Exam II Study Guide PDF

**Exam II Study Guide** **\*Review all self-checks, online quizzes, and study worksheets/handouts that I have provided** **LABS\ Lab 6- Enzymes** 1. Understand how enzymes function. 2. What chemical reaction does lactase catalyze? 3. What is lactose intolerance? About how many people are lac...

**Exam II Study Guide** **\*Review all self-checks, online quizzes, and study worksheets/handouts that I have provided** **LABS\ Lab 6- Enzymes** 1. Understand how enzymes function. 2. What chemical reaction does lactase catalyze? 3. What is lactose intolerance? About how many people are lactose intolerant? When/why did lactose tolerance develop (see weeks 4 +5 review; detailed info in FYI section of weeks 4 + 5) 4. Be able to recognize/draw/label a pH and temperature graph for lactase. Explain why the optimal pH and temperature is as shown. What is denaturation? When/why does it occur? How does it affect enzyme function? **Photosynthesis Lab (simulation + video)** 1. Be able to interpret a graph of light intensity versus dissolved oxygen. 2. Under what conditions (regarding light intensity) is there more dissolved oxygen? Why? Is there more or less photosynthesis occurring under this condition? 3. What is the Great Oxygenation Event? When did it occur? What is its significance? What organism was responsible for this event? **Lab 8** 1. Be able to identify the stage that cells are in when viewing a diagram or an image of a slide of stained cells. 2. Even if you didn't visualize the cells under each stage in lab activity A, be able to answer the questions for each stage. **(Weeks 4 +5) Metabolic Pathways** Energy and Metabolism 1. Be able to recognize the chemical reactions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration 2. Understand the difference between anabolism and catabolism 3. What is the first law of thermodynamics? 4. Know the difference between potential and kinetic energy 5. Understand the structure and function of enzymes. Understand the importance of R groups to this relationship. 6. Know the terms: substrate, enzyme, product, active site, substrate-enzyme complex. Be able to label a reaction with these. 7. What happens when enzymes are exposed to high heat? Understand optimal enzyme conditions. Understand enzyme specificity. 8. What is denaturation? 9. What is phosphorylation? ATP in living systems 10. How is energy released from ATP? **[Cellular Respiration]** 11. What is required for each chemical reaction of the metabolic pathway? 12. What are the main steps of cellular respiration? 13. What "goes into" and "comes out of" each step? Where does each step occur in the cell? 14. What is the overall goal of cellular respiration? 15. Understand oxidation, reduction (Redox rxns, "LEO says GER") 16. How do NAD+ and NADH function in Redox reactions? (How would you describe each in terms of its function with electrons? Electron acceptor? Electron donor? Etc) 17. How much ATP is produced in glycolysis? 4 total, but 2 net (2 used as energy to perform glycolysis) 18. What is decarboxylation? When does it occur during cellular respiration? 19. What are the main products of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? 20. In what stage of cellular respiration is most of the ATP produced? 21. What are the steps of the electron transport chain? (3 main steps) 22. Compare respiration to fermentation. a. Which produces more ATP? Respiration produces more b. Which is aerobic? Which is anaerobic? 23. If an organism has the genes/enzymes for both aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation, what determines which pathway will be used by that organism? Why? 24. What are the two types of fermentation? 25. How much ATP is produced during fermentation? \~36 26. produced/regenerated in fermentation after the first glycolysis step? (hint: this is an essential step/function of fermentation) 27. Where/when can fermentation occur in human cells? In cells that have mitochondria. Ex: bone muscle cells = YES, Red blood cells = NO Do red blood cells use aerobic respiration? No. They lack mitochondria and so cannot use the electron transport chain to form the most ATP. - How do red blood cells generate ATP? Fermentation - ALWAYS lactic acid fermentation - Excess lactic acid processed/filtered through liver 28. Why don't the fermentation end products continue to be oxidized/broken down? Why does the pathway end with such large organic molecules with so much potential energy within the bonds "wasted"? (this is a "big picture" question) 29. What happens to all of the lactic acid that builds up in our cells during fermentation? What organ does it go to? What does it get converted to? (see weeks 4 +5 review) **[Photosynthesis]** 30. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? 31. Where does photosynthesis occur? what organelle? (What is the relationship between this organelle and the endosymbiotic theory?) What specific structures within that organelle?) c. Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place? 32. What are the stages of photosynthesis? What "goes in" and "comes out" of each stage? 33. What is carbon fixation? 34. What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? 35. What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs? What trophic level are photosynthetic organisms found in? **(Week 6) Cell Division** Chromosomes/DNA packaging 1. Terms to know: genome, homologous pairs, diploid, haploid, karyotype, allele, somatic cell, gametes, sex chromosome, autosome, zygote, histones, sister chromatids 2. Gametes/Somatic Cells- which are haploid? Which are diploid? 3. What is the most condensed form of DNA? When are those present in the cell? When are chromosomes uncoiled? Cell Cycle 1. What are the stages of the cell cycle? In what stage does the cell spend most of its time? 2. What occurs during each stage? 3. What are the stages of mitosis? What occurs during each stage? 4. Be able to recognize the unlabeled stages of mitosis 5. What does mitosis result in? (How many cells? Haploid/diploid?) Cell Cycle Checkpoints 1. Why are cell cycle checkpoints required? 2. What happens if there is a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene to inactivate it? Sexual Reproduction 1. What is an evolutionary benefit to sexual reproduction? Meiosis 1. In what cells does meiosis occur? 2. Describe the steps of meiosis I a. What is crossing over? b. What is happening at each stage? Be able to recognize each stage in an unlabeled diagram 3. Compare Mitosis and Meiosis c. What is the end result of each? How many cells? Haploid/diploid? Genetic Diversity 1. What are two important factors that contribute to the diversity of gametes? Errors in Chromosome Number 1. Terms: karyotype, karyogram, autosome, nondisjunction, euploid, aneuploid (monosomy, trisomy) 2. What does it mean to say that someone has trisomy 21?