Exam 4 Study Outline PDF

EXAM 4 STUDY OUTLINE 12/12/2024 This is a summation of the concepts that I feel are most important for students to understand for the Unit 4 portion of the Final Exam. The first 50 questions of the exam will...

EXAM 4 STUDY OUTLINE 12/12/2024 This is a summation of the concepts that I feel are most important for students to understand for the Unit 4 portion of the Final Exam. The first 50 questions of the exam will cover material from Chapters 16, 17, and 18 and will focus mainly on the information that I stressed during lecture. This is not meant, in any way, to be a comprehensive collection of knowledge required for the test. Instead, it is a list of general principles on which you should focus your studies. If you thoroughly understand, and can apply, all of the concepts listed here, you should do well on this exam. In order to perform well on this test, each student should: Chapter 16 (and 5): The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Place the nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C, and U) into groups o Purines and Pyrimidines o Which of these bases form hydrogen bonds with each other Be able to compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA Basically, you should be able to draw a DNA molecule and identify the following parts o 5’ and 3’ ends o Phosphate groups o Ribose (or deoxyribose) sugar o Nitrogenous bases Be able to analyze the results of experiments described in the beginning of Chapter 16 o DNA replication experiment that supported semi-conservative replication You should be able to describe/label/draw a replication bubble with respect to the following aspects o Location and function of: helicase, single-strand binding proteins, topoisomerase, primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, ligase o The difference between leading and lagging strands o Why is an RNA primer needed to start replication of DNA o What is an Okazaki fragment and how are they eventually joined together to form a continuous DNA strand? Understand the differences between the replication of circular and linear chromosomes o What do telomeres do for Eukaryotic chromosomes and why are they necessary Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Know the process of transcription o How does transcription differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? o What is a promoter and what does it do for transcription o How does RNA polymerase work Understand the processes of initiation, elongation and termination of transcription including the proteins responsible for elongation and the DNA sequences responsible for termination Understand how Eukaryotic RNA transcripts are modified and for what purpose o 5’ Cap o 3’ poly-A tail o What effects can splicing have on potential mRNA molecules o What is a spliceosome and what role do snRNA molecules play in splicing o What is alternative splicing and how does it affect the proteins produced from a specific gene Know the proteins and RNAs involved in the mechanism of translation o mRNA, small subunit of ribosome, large subunit of ribosome o What is the first codon that begins translation and how does it define the 5’ UTR  EXAM 4 STUDY OUTLINE 12/12/2024 o What is the structure and function of tRNA and how exactly does it bridge the gap between mRNA codons and specific amino acids o When does translation end and why Know the different types of DNA mutations that we discussed o What effect do each of them have on the protein produced from that gene o Be able to figure out the change in amino acid sequence caused by a specific mutation in a DNA sequence Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Understand the reasons why a cell needs to regulate the expression of the genes contained in its genome Appreciate the importance of differential gene expression to cell fate determination and organismal development o Be familiar with the mechanisms used in Drosophila development to control gene expression and establish polarity in the early embryo (bicoid example) Understand some of the mechanisms for regulating eukaryotic gene expression o Chromatin structure and DNA availability o Mechanisms controlling the longevity of mRNA or protein o Enhancer regions and combinations of multiple control elements  The availability of activators for specific control elements Understand the typical prokaryotic gene regulation mechanisms o What is an operon? o How and why is the trp operon regulated? Understand the relationship between the control of gene expression and cancer o Know the difference between oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes including important examples of each type o Be aware of the intrinsic connection between cancer, DNA mutation, and the cell cycle