Exam 2 Study Guide - Fall 2023-2.pdf

Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 4 What is energy transformation? Give examples. What is potential energy and kinetic energy? What are anabolic versus catabolic pathways? How are they different? What is the first law of thermodynamics? (Study all three statements on slide 7 of Chapter 4) What are exergon...

Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 4 What is energy transformation? Give examples. What is potential energy and kinetic energy? What are anabolic versus catabolic pathways? How are they different? What is the first law of thermodynamics? (Study all three statements on slide 7 of Chapter 4) What are exergonic and endergonic reactions? How are they different? What are enzymes? What is their function? How are they regulated? What is oxidative phosphorylation or cellular respiration? (Ans. It includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) What does chemiosmosis involve? What is glycolysis? What is produced at the end of glycolysis? What is the citric acid cycle? Where does it take place? What is lactic acid fermentation? Where does it occur? What is aerobic respiration? What is anaerobic respiration? Chapter 5 What are autotrophs and heterotrophs? Where do they obtain their energy from? Give examples of autotrophs and heterotrophs. What is chlorophyll? Where is it located? What is its function? What are the different types? Which colors do chlorophyll a and b reflect? What is photosynthesis? What products are produced at the end of photosynthesis? What is visible light? What is a light-dependent reaction? Where does it take place? Which two energy molecules are produced/generated by light-dependent reactions? What is the Calvin cycle? Where does it take place? What are the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle? What are thylakoids? How are they different in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes? Chapter 6 What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? What are genes and how are they expressed in an organism? What are the phases of the cell cycle in order? Include them ALL. When is DNA replicated in the cell cycle? When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis? What does it take for a cell to pass the various cell checkpoints? What are gene mutations? What is a proto-oncogene and what does it code for? What is a tumor suppressor gene and what does it code for? What is binary fission and how is it different from mitosis? Does this occur in eukaryotes or prokaryotes? What does an oncogene do? Chapter 7 What is the difference between a cleavage furrow and a cell plate in cytokinesis? What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Pros and Cons of both. How does the alterations of generations' life cycle work? What is the difference between the two life cycles: Diploid-dominant and Haploid- dominant? How many daughter cells does meiosis produce? Are they diploid or haploid? Are gametes haploid or diploid? What is crossing over and when does it occur? What is nondisjunction and how does it happen? What is an inversion and how does it happen? What is a synapsis? Chapter 8 Define Independent Assortment. Define a Diploid Zygote. What are the basics of heredity? What is the difference between the laws of inheritance and the laws of dominance? Who stated them both? Describe what a homologous chromosome is. When is a test cross used? What is a monohybrid cross and a Punnett square? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Karyotype? What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? And when are they expressed? Draw the Punnett square for the genotype AABb and list the types of gametes that can be produced. What is the difference between Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and Multiple Alleles? What are the sex-linked traits and how do they work? What is Epistasis? What is the difference between a polyploid and an aneuploid individual/organism?