Exam 28 Review PPT Through the Years PDF

Module 18 Care of the Pediatric Patient I __________ is the total way a person grows and develops, dictated by inheritance. Height refers to _________ measurement, whereas length refers to _________ measurement.  Tell me what is the type of family 1) Traditional – husband, wife, children (natur...

Module 18 Care of the Pediatric Patient I __________ is the total way a person grows and develops, dictated by inheritance. Height refers to _________ measurement, whereas length refers to _________ measurement.  Tell me what is the type of family 1) Traditional – husband, wife, children (natural or adopted) 2) Grandparents, parents, children, relatives 3) Women or men establish separate households through individual preference, divorce, death, illegitimacy, or desertion 4) Parents who care for children requiring parenting because of a dysfunctional family, no family, or individual problems 5) Communal family 6) Both parents work outside the home because of desire or need 7) Remarriage of persons with children The theorist known for his work on moral development is: What does APGAR stand for? What age range is considered infancy? A. Birth to 6 weeks of age B. Birth to 1 year of age C. 4 weeks to 1 year of age D. 4 weeks to 2 years of age What are the two directional patterns that infants grow in?  Matching 1. Growth A. A progressive increase in the function of the body (e.g., 2. Development infant’s increasing ability to 3. Maturation digest solids) B. An increase in physical size, measured in feet or meters and pounds or kilograms C. The total way a person grows and develops, as dictated by inheritance What is the most important nursing intervention to promote a positive hospital experience for a 1-month-old infant? A. Provision of consistent caregivers B. Provision of consistent sensorimotor stimulation C. Maintenance of a rigid schedule D. Encouraging parents to bring in familiar toys from home What are the best foods for the nurse to recommend for a 2-year-old child diagnosed with mild constipation? A. Wheat crackers and apples B. Shredded wheat and cooked prunes C. Bananas and bran muffins D. Rice and black beans A group of children are observed playing house. Each child is assigned a specific role as mommy, daddy, or child. At what age does A. this type of play typically begin? Between 1 and 2 years old B. Between 3 and 5 years old C. Between 7 and 10 years old D. Between 10 and 13 years old For how many weeks will the infant experience passive immunity from his or her mother? A. 4 B. 8 C. 12 D. 24 Which characteristics are present in a well-nourished child? (Select all that apply.) A. Shiny hair B. Regular elimination C. Pale mucous membranes D. Protruding abdomen E. Erect posture A newborn infant will typically lose 5- _______ % of his or her birth weight by day 3 or 4. A child weighing 35.5 pounds has an oral medication ordered at 0800. The recommended pediatric dosage is 3-5 mg/kg for the ordered drug. As safe dosage for this child would be: A. 75 mg B. 105 mg C. 150 mg D. 200 mg After administering a gastrostomy tube feeding, how would the nurse position an infant? A. Left side B. Supine C. Right Side D. Prone __________ is the most important variable in predicting response to any drug therapy. Why are drugs metabolized more slowly by infants and young children? Which is the preferred way to counteract the effects of an unpleasant-tasting medication? A. Let the child choose whether to mix it with food or not. B. Mix the medication with formula or milk only so that it isn’t skipped. C. Follow with an “ice-pop” chaser. D. Mix with something thick like applesauce  TRUE OR FALSE A. Bradycardia is often the first sign of shock in infants and children. B. Hypotension is an early sign of shock in children. C. Bradycardia is considered a medical emergency in infants and young children. The nurse’s best approach to prepare a toddler for a painful procedure is to: A. be truthful if it will be painful B. avoid telling him it might hurt C. prepare early so he can ask questions D. have his mother explain what will happen Match the stage of separation anxiety with the behavior that corresponds with the behavior: 1. Denial A. Child is sad and depressed 2. Despair B. Child becomes interested in his or her surroundings 3. Protest C. Child cries continuously for “ mommy”  True or False? a. Every child reacts differently to the hospital experience b. During hospitalization, a caring and compassionate nurse can take the place of a child’s primary caregivers. c. Hospitalization can be a positive experience for children. To help minimize separation anxiety in a hospitalized toddler, the nurse may suggest the parents bring a favorite toy from home. This is toy is known as a _____________________. What are the ages? 1) Infant: 2) School-age: 3) Fetus: 4) Adolescent: 5) Preschool: 6) Neonate: 7) Toddler: Matching (1) Abraham Maslow a. proposed intellectual maturity is developed through four orderly and distinct states of development (2) Erik Erikson b. Suggests that moral development in children is sequential. Emphasizes the conscience of the (3) Lawrence Kohlberg individual within the society (4) Jean Piaget c. stages of child development must be mastered at each age to achieve optimum maturity d. