2025 Honors Midyear Study Guide - PDF

Name:____________________________________Date:__________Block:___ MidYear Review Questions Try answering these questions on your own without notes first. For those you do not know, refer to notes or text to complete. ANATOMY 1. List the function, parts (com...

Name:____________________________________Date:__________Block:___ MidYear Review Questions Try answering these questions on your own without notes first. For those you do not know, refer to notes or text to complete. ANATOMY 1. List the function, parts (components), and the role of each of the following human body systems. Body System Major Components Functions Role in Homeostasis Nervous Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Urinary 2. Explain how the circulatory and the respiratory systems work together to support life. 3. Define Homoeostasis and explain the role of negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis. 4. Given the following diagram--answer the questions below: a.​ What type of feedback is being shown? b.​ What is the variable being controlled? c.​ What body systems are involved in this feedback system? 5. Explain how the nervous system and endocrine system (hormones) relay messages in the human body. 6. Enzymes play an important role in digestion. Describe in detail where enzymes would be found in the digestive system, where they are made and their role in the digestive process. page 1 of 5  7. Identify the function of the following body parts: Kidney Stomach Pancreas Heart Small intestine Large intestine Capillaries Alveoli Artery Vein Trachea Bronchus/Bronchioles Gallbladder Liver Bladder Red Blood Cell Esophagus Epiglottis White Blood Cell Sensory Neuron Peripheral Nervous Motor Neuron Mouth Platelet System MOLECULES OF LIFE 1.​ What 6 elements are the most common in all living things? 2.​ Which of the 6 is the central element in organic compounds? 3.​ Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds. 4.​ What are ionic and covalent bonds? How do Hydrogen bonds compare? 5.​ List the four types of organic compounds and describe the function of each, their monomer or building block and give an example of each. Organic compound Elements Monomer/Building block Function Examples Present 6.​ Define enzymes and use the lock and key model or the induced fit model to explain why enzymes are considered specific. Explain how the following factors change an enzyme reaction: concentration of enzyme, concentration of substrate, temperature, pH. 7.​ Calculate the rate of a reaction. 8.​ Describe why water is a polar molecule. What properties of water result from it being polar? page 2 of 5 CELLS 1.​ List 3 differences between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. Identify the type of cell from a diagram. 2.​ List the function of the following organelles. Nucleus Chloroplast Ribosome Vesicle Cell membrane Lysosomes Mitochondria Cell wall 3.​ List 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells? Identify the type of cell from a diagram. 4.​ What would a fungus or a protist cell look like? 5.​ Describe the structure of a virus. How does its structure contrast the structure of a cell? CELL TRANSPORT 1.​ Describe the structure of the cell membrane and reflect on how that structure helps in performing its function as a selectively permeable membrane. 2.​ Explain the major difference between active and passive transport. 3.​ Define diffusion. What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion? 4.​ Define osmosis. Which way will the water move in each of the following examples? Identify each as hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic: page 3 of 5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1.​ What is photosynthesis? Include the chemical equation with both words and molecular formula. 2.​ Which wavelengths of light are utilized in chlorophyll in photosynthesis? 3.​ What are the two processes that make up photosynthesis? Include where in the chloroplast they occur. 4.​ What are the main products of the light reactions that are utilized in the Calvin Cycle? 5.​ Describe how a proton gradient is formed and how it results in the production of ATP. 6.​ What is cellular respiration? Include the chemical equation with both words and molecular formula. 7.​ Name and describe the two types of cellular respiration. 8.​ What are the 3 processes involved in aerobic respiration? Indicate where in the mitochondria they occur. 9.​ Explain the role of NADH and FADH2 as electron carriers. 10.​ Explain the relationship of photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle. 11.​ What is the structure and function of ATP? Describe the change in structure as ATP releases energy for the cell’s use. DNA STRUCTURE, REPLICATION & MITOSIS 1.​ Why is replication considered a semi-conservative process? 2.​ What does it mean that DNA is antiparallel? How does this result in the two strands being replicated differently? 3.​ How does the leading strand and the lagging strand get replicated differently? 4.​ a. What are chromosomes? b. How many chromosomes do humans have? c. From whom do we get these chromosomes? d. Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes. e. Define homologous chromosomes. page 4 of 5 5.​ For each stage of the cell cycle list the significant events? a.​ Interphase: b.​ Mitosis c.​ Cytokinesis 6.​ List the four phases of mitosis and describe the events in each phase. 7.​ What is produced at the end of Mitosis? page 5 of 5