Exam 3 review.pdf

Chapter 32 Concept 32.1 Q: What is the dominant stage in animals’ life cycles? A: The multicellular diploid stage. Q: What is cleavage? A: Cleavage is a series of rapid cell divisions without growth that converts the zygote into a ball of cells. Q: Explain the different stages of development in...

Chapter 32 Concept 32.1 Q: What is the dominant stage in animals’ life cycles? A: The multicellular diploid stage. Q: What is cleavage? A: Cleavage is a series of rapid cell divisions without growth that converts the zygote into a ball of cells. Q: Explain the different stages of development in Figure 32.2 (Blastula, Gastrula, etc.). A: Blastula: A hollow ball of cells. Gastrula: A stage where the blastula undergoes invagination to form layers of embryonic tissues (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Concept 32.2 Q: What protist are animals most closely related to? A: Choanoflagellates. Q: What are the Ediacaran biota? What type of body did they have? A: Ancient, mostly soft-bodied organisms from the late Precambrian. Q: What three hypotheses could explain the rise of Cambrian diversity and the decline of the Ediacaran biota? A: 1. Predator-prey relationships. 2. Increase in atmospheric oxygen. 3. Evolution of Hox genes. Q: Explain the three hypotheses. A: 1. Predator-prey relationships: Evolution of new predator species leading to diverse adaptations. 2. Increase in atmospheric oxygen: Allowed larger and more metabolically active animals to thrive. 3. Evolution of Hox genes: Led to developmental flexibility and new body plans. Concept 32.3 Q: What types of symmetry are found in animals? A: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. Q: What germ tissue layers are present in animals? A: Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Q: What organs are associated with the germ layers? A: Ectoderm: Skin, nervous system.  Mesoderm: Muscles, bones, circulatory system. Endoderm: Digestive tract, respiratory system. Q: What does diploblastic and triploblastic mean? A: Diploblastic: Having two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm). Triploblastic: Having three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Q: What is a coelom and a hemocoel? A: Coelom: A body cavity entirely within the mesoderm. Hemocoel: A primary body cavity containing hemolymph. Q: What is hemolymph? A: The circulatory fluid in organisms with an open circulatory system. Q: What are Acoelomates? A: Animals without a coelom. Q: What animal has both a coelom and a hemocoel? A: Molluscs. Q: Explain the differences between Protostome and Deuterostome development. A: Cleavage: Protostomes have spiral and determinate cleavage; Deuterostomes have radial and indeterminate cleavage. Coelom formation: Protostomes form the coelom by splitting the mesoderm; Deuterostomes form the coelom by outpocketing of the gut. Blastopore fate: In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth; in deuterostomes, it becomes the anus. Chapter 33 Porifera Q: What do sponges lack? A: True tissues and organs. Cnidarians Q: What two types of body plans do they have? A: Polyp and medusa. Q: What kind of digestive system do they have? A: Gastrovascular cavity. Concept 33.3 Q: What type of symmetry do most Lophotrochozoans have? A: Bilateral symmetry. Q: What is a lophophore? A: A crown of ciliated tentacles used for feeding. Q: How does the flat body of Platyhelminthes affect the exchange of gas, waste, and nutrients? A: It increases surface area relative to volume, facilitating diffusion. Q: What is an intermediate host in Trematodes? A: An organism that hosts the larval stages of a parasite. Q: What is parthenogenesis in Rotifers? A: A form of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. Q: What are the three parts of a Mollusc's body plan? A: Foot, visceral mass, and mantle. Q: What is the strap-like feeding structure in Molluscs called? A: Radula. Q: What type of coelom do Molluscs have? A: True coelom. Q: What distinguishes chitons from other molluscs? A: They have eight overlapping dorsal plates. Q: How do gastropods eat? A: Using a radula to scrape food. Q: How are cephalopods different from other mollusc groups? A: They have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and complex brains. Annelids Q: Why are earthworms important agriculturally? A: They aerate the soil and decompose organic matter, enriching the soil. Concept 33.4 Q: What is the tough external coat found in Ecdysozoans called? A: Cuticle. Q: What is the process of shedding the cuticle called? A: Ecdysis. Q: What features are found in nematodes? A: Unsegmented body, pseudocoelom, and a complete digestive system. Arthropods Q: What does their body plan consist of? A: Segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. Q: What are the advantages of having an exoskeleton? A: Protection, support, and preventing water loss. Q: What kind of circulatory system do they have? A: Open circulatory system. Q: What are the three major lineages of Arthropods? A: Chelicerates, Myriapods, and Pancrustaceans. Q: What are the main differences between the two Myriapods? A: Centipedes: One pair of legs per segment, carnivorous. Millipedes: Two pairs of legs per segment, detritivorous. Q: Which adaptations led to an explosion in insect evolution? A: Development of wings, diversification of mouthparts, and coevolution with plants. Q: What are the two ways insects undergo metamorphosis? A: Incomplete metamorphosis: Nymph stages resemble adults. Complete metamorphosis: Larval stages do not resemble adults and go through a pupal stage. Echinoderms Q: Echinoderms and what other group are found in deuterostomia? A: Chordates. Q: What is the water vascular system? A: A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. Chapter 34 Concept 34.1 Q: What are the four key characters of chordates? A: Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a post-anal tail. Q: What makes lancelets unique from other chordates? A: They retain all four key chordate characteristics as adults. Q: Which chordates did ancestral chordates resemble? A: Lancelets. Concept 34.2 Q: What is the neural crest? What features do these cells give rise to in humans? A: A group of embryonic cells that form structures such as bones, cartilage, and neurons in the face and skull. Q: Hagfish (Myxini) and Lampreys (Petromyzontidae) lack what feature? A: Jaws. Q: Which elements were mineralized in conodonts? A: Dental