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid must be met before one can fulfill needs at the next level.  Match Jean Piaget States of Development Theory (1) Sensorimotor A. 2-7 years (2) Preoperational B. 11 years and older (3) Concrete Operations C. Birth to 2 years (4) Formal Operations D. 7-11 Match Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory (1) Preconventional A. 12 years and older (2) Conventional B. 4-7 years (3) Postconventional C. 7-11 years  Match Erik Erikson States of Development Theory (1) Infant A. Industry vs. Inferiority (2) Toddler B. Identity vs. Role Confusion (3) Preschool C. Trust vs. Mistrust (4) School Age D. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (5) Adolescent E. Initiative vs. Guilt When should you not introduce whole cow’s milk vs. when should you not introduce low-fat milk? Match the Play for That Age pt 1 1. Infant A. Parallel play 2. 1 to 2 years B. Fantasy play; cliques 3. 3-5 years C. Competitive play 4. 5-7 years D. Symbolic Group Play; Secret Club 5. 7-10 years E. Cooperative Play/Creative Play 6. 10-13 years F. Explore, Imitate 7. 13-18 years  Young children are playing with action figures in the hospital playroom. Closer observation reveals they are playing alongside one another, rather than interacting with each other. The nurse is observing: A mother verbalizes concern that her second-born son is reaching milestones but not as quickly as her first-born child. What would the nurse’s best response be? A. “I will let the physician know right away.” B. “Norms can vary greatly for the individual child.” C. “Milestones should be reached consistently by each child.” D. “A psychology consult should be ordered.” What food might cause botulism if given to an infant? A. Sugar B. Honey C. Egg yolk D. Green beans What characteristic of physical development best describes the development of an 8- month-old? A. Sits steadily alone B. Shows preference for one hand C. Cruises on furniture D. Development of tears appear A 9-month-old infant starts crying when the nurse takes him to sit on the exam table. The mother seems upset and states, “My baby knows that you will be doing something that hurts.” What is the best response by the nurse? A. “The injections will be over quickly. I will let you provide comfort then.” B. “Your baby is scared to be away from you. I will let you provide further comfort when I am done.” C. “Your baby probably has a wet or dirty diaper. This will probably go better if you change it first.” D. “Your baby will not remember this, and we have to do it so your baby can go to school when it is time.” Which milestone would the nurse be most concerned with for a 12-month-old infant during a well-child checkup? A. Unable to pull up to a sitting position B. Unable to walk 10 to 15 steps C. Doesn’t drink from a sippy cup D. Provides frequent objections to food What techniques should be used to soothe the irritable infant? (Select all that apply.) A. Vigorous rocking B. Singing C. Nonnutritive sucking D. Changing position frequently E. Swaddling snugly with the hands near the face Protective arm extension that occurs when an infant is suddenly thrust downward when prone is known as the parachute reflex and usually appears by age _________ months. ________ is NOT a good index for health in infants What is the term that characterized by periods of unexplained irritably and crying in a healthy, well-fed infant. Question: The primary use of growth and development guidelines is to: A. Help parents anticipate their child’s changing needs B. Compare children of similar ages with each other C. Predict general intelligence and school performance D. Identify the child who may have intellectual disability During the first week of life, the newborn’s weight: A. Increases about 5% to 10% B. Decreased about 5% to 10% C. Stabilizes D. Fluctuates widel A newborn weighed 7lbs 11oz at birth. What would the nurse expect this infant to weight at 12 months of age? A. 15lbs B. 20lbs C. 23lbs D. 25lbs Which of the following is a developmental red flag