Bohr's effect 13. Regarding to larynx, answer a) Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage with the heading as below c) Recurrent laryngeal nerves and external laryngeal nerves : - a) List of cartilages Sensory – Above vocal folds Internal laryngeal& below vocal folds recurrent laryngeal Motor – All intrinsic muscles supplied b) Cavity diagram by recurrent laryngeal nerve except Cricothyroid which is supplied by External laryngeal. Transverse arytenoids by c) Nerve supply External laryngeal & recurrent laryngeal nerve Secretomotor by recurrent laryngeal nerve d) Applied anatomy d) Recurrent laryngeal nerve when cut on one side during thyroidectomy, Affected side cord is fixed in paramedian position. Other side cord moves freely. Voice becomes hoarse. - When both recurrent laryngeal nerves cut both cords are fixed in paramedian position. Patient becomes aphonic & difficulty in respiration on slight exertion. Tracheostomy needed. - When recurrent & external laryngeal nerves involved on both side both cords are abducted as all muscles are paralysed. Called cadaveric position. - Semon’s law– Slow growing tumour (chronic) compresses recurrent laryngeal nerve causes paralysis of abductors first followed by other muscles