elements (tooth-like structures). Concept 34.3 Q: What are gnathostomes? What are derived characters seen in these? A: Jawed vertebrates with paired fins, a lateral line system, and more complex gills. Q: What is special about the anatomy of Chondrichthyes? A: They have a cartilaginous skeleton. Q: What are osteichthyans? A: Bony fish with a bony endoskeleton. Q: What anatomical feature helps fish with buoyancy? A: Swim bladder. Q: What makes Sarcopterygii (Lobed-finned fishes) different from ray-finned fishes? A: They have fleshy, lobed pectoral and pelvic fins. Tetrapods Q: What are the modifications that were selected for life on land in tetrapods? What characteristics did the Tiktaalik have? A: Tetrapods have limbs with digits, a neck, and a pelvic girdle; Tiktaalik had features intermediate between fish and tetrapods, such as a flat skull and robust ribcage. Amphibians Q: Amphibians undergo what process from larval to adult stage? A: Metamorphosis. Q: Amphibians have skin that needs to remain what? A: Moist. Q: What are the groups of amphibians and how do they differ in locomotion? A: Frogs (jumping), salamanders (walking), and caecilians (burrowing). Q: What is pedomorphosis? A: The retention of juvenile features in the adult stage. Concept 34.5 Q: What groups are amniotes? A: Reptiles, birds, and mammals. Q: What is an amniotic egg? What advantages did this have for tetrapods? A: An egg with specialized membranes (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois) that protect the embryo, allowing it to develop on land. Reptiles Q: What are some derived characters of reptiles? A: Scales, shelled eggs, and internal fertilization. Q: Most are ectothermic. Which group is endothermic? A: Birds. Q: Did that evolve from a common ancestor between this group and mammals? If not, what kind of evolution is that? A: No, it is convergent evolution. Q: What is the difference between diapsids and synapsids? A: Diapsids: Two temporal fenestrae (holes) in the skull. Synapsids: One temporal fenestra in the skull. Q: What groups are in Squamates? What are unique traits to this group? A: Lizards and snakes; traits include elongated bodies and sometimes the loss of limbs. Birds Q: What are these a descendant of? A: Theropod dinosaurs. Q: Which adaptations do they have to improve flight? A: Feathers, hollow bones, and a high metabolic rate. Concept 34.6 Q: What are some derived characters of mammals? A: Mammary glands, hair, and three middle ear bones. Q: What features are unique to monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians? A: Monotremes: Lay eggs. Marsupials: Give birth to undeveloped young that mature in a pouch. Eutherians: Have a complex placenta and give birth to fully developed young. Q: What are some derived characters of primates? A: Opposable thumbs, large brains, and complex social behavior. Q: What are some derived characters of humans? A: Bipedalism, large brain size, and use of complex tools. Chapter 40 Concept 40.1 Q: What process resulted in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenges? A: Convergent evolution. Q: Thicker skeletons are required as what increases? What becomes limited? A: As body size increases, surface area becomes limited. Q: Understand how the exchange of materials across a surface area is changed by size. A: Larger animals have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio, making material exchange less efficient. Q: What can make the exchange of materials more efficient? A: Specialized structures like alveoli in lungs or villi in intestines. Q: Why is interstitial fluid important in the exchange of material across the membrane? A: It acts as a medium for exchange between blood and cells. Q: What is epithelial tissue and where can you find it? A: Tissue that covers the body surfaces and lines cavities. Q: What is the function of connective tissue? A: Supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs. Q: What are the different types of connective tissue? A: Loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Q: What is the function of muscle tissue? A: Movement and contraction. Q: What are the three types of muscle tissue? A: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Q: What does the endocrine system do? A: Regulates bodily functions through hormones. Q: What are hormones? A: Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream. Q: Are these systems gradual or immediate? A: Gradual. Q: What does the nervous system do? A: Controls and coordinates body functions through electrical signals. Q: Are the transmissions fast or slow? A: Fast. Concept 40.2 Q: What is homeostasis? A: The maintenance of stable internal conditions. Q: What is a set point? A: The ideal value for a physiological parameter. Q: What is negative feedback vs. positive feedback? A: Negative feedback: A process that reduces deviations from the set point. Positive feedback: A process that amplifies deviations from the set point. Concept 40.3 Q: Know ectothermy and endothermy. A:  Ectothermy: Dependence on external heat sources. Endothermy: Internal generation of heat. Q: How can animals balance heat loss and gain? A: Through mechanisms like insulation, circulatory adaptations, evaporative cooling, and behavioral responses. Q: What are the five adaptations for balancing heat loss and gain? How do they work? A: 1. Insulation: Reduces heat loss. 2. Circulatory adaptations: Adjust blood flow to the skin. 3. Evaporative cooling: Removes heat through sweating or panting. 4. Behavioral responses: Seeking shade or basking. 5. Adjusting metabolic heat production: Thermogenesis. Q: What is thermogenesis? A: The production of heat, especially by metabolic processes. Q: Which region of the brain is responsible for thermoregulation? A: Hypothalamus. Concept 40.4 Q: What is the metabolic rate? A: The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time. Q: What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)? A: The rate at which an endotherm uses energy while at rest. Q: What is the Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)? A: The rate at which an ectotherm uses energy while at rest. Q: What is the relationship between size and metabolic rate? A: Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates per unit of body mass than larger animals. Q: What is torpor? A: A state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually by a reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. 4o