for a 3-month-old infant that the nurse should record and report? A. The infant does not attempt to raise her head when placed on her abdomen B. The infant cannot sit without support C. The infant exhibits stranger anxiety D. The infant does not smile responsively E. C F. A and C G. A and D H. All the above Appropriate sensory stimulation is needed to promote what type of infant development? How many hours do babies need to fed for breast-fed vs bottle? Which one burns quicker? A nurse counsels a mother who is starting her baby on solid foods that she should wait _____ days before introducing the next food. A. 1-2 days B. 2-3 days C. 4-7 days D. 7-14 days A mother expresses her concern that her 1 year old infant is overweight. She states that her family tends to be overweight and wishes to discontinue formula feedings and start the infants on low-fat milk. The nurse assesses that the present weight of the infant is 24lbs; the infant’s birth weight was 8lb 2oz. The best response of the nurse would be: A. To place the infant on low-fat milk because the infant is slightly overweight at this time. B. To place the infant on regular whole milk because the infant’s weight is appropriate for his age C. To indicate that the infant is underweight for his age and needs to have supplemental formula added to the diet D. To note that the infancy is a period of rapid growth and weight loss will occur as the infant becomes more active The nurse an reassure parents that their infant’s colic will probably not last beyond the age of: A. 1 month B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 9 months The nurse is discussing home safety with the mother of a 4- month-old infant. Which of the following is a top priority? A. Placing locks on cabinet doors that contain cleaning supplies B. Covering electrical outlets C. Raising and securing crib side rails D. Encouraging reading and talking to the infant What could the nurse recommend to the child’s mother to encourage a toddler to practice independence? A. Offer a variety of items to choose from to stimulate his mind B. Allow the child to determine his own daily routine C. Offer him a choice between two items D. Set the routine herself, but discuss with her how she would have done it differently What finding would concern the nurse assessing vital signs on a 2- year-old child? A. Temperature of 37.1 C (98.8 F) B. Pulse at 108 beats/minute C. Respirations of 36 breaths/minute D. Blood pressure of 90/60mmHg Parents tell the nurse they are frustrated with their toddler’s recent behavior and refusal to agree with anything they ask of them. What does the nurse explain as the term for when a toddler tests their own power? A. Food fads B. Tantrums C. Negativism D. Dawdling What instruction should the nurse include when planning anticipatory guidance for parents of a toddler? A. Adhere to a rigid schedule because the toddler is ritualistic B. Limit-setting should include praise C. Shoes should fit snugly at the toe and arch D. Dress the toddler in pants with a zipper so that he or she can learn to zip and unzip clothes The nurse is planning to explain the use of time-outs to the parent of a 3-year- old child. How many minutes will the nurse indicate is appropriate for t a child of this age? A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9 What guideline should an adult following when speaking to a toddler? A. Be at eye level with the child B. Hold by the shoulders to keep the child’s attention C. Seat the child to focus on conversation D. Speak in a firm strong voice What intervention must the nurse suggest as help for a child with enuresis? A. Applying an electric pad that gently shocks the child B. Waking the child several times during the night to urinate C. Decreasing fluid intake after the evening meal D. Increasing dietary fiber intake How would the nurse advise a parent who states, “I never know how much food to feed my child”? A. Serving sizes should not exceed 1 teaspoon of each type of food B. Food quantities must be carefully measured to avoid overfeeding C. A toddler should eat three balanced meals. Snacks are not necessary D. Use 1 tablespoon of each food for each year of age as a guideline The nurse is discussing toilet training with parents. What behavior by the child would identify toilet training readiness? A. Willing to sit on the potty for 15 to 20 minutes B. Dry in the daytime for 4-hour periods C. Able to communicate that he or she is wet D. Curious about bathroom activities The nurse suggests offering which food(s) to support the toddler’s desire to self- feed? (Select all that apply.) A. Pureed foods B. Finger foods C. Foods served cold D. Foods in