Bio Study Guide Final 90% PDF

Key Processes Process Description Photosynthesis Converts light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular Respiration Breaks down glucose in the presence of oxy...

Key Processes Process Description Photosynthesis Converts light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular Respiration Breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic) to produce ATP. Nitrogen Fixation The process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia or related nitrogenous compounds in soil. Decomposition The breakdown of dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil and completing the nutrient cycle. Key Concepts in Ecosystems ​ Energy Flow: The transfer of energy through a food web, from producers to consumers and decomposers. ​ Matter Cycling: The movement and transformation of matter (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) through biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems. ​ Niche: The role or function of an organism or species within an ecosystem, including its habitat, resource use, and interactions with other organisms. Key Investigations ​ Investigating Homeostasis: Students conduct experiments to observe how organisms respond to changes in their environment, such as temperature or pH. ​ Photosynthesis Experiments: Using models to demonstrate how light intensity and carbon dioxide levels affect the rate of photosynthesis. ​ Cellular Respiration Studies: Measuring the production of carbon dioxide and consumption of oxygen in different conditions to understand aerobic vs anaerobic respiration. Key Models  ​ Food Web Model: Illustrates the flow of energy and matter through different trophic levels in an ecosystem. ​ Carbon Cycle Model: Shows the movement of carbon through the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere, highlighting processes like photosynthesis and respiration. ​ Nitrogen Cycle Model: Depicts the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification, illustrating how nitrogen moves through the ecosystem. Facts to Memorize ​ Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ​ Cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP ​ Major macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids ​ Essential elements for life: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S) ​ Structure of DNA: Double helix, composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) ​ Structure of RNA: Single-stranded, contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) Reference Information ​ Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs. ​ Mitochondria are the organelles where cellular respiration occurs. ​ Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. ​ Homeostasis is the process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival. Problem-Solving Steps To analyze the relationship between biochemical processes and energy use: 1.​ Identify the biochemical process (e.g., photosynthesis or cellular respiration). 2.​ Write the chemical equation for the process. 3.​ Determine the inputs and outputs of the process. 4.​ Explain how energy is transformed during the process. 5.​ Discuss the significance of the process in the context of cellular function and organismal health. Concept Comparisons Concept Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria Inputs Carbon dioxide, water, light Glucose, oxygen energy Outputs Glucose, oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, ATP Energy Transformation Light energy to chemical Chemical energy to usable energy energy (ATP) Organisms Plants, algae, some All aerobic organisms, some bacteria anaerobic organisms