Biology 1408 Review Chapters 6-7 PDF

**Biology 1408 Review Chapters 6-7** ==================================== **Chapter 6** **Cellular Respiration** 1. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? 2. How is respiration "breathing" different than cellular respiration? 3. In general terms, distinguish between ferment...

**Biology 1408 Review Chapters 6-7** ==================================== **Chapter 6** **Cellular Respiration** 1. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? 2. How is respiration "breathing" different than cellular respiration? 3. In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration. 4. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. 5. How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule in cellular respiration? 6. Describe what the human body requires ATP for. 7. Define oxidation and reduction. 8. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. 9. Describe the role of NAD^+^ in cellular respiration. 10. In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. **Stages of cellular respiration.** 11. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 12. How is ATP made during each stage of cellular respiration? 13. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 14. Does glycolysis require the presence of oxygen? 15. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. 16. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle. 17. Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. 18. Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient. 19. What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain? 20. What are the two steps of oxidative phosphorylation? 21. Describe how the molecule ATP synthase functions. Fig. 6.11 22. Describe where the \[H+\] is highest and lowest in the mitochondria. 23. What is the yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in cellular respiration? 24. Describe the significance of brown fat in adults? 25. How does brown fat differ from white fat? What does brown fat do? 26. How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule in cellular respiration? **Fermentation** 27. Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic respiration. 28. State the basic function of fermentation. 29. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. 30. Know the end products of both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. Fig 6.14 A and B 31. Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration. 32. Distinguish between obligate and facultative anaerobes. 33. Explain when the glycolysis pathway likely evolved. **Connections Between Metabolic Pathways** 34. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP. 35. Explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can contribute to anabolic pathways. **Chapter 7: Photosynthesis** **Introduction to Photosynthesis** 1. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. 2. Describe the structure of a chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments. Fig 7.2 3. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis. 4. In general terms, explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis. 5. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis in general terms. Where do the different reactions occur? 6. Write the equation of the light reaction of photosynthesis. 7. Write the equation for the Calvin cycle. **The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy** 8. Explain the wavelengths of visible light. a. What wavelengths are Red? What are blue? b. Describe the relationship between wavelength and energy 9. Explain how carotenoids protect the cell from damage by light. 10. List the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis. 11. Explain what happens when a solution of chlorophyll *a* absorbs photons. Explain what happens when chlorophyll *a* in an intact chloroplast absorbs photons. 12. List the components of a photosystem and explain the function of each component. 13. Trace the movement of electrons in linear electron flow. **The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO~2~ to Sugar** 14. Understand what the products of one "turn" of the Calvin cycle are. 15. Explain what carbon fixation is. 16. Differentiate between RuBP and rubisco. 17. How many turns of the Calvin cycle will be required to generate a G3P? **Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation** 18. Define photorespiration. 19. State what happens to C3 plants when it is hot. 20. Describe the major consequences of photorespiration. 21. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration. **The Global Significance of Photosynthesis** 22. Where does 50% of the carbohydrates made by photosynthesis go? 23. List two reasons that photosynthesis is important for humans. 24. How may global climate change affect plants? 25. What is the greenhouse effect? 26. Describe the molecule (now banned) that lead to the ozone hole. 27. Where is the ozone hole? What is happening to its size?