colorful dishes E. Foods that are varied in texture The nurse observed three toddlers playing side by side with dolls. Closer observation revealed that the children were not interacting with one another. What type of play is this? A. Solitary B. Parallel C. Associative D. Cooperative Why does day care for the toddler differ from that of the preschooler? A. Toddlers need more group play B. Toddlers are less prone to environmental dangers C. Toddlers require less outdoor space D. Toddlers have a shorter attention spa What would the nurse assessing growth and development of a 2-year-old child expect to find? A. Twenty deciduous teeth have erupted. B. The child can hop on one foot C. The child has a vocabulary of 900 words. D. The child jumps with both feet. Parents of a 2-year-old child verbalize frustration over their child’s behavior. They report that he is inconsistent and frequently says no to their requests. What education should the nurse provide at this time? A. The child must be getting ill. B. The physician should be notified immediately. C. Behavioral therapy is indicated. D. This is called negativism and is normal behavior. At what age do toddlers usually recognize sexual differences? A. 12 months B. 18 months C. 24 months D. 36 months What is the cause of most childhood deaths? A. Sudden infant death syndrome B. Accidents C. Leukemia D. Influenza According to Erikson, what is the correct stage of development for the toddler? A. Initiative versus guilt B. Trust versus mistrust C. Industry versus inferiority D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt Correct What guideline should parents of a toddler follow when feeding solid food? A. One tablespoon of food per year of age B. Allow toddler to eat until full C. Set a timer for a predetermined amount of time D. One tablespoon of protein and vegetables at each meal Which type of play is typical during the initial toddler years? A. pretend play B. cooperative play C. Sharing D. parallel play Which characteristics are displayed when a child experiences separation anxiety? (Select all that apply.) A. Frustration B. Protest C. Despair D. Attachment E. Detachment F. Forgiveness What is the norm for preschool child?  Visual acuity is 20/40 by age:  Visual acuity is 20/20 by age:  Normal pulse rate  Normal respirations  Normal systolic and diastolic  Amount off teeth between 3-5?  Matching 1. Animism A. Concentrating on a single aspect of an object 2. Artificialism B. Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects 3. Centering C. Involuntary urination after the age at which bladder control should have been established 4. Egocentrism D. Viewing everything in reference to oneself 5. Enuresis E. Belief that everything is created by people 6. Stuttering F. A disorder in the rhythm of speech According to Piaget, preschool-age children are in the __________ phase of cognitive development ____________, is usually lasting 1 minute per year of age, with the child sitting in a straight chair facing a corner, are considered an effective discipline technique. _________ has several documented benefits in the first year of life it causes the following: a) increased weight gain b) decreased crying c) development of self-consoling ability d) increased behavioral organization At what age do preschool children gradually move from parallel and associative play to cooperative play? What kind of therapy is is useful in communicating with children and adults? It assists children to express their feelings and communicate through drawings, clay, and other media. Erikson refers to school age children (6-12) as the phase of what? Romantic love for the parent of the opposite sex diminishes, and children identify with the parent of the same sex, Freud refers to this period as: The type of acceptance that school-age children receive at home and at school will affect the attitudes they develop about themselves and their role in life, Piaget refers to the thought processes of this period as: What is the term used to describe a gender role concept that incorporates both masculine and feminine qualities? Which describes the cognitive abilities of school-age children? A. Have developed the ability to reason abstractly B. Are capable of scientific reasoning and formal logic C. Progress from making judgments based on what they reason based on what they see D. Able to classify, to group and sore, and to hold a concept in their minds while making decisions based on that concept A group of boys ages 9 and 10 years have formed a “boys-only” club that is open to neighborhood and school friends who have skateboards. This should be interpreted as: a. behavior that reinforces poor peer relationships b. behavior encourages bullying and sexism c. characteristic of social development at this age d. characteristic of children who later are at risk for membership in gangs The school nurse has been asked to begin teaching sex education in the fifth grade. The nurse should recognize that: a. children in fifth grade are too young for sex education b. children should be discouraged for asking too many questions c. correct terminology should be reserved for children who are older d. sex can be presented as a normal part of growth and development The nurse is teaching a group of 10- to 12- year-old children about physical development during the school-age years. Which statement made by a participant, indicates the correct understanding of the teaching? a. “My body weight will be almost triple in the next few years.” b. “I will grow an average of 2 inches per year from this point on.” c. “There are not that many physical differences amount school-aged children.” d. “I will have a gradual increase in fat, which may contribute to a heavier appearance.” A nurse is planning care for a 7-year-old child hospitalized with osteomyelitis. Which activities should the nurse plan to bring from the playroom for the child? (Select all that apply) a. Paper and some paints b. Board games c. Jack in the box d. Stuffed animals e. Computer games When teaching injury prevention during the school-age years, what should the nurse include? a. Teach children to fear strangers b. Teach basic rules of water safety c. Avoid letting child cook in microwave ovens d. Caution child again engaging in competitive sports A 4-year-old girl is outside playing and tells her father that the “flowers are talking and having a tea party.” This is an example of what? A. Animism B. Artificialism C. Egocentrism D. Centering A 3-year-old child’s mother reports that she “seems to understand what is said, but when she wants something just points.” What does the nurse suspect this child is displaying? A. A normal occurrence for a preschool child B. Language loss C. An articulation disorder D. An expressive language delay A group of preschool children sit on chairs they have arranged in two lines to pretend they are riding a bus. What type of play is this an example of? A. Centering B. Parallel play C. Artificialism D. Symbolic functioning What is the most appropriate activity for a 5-year-old child? A. Riding a tricycle B. Playing a soccer game C. Watching television D. Stacking colorful blocks A child is 25 pounds at his 1-year well visit. The nurse would expect him to be approximately _____ pounds at his 5-year well visit. A. 45 B. 50 C. 60 D. 75 Which intervention is considered inappropriate when disciplining a preschool child? A. Provide discipline at time of incident B. Provide warning about poor choices, but not too many C. Provide timeouts lasting 1 minute per year of age D. Administer spanking for dangerous behaviors Correct Which intervention would be appropriate when dealing with a preschooler’s sexual curiosity? A. Use correct terminology to prevent misunderstanding. Correct B. Defer questions about sexuality until the child is older. C. Allow a sibling to share basic information. D. Both parents should be present for any question/answer sessions. Which theorist stated that the school-age child is in a time of sexual latency? A. Piaget B. Kohlberg C. Erikson D. Freud A child with an allergy to animal dander has asked his parents for a pet. What would be the best response from the nurse? A. Children with allergies should not have pets. B. A cat would be the best choice. C. Desensitization of the child will be necessary. D. Having an allergy to animal dander does not rule out pet ownership. What is the most appropriate intervention to instruct parents to implement when a child gets his or her tooth knocked out? A. “Your child will need a tetanus shot ASAP.” B. “Please put the tooth in milk and call the dentist.” C. “Place ice on the jaw and go to the emergency room.” D. “If it is bleeding, apply pressure. If not, make an appointment with the dentist.” Which actions can help to prevent obesity? (Select all that apply.) A. Occasionally skipping a meal B. Eating breakfast every day C. Increasing physical activity D. Encouraging computer time E. Eating family meals What are the benefits to assigning chores to a 12-year-old? (Select all that apply.) A. Helps get the work done B. Helps the child take responsibility C. Helps the child burn energy D. Helps the child develop self-esteem Which stage of adolescent development is considered the time of greatest turmoil for most families? A. Early adolescence B. Middle adolescence C. Late adolescence D. Transitional adolescence What is the best food choice for the nurse to recommend an adolescent eat before an important exam? A. Fish and rice B. Eggs and bacon C. Pancakes and sausage D. A peanut butter sandwich and grapefruit The mother of a 15-year-old girl states that her daughter always believes people are looking at her. What is the best education the nurse can provide at this time? A. This is unusual behavior and may require counseling. B. This may begin to interfere with the girl’s development. C. This is behavior that should be discussed with the physician. D. This is normal behavior for an adolescent A physical exam of an adolescent female reveals projection of the areola and papilla to form a secondary mound on the breast. According to Tanner, which stage of sexual maturity is this considered? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Which is considered a sign of depression in the adolescent? A. Change in school performance B. Experimenting with members of the same sex C. Becoming secretive about activities with peer groups D. Decrease in appetite during the school day A parent can best help an adolescent make a wise decision by: A. Explaining what he or she would have done when he or she was a teenager B. Reviewing problems with the decision after the teenager makes it C. Serving as a role model by making the decision for the teenager D. Respecting the teenager’s decision, even if he or she makes a mistake Younger adolescents tend to be egocentric because they are: A. Certain that their parents are ignorant B. Believe no one is paying attention to them C. Preoccupied with their physical development D. Proud of their greater responsibilities The major psychosocial task of adolescence is to develop a sense of: A. Sexual orientation B. Concern for other people C. Family unity D. Identity as an individual The adolescent’s peer group helps him or her move away from: A. Same-sex friendships B. Values of his or her family C. Individual responsibility D. Dependence on his or her family The nurse assessing an adolescent’s physical development knows that the Tanner stages describe the: A. Sequence of physical maturation in the adolescent B. Change from concrete thinking to abstract thinking C. Hormonal changes that cause ovulation and menstruation D. Development of a mature gender identity Austin’s mother is worried about the change for the worse in the behavior of her only child who is 14 years old. “Our family has always enjoyed many activities together, but now Austin only wants to be with his friends. He doesn’t seem to care that his clothes look bizarre, and yet he’s constantly fussing about his hair. He never seems to pay attention. I’m afraid his grades will fall, and he won’t get into a good college.” What advice can you offer Austin’s mother to help her understand her son’s behavior? What is the best food choice for an adolescent who just finished playing a game of field hockey? A. Cheese slice B. Chocolate bar C. Garden salad D. Toasted bagel An adolescent who adopts a strict vegetarian diet is at risk for a deficiency of which nutrient? A. Carbohydrates B. Vitamin C C. Protein D. Fiber Which is considered a sign of depression in the adolescent? A. Experimenting with members of the same sex B. Becoming secretive about activities with peer groups C. Decrease in appetite during the school day D. Decline in school performance Most accidents involving adolescents occur when they: A. Participate in contact sports B. Handle guns or knives C. Drive a car or other vehicle D. Work at part-time jobs Megan, 15 years old, confides to you that she & her boyfriend have had sex a few times. Megan is concerned about getting pregnant but does not know much about contraception. She says that talking to her parents about sex & contraception is out of the question. A. How can you help Megan make responsible decisions concerning her sexuality? B. What problems may arise in adolescents who become parents? You are assigned care for a 14-year- old boy. He responds to your questions with one-word answers. What strategies would you use to establish a rapport with this adolescent? Matching (Chemical to Household Inhalants) 1. Benzene A. Found in spot removers 2. Propane or butane B. Found in refrigerants and aerosol 3. Freon C. Found in gasoline 4. Toluene D. Found in paint remover, pain 5. Trichloroethylene thinner and gasoline E. Found in lighter fluid and hair spray What supplement may female athletes may have to take? Vegetarians or those that exclude animal porteins, eggs, and dairy for diet (vegans) may need what supplement? What are new adolescent eating habits?  When do they hit puberty? Boys: